human development & gender by prof. vibhuti patel

8/7/2019 Human Development & Gender by Prof. Vibhuti Patel

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND

GENDER GENDER Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSRDr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR

Prof. & HOD, Department of Economics,Prof. & HOD, Department of Economics,SNDT Women s University,SNDT Women s University,

Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate,Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate,MumbaiMumbai- -400020400020

PhonePhone- -26770227, 22052970 (o)26770227, 22052970 (o)MobileMobile- -93210400489321040048

E mail:[email protected] mail:[email protected]


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Concept of Human DevelopmentConcept of Human Developmentthe real aim of development is to improve the quality of the real aim of development is to improve the quality of human life.human life.process that enables human beings to realize theirprocess that enables human beings to realize theirpotential, build self potential, build self- -confidence and lead lives of dignityconfidence and lead lives of dignityand fulfillment.and fulfillment.Economic growth is an important component of Economic growth is an important component of development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can it development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can it go on indefinitely.go on indefinitely.

Although people differ in the goals that they would set Although people differ in the goals that they would set

for development, some are virtually universal.for development, some are virtually universal.These include a long and healthy life, education, accessThese include a long and healthy life, education, accessto the resources needed for a decent standard of living,to the resources needed for a decent standard of living,political freedom, guaranteed human rights, andpolitical freedom, guaranteed human rights, andfreedom from violence. Development is real only if it freedom from violence. Development is real only if it

makes our lives better in all these respects.makes our lives better in all these respects.


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G enesis of HD Approach:G enesis of HD Approach:

TrickleTrickle- -down Theory, 1950down Theory, 1950Growth with social justice andGrowth with social justice and

distributive justice, 1960distributive justice, 1960Esther Boserup (1970) s seminalEsther Boserup (1970) s seminalworkwork

Asian Drama Asian Drama- -Volume I, II, III, 1971 Volume I, II, III, 1971Human Resource Development, 1980Human Resource Development, 1980Human Development, 1990Human Development, 1990


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W omen and Development DebatesW omen and Development DebatesThe critique of trickle down theoryThe critique of trickle down theoryMarginalisation thesis popularised by the UN as WIDMarginalisation thesis popularised by the UN as WID(Women in Development)(Women in Development)

Integration of Women Approach known as Women Integration of Women Approach known as Womenand Development (WAD)and Development (WAD)Development Alternatives with Women (DAWN) atDevelopment Alternatives with Women (DAWN) atNairobi Conference, 1985Nairobi Conference, 1985Gender and Development (GAD)Gender and Development (GAD)- - Women in DecisionWomen in DecisionMaking Process, 1990Making Process, 1990

Adoption of CEDAW Adoption of CEDAW- -Convention on all forms ofConvention on all forms ofDiscrimination against WomenDiscrimination against WomenHuman Development Index, Gender EmpowermentHuman Development Index, Gender EmpowermentMeasure, 1995Measure, 1995Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000Women Empowerment Policy, GoI, 2001Women Empowerment Policy, GoI, 2001Gender Mainstreaming in planning, policy makingGender Mainstreaming in planning, policy makingand programme Implementationand programme Implementation


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Definition of G ender EqualityDefinition of G ender Equality

equality is the cornerstone of every

equality is the cornerstone of everydemocratic society that aspires to socialdemocratic society that aspires to social justice and human rights. UN General justice and human rights. UN General Assembly, 2002 Assembly, 2002

gender equality in terms of capabilities gender equality in terms of capabilities(education, health, and nutrition) and(education, health, and nutrition) andopportunities (economic and decisionopportunities (economic and decision- -making). UNDP, 1995making). UNDP, 1995equality under the law, equality of equality under the law, equality of

opportunity (including equality of rewards foropportunity (including equality of rewards forwork and equality in access to human capitalwork and equality in access to human capitaland other productive resources that enableand other productive resources that enableopportunity), and equality of voice (theopportunity), and equality of voice (the

ability to influence and contribute to theability to influence and contribute to the


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Gender InequalitiesGender InequalitiesGender inequalities exist because ofGender inequalities exist because ofdiscrimination in the family anddiscrimination in the family andsocietal institutions and social,societal institutions and social,cultural, and religious norms thatcultural, and religious norms thatperpetuate stereotypes, practicesperpetuate stereotypes, practicesand beliefs that are detrimental toand beliefs that are detrimental towomen.women.

Amartya Sen (2001) narrates seven Amartya Sen (2001) narrates sevenforms of gender inequalitiesforms of gender inequalities- -mortality, natality, basic facility,mortality, natality, basic facility,special opportunity, profession,special opportunity, profession,ownership and household.ownership and household.


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R edress for discriminationR edress for discrimination

Convention to Eliminate All Forms ofConvention to Eliminate All Forms ofDiscrimination against WomenDiscrimination against Women

(CEDAW), adopted by the U.N.(CEDAW), adopted by the U.N.General Assembly in 1979.General Assembly in 1979.Economic institutions and policyEconomic institutions and policy

modern marketsmodern marketslegal rightslegal rights


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E mpowerment of WomenE mpowerment of WomenSeveral experts agree that an empoweredSeveral experts agree that an empoweredwoman is one who has the agency towoman is one who has the agency toformulate strategic choices and to controlformulate strategic choices and to controlresources and decisions that affectresources and decisions that affectimportant life outcomesimportant life outcomesagency to use rights, capabilities,agency to use rights, capabilities,resources, and place in decisionresources, and place in decision- -makingmakingbodies (such as is provided throughbodies (such as is provided through

leadership opportunities and participationleadership opportunities and participationin political institutions).in political institutions).


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E conomic Basis of PatriarchyE conomic Basis of Patriarchy

Control over women sControl over women s1.1. SexualitySexuality- -dress code, restriction,dress code, restriction,

double standards of morality, codedouble standards of morality, codeof conductof conduct

2.2. FertilityFertility- -Son producing ,machines,Son producing ,machines,pro & antipro & anti- -natalist policiesnatalist policies

3.3. LabourLabour- -unpaid work, segmentation,unpaid work, segmentation,unequal wages, opportunities,unequal wages, opportunities,treatmenttreatment


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M arket, M obility & WomenM arket, M obility & Women

Women in poverty groupsWomen in poverty groupsFemale Headed HouseholdsFemale Headed Households

Feminisation of PovertyFeminisation of PovertyStructural Adjustment ProgrammeStructural Adjustment ProgrammeCustomary laws, family lawsCustomary laws, family laws

DisplacementDisplacement Violence Against women Violence Against women


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WIDWID

WID Women in Development modelWID Women in Development modelexplains the reasons for women beingexplains the reasons for women beingtreated as beneficiaries of the crumbstreated as beneficiaries of the crumbs

thrown at them, in the margin of thethrown at them, in the margin of theeconomy, consumer and an auxiliaryeconomy, consumer and an auxiliarylabour force to be utilised in the crisislabour force to be utilised in the crisisperiod and eased out the momentperiod and eased out the momentmen are ready for take over.men are ready for take over. TheThediscourse revolved around the economicdiscourse revolved around the economicgrowth paradigm.growth paradigm.


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W ADW AD

WADWAD--Women and DevelopmentWomen and Development model modelintegrates women in the developmentintegrates women in the developmentwork as active change agents.work as active change agents.

Affirmative action by the state and pro Affirmative action by the state and pro- -active approach by the civil societyactive approach by the civil societythrough NGOs and women's groups arethrough NGOs and women's groups are

advocated by these models foradvocated by these models forempowerment of women against theempowerment of women against theforces of patriarchal class society.forces of patriarchal class society.


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G ADG ADGADGAD--Gender and DevelopmentGender and Development model ismodel isbased on an understanding of genderbased on an understanding of genderrelations and empowers the weak (he orrelations and empowers the weak (he orshe). Gender is socially constructed andshe). Gender is socially constructed andgender relations are power relations. Heregender relations are power relations. Herepower is an important analytical category.power is an important analytical category.Explicit measures of gender inequalitiesExplicit measures of gender inequalitiesare sexare sex- -ratio, literacy rates, health andratio, literacy rates, health andnutrition indicators, wage differentials,nutrition indicators, wage differentials,ownership of land and property.ownership of land and property.


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V isibility of women in statisticsV isibility of women in statistics

and data systemand data systemFormulation of gender aware data system on literacy,Formulation of gender aware data system on literacy,education level, employment and earnings, health and welleducation level, employment and earnings, health and well- -being, sources of livelihood helps proper planning and policybeing, sources of livelihood helps proper planning and policymaking for empowerment of women. Intermaking for empowerment of women. Inter - -district, Interdistrict, Inter- -state and cross country comparisions of women'sstate and cross country comparisions of women'sempowerment are obtained from Gender related Developmentempowerment are obtained from Gender related DevelopmentIndex (GDI).Index (GDI).GDI owes its origin to its precursor, the HDI (HumanGDI owes its origin to its precursor, the HDI (Human

Development Index), three main components of which are perDevelopment Index), three main components of which are percapita income, educational attainment and lifecapita income, educational attainment and life- -expectancyexpectancywhich is a proxy for health attainment.which is a proxy for health attainment.Gender disparities are measured keeping these threeGender disparities are measured keeping these threeindicators into consideration. "An additional measure, genderindicators into consideration. "An additional measure, genderempowerment measure (GEM) has been formulated to takeempowerment measure (GEM) has been formulated to takeinto account aspects relating to economic participation andinto account aspects relating to economic participation anddecisiondecision- -making by women. The indicators used in GEM aremaking by women. The indicators used in GEM areshare in income, share in parliamentary seats and an indexshare in income, share in parliamentary seats and an indexthat includes share in administrative and managerial jobs andthat includes share in administrative and managerial jobs andshare in professional and technical posts. UNDPshare in professional and technical posts. UNDP


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HDRsHDRsNational Human Development ReportNational Human Development Report(HDR), 2001(HDR), 2001State and City Human DevelopmentState and City Human DevelopmentReports:Reports: Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Kerala, West Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat Bengal, Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat The human development approach whichThe human development approach whichfocuses on demographic, health, education,focuses on demographic, health, education,employment and human rights issues of womenemployment and human rights issues of women

provides realistic insights to address women sprovides realistic insights to address women sconcerns.concerns.


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T hank YouT hank You

human development & gender by prof. vibhuti patel

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