Human DevelopmentHuman Development

Chapter Focus:Chapter Focus:

Patterns of developmentPatterns of development

Forms of developmentForms of development

Development from infancy Development from infancy through old agethrough old age

Principles of DevelopmentPrinciples of Development

1.1. Development follows a Development follows a predictable pattern.predictable pattern.

-Spreads down from head -Spreads down from head to feet.to feet.

-Spreads outward from -Spreads outward from center of body.center of body.

PrinciplesPrinciples

2. General responses 2. General responses develop first, then specific.develop first, then specific.

-Young babies at first use -Young babies at first use their entire bodies to do their entire bodies to do something, but eventually something, but eventually learn to specialize.learn to specialize.

PrinciplesPrinciples

3. Development is a lifelong 3. Development is a lifelong continuous process.continuous process.

- There is no starting or - There is no starting or stopping point in stopping point in development. It continues development. It continues over your entire life.over your entire life.

PrinciplesPrinciples

4. Each stage of 4. Each stage of development has unique development has unique features.features.

- All stages are expressed - All stages are expressed differently depending on differently depending on society.society.

PrinciplesPrinciples

5. Early development is 5. Early development is more important than later.more important than later.

- Most crucial behaviors – - Most crucial behaviors – like walking and talking- like walking and talking- take place early in life.take place early in life.

Critical PeriodsCritical Periods

Time periods when a person Time periods when a person can learn specific behaviors can learn specific behaviors more easily.more easily.

Learning language after 12 Learning language after 12 years old is very difficult.years old is very difficult.

Attachment after birth is Attachment after birth is important for emotional important for emotional development later in life.development later in life.

Studying DevelopmentStudying Development

•Longitudinal studies – Studying Longitudinal studies – Studying several individuals and their several individuals and their development over a long period development over a long period of time.of time.

•Problems – time consuming, Problems – time consuming, expensive, hard to follow expensive, hard to follow subjects over a period of years.subjects over a period of years.

Studying DevelopmentStudying Development

Cross sectional method – Cross sectional method – Studying various groups at Studying various groups at various ages at the same various ages at the same time.time.

Problems – Groups may not be Problems – Groups may not be typical of their age groups.typical of their age groups.

Prenatal Development

Development that takes place Development that takes place before birth is very important.before birth is very important.

By end of first month, heart has By end of first month, heart has developed, and by the second developed, and by the second month, systems have befun.month, systems have befun.

By the fourth month, all biological By the fourth month, all biological patterns have been setpatterns have been set

Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

This is the growth of the This is the growth of the physical body. The physical body. The development of one’s development of one’s physical characteristics is physical characteristics is extremely important to a extremely important to a person’s behavior.person’s behavior.

Development of height and weightDevelopment of height and weight

The greatest per cent of growth is The greatest per cent of growth is at early stages.at early stages.

Happens is spurts.Happens is spurts. By three years old, a person is ½ By three years old, a person is ½

as tall as they will get.as tall as they will get. Girls grow faster but are passed Girls grow faster but are passed

up eventually.up eventually. Weight will be gained – lost at endWeight will be gained – lost at end

Impact of physical development on Impact of physical development on personalitypersonality

Early maturing males are more Early maturing males are more self-confident and independentself-confident and independent

Late-maturing males have a Late-maturing males have a difficult time adjusting.difficult time adjusting.

Females aren’t impacted as muchFemales aren’t impacted as much The behavior of others influence The behavior of others influence

people’s attitudes of their own people’s attitudes of their own physical development.physical development.

Motor DevelopmentMotor Development

The development of control The development of control over the muscles of the body.over the muscles of the body.

Motor development is Motor development is essential to forming essential to forming relationships.relationships.

Also related to self-image.Also related to self-image.

Motor Development in BabiesMotor Development in Babies

Motor skills start in the head, Motor skills start in the head, and happens very quickly.and happens very quickly.

The next step is the trunk The next step is the trunk area, so babies can turn over.area, so babies can turn over.

Then, the arms and hands Then, the arms and hands develop.develop.

Motor development in later lifeMotor development in later life

Motor skills improve greatly during Motor skills improve greatly during adolescence.adolescence.

Skills continue to improve until the Skills continue to improve until the middle 20’s.middle 20’s.

As you get into older age, motor As you get into older age, motor skills begin to deteriorate.skills begin to deteriorate.

Hand-eye CoordinationHand-eye Coordination

It is extremely important for us It is extremely important for us to see our hands to improve to see our hands to improve our motor skills.our motor skills.Experiments have shown that Experiments have shown that organisms who couldn’t see organisms who couldn’t see their hands often struggled their hands often struggled with motor skills.with motor skills.

Language DevelopmentLanguage Development

Language has common Language has common features that everyone uses.features that everyone uses.

Vocabulary are the words that Vocabulary are the words that make up a language.make up a language.

Meaning must be placed on Meaning must be placed on each word.each word.

Animals and LanguageAnimals and Language

They don’t have a spoken They don’t have a spoken language but can language but can communicate with each other.communicate with each other.

Chimpanzees, while not Chimpanzees, while not learning to speak, have been learning to speak, have been able to associate words and able to associate words and symbols.symbols.

Language in HumansLanguage in Humans

Four stages of language Four stages of language development – babies go from development – babies go from crying to babbling to languagecrying to babbling to language

At age 2, most kids have 250 At age 2, most kids have 250 words in their vocab, by age 3, words in their vocab, by age 3, 1000 words, and by age 4 they 1000 words, and by age 4 they have mastered grammar ruleshave mastered grammar rules

How children learn languageHow children learn language

Rewards play a role.Rewards play a role.Learning language is not only Learning language is not only

about repeating words.about repeating words.Parents are more likely to correct Parents are more likely to correct

words than grammar.words than grammar.Infants make the same sounds Infants make the same sounds

regardless of their language.regardless of their language.

Emotional DevelopmentEmotional Development

This refers to the individual’s This refers to the individual’s awareness and expression of awareness and expression of an emotional experience.an emotional experience.

How one handles positive and How one handles positive and negative emotions determines negative emotions determines the happiness of their life.the happiness of their life.

What emotions at present at What emotions at present at birthbirth

Emotions of distress and Emotions of distress and delight show up by the end of delight show up by the end of the third month.the third month.

““Stranger anxiety” – while Stranger anxiety” – while five month olds don’t become five month olds don’t become distressed with a stranger, 8-distressed with a stranger, 8-9 month olds get very upset.9 month olds get very upset.

How do emotions change with How do emotions change with age?age?

Anger is shown immediately when Anger is shown immediately when a child is young.a child is young.

As we age, we learn how to control As we age, we learn how to control emotions which aren’t socially emotions which aren’t socially acceptable.acceptable.

In old age, we become less In old age, we become less aggressive and hostile.aggressive and hostile.

Some older people become angry Some older people become angry and depressed in old age because and depressed in old age because they feel useless.they feel useless.

Fear as a common emotionFear as a common emotion

Fears change with different stages Fears change with different stages of life.of life.

Newborn don’t fear much.Newborn don’t fear much. Younger children fear strangers, Younger children fear strangers,

the dark, etc.the dark, etc. Older children don’t fear as much.Older children don’t fear as much. Adolescents fear being different.Adolescents fear being different. Eventually, we begin to fear death. Eventually, we begin to fear death.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Learning to act and live in Learning to act and live in society as a member of that society as a member of that society.society.

It occurs through associations It occurs through associations and learning from others.and learning from others.

When does social behavior appearWhen does social behavior appear

Early on, infants respond to face Early on, infants respond to face like objects.like objects.Two month olds cry when an adult Two month olds cry when an adult leaves the room and smile when leaves the room and smile when the adult returns.the adult returns.Three stages with adults: Three stages with adults: A. Dependence B, ResistanceA. Dependence B, ResistanceC.CooperationC.Cooperation

Social Changes in Early SchoolSocial Changes in Early School

Kids see conflicting ideasKids see conflicting ideasChildren begin to adopt the Children begin to adopt the standards of their age group.standards of their age group.Between age 8 and adolescence, Between age 8 and adolescence, kids tend to migrate toward their kids tend to migrate toward their own gender when choosing own gender when choosing friends.friends.

Social Behavior of AdolescentsSocial Behavior of Adolescents

Adolescents strive to be Adolescents strive to be independent from the home.independent from the home.

They rebel over minor things.They rebel over minor things.

There is a gap between their There is a gap between their ideas and their parents.ideas and their parents.

Increase interest in opposite sex.Increase interest in opposite sex.

Adolescents and LoveAdolescents and Love

Hero worship stage – Great Hero worship stage – Great admiration and attraction.admiration and attraction.

Puppy love stage – Affections Puppy love stage – Affections turn toward kids their own age.turn toward kids their own age.

Romantic love – Intense, Romantic love – Intense, stable, and mature affectionstable, and mature affection

Adult and Old Age Social Adult and Old Age Social DevelopmentDevelopment

Marriage usually ends Marriage usually ends membership is some other social membership is some other social groups.groups.Older people fear retiring will Older people fear retiring will change them socially.change them socially.New hobbies and social New hobbies and social interaction helps older people interaction helps older people adjust.adjust.

Intellectual DevelopmentIntellectual Development

The development of a The development of a person’s mental abilities.person’s mental abilities.

For a long time, it was only For a long time, it was only measured with IQ tests.measured with IQ tests.

Piaget researched not only Piaget researched not only answers kids gave, but their answers kids gave, but their reasoning behind them.reasoning behind them.

Piaget’s four Piaget’s four stages of stages of

intellectual intellectual developmentdevelopment

1. Sensory-Motor Period1. Sensory-Motor Period

Kids use their senses and Kids use their senses and movement to interact with movement to interact with environment.environment.

Develop cause and effect.Develop cause and effect. By nine months, they realize By nine months, they realize

that even if they can’t see that even if they can’t see something, it is still there. No something, it is still there. No longer, out of sight out of longer, out of sight out of mind.mind.

2. Preoperational Period (age 2-7)2. Preoperational Period (age 2-7)

Begin to start using language.Begin to start using language. Thinking lacks organization Thinking lacks organization

and is still self-centered.and is still self-centered. They can only see their view of They can only see their view of

an object or subject, no one an object or subject, no one else’s.else’s.

They attribute human They attribute human characteristics to objects.characteristics to objects.

3. Concrete-Operational (age 7-11)3. Concrete-Operational (age 7-11)

Kids start to think logically and Kids start to think logically and realize that quantities may not realize that quantities may not change because shape changes.change because shape changes.

Example: An equal amount of Example: An equal amount of water is poured into differently water is poured into differently shapes glasses, this stage’s kids shapes glasses, this stage’s kids can understand that they have can understand that they have the same volume of water.the same volume of water.

4. Formal Operational (age 11+)4. Formal Operational (age 11+)

In the stage, people will In the stage, people will combine various possibilities to combine various possibilities to solve a problem. Experiment solve a problem. Experiment with cause and effect and use with cause and effect and use logic.logic.

Researchers have found that Researchers have found that only 30-40% of adults actually only 30-40% of adults actually use formal operations.use formal operations.

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

Individual development of Individual development of knowing the difference between knowing the difference between right and wrong.right and wrong.

Lawrence Kohlberg – believed Lawrence Kohlberg – believed that there were six moral that there were six moral development, going up in development, going up in complexity.complexity.

Measuring moral developmentMeasuring moral development

One way to measure is to give a One way to measure is to give a person a “moral dilemma” and person a “moral dilemma” and look at their decision making.look at their decision making.

Then, after the decision is made, Then, after the decision is made, psychologists look at the answers psychologists look at the answers and why the people made the and why the people made the decisions they made.decisions they made.

Six Stages of Moral DevelopmentSix Stages of Moral Development

Stage 1 – Children base their Stage 1 – Children base their answers on avoiding punishment. answers on avoiding punishment.

Stage 2 – Children make moral Stage 2 – Children make moral judgments according to what behavior judgments according to what behavior will bring them rewards. will bring them rewards.

Stage 3 – People make moral Stage 3 – People make moral decisions based on what will please decisions based on what will please or avoid disapproval from others.or avoid disapproval from others.

6 Stages6 Stages

Stage 4 – Involves a respect for Stage 4 – Involves a respect for authority and society’s norms.authority and society’s norms.

Stage 5 – Moral judgments are based Stage 5 – Moral judgments are based on the welfare of the community and on the welfare of the community and rights of others.rights of others.

Stage 6 – Decisions are made based Stage 6 – Decisions are made based of personal principles of justice.of personal principles of justice.

Stages 5 and 6Stages 5 and 6

Have more fully developed Have more fully developed standards of morality.standards of morality.

Stage 5 recognized different Stage 5 recognized different societies have different standards.societies have different standards.

Stage 6 realizes that some moral Stage 6 realizes that some moral standards are universal.standards are universal.

Criticisms of KohlbergCriticisms of Kohlberg

Some psychologists say that Some psychologists say that moral development doesn’t moral development doesn’t always happen in stages.always happen in stages.

Moral reasoning is different than Moral reasoning is different than moral behavior – people say one moral behavior – people say one thing but will do another.thing but will do another.