human dimensions of wildlife management (hdwm) m. nils peterson and shari l. rodriguez fisheries,...
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (HDWM)
M. Nils Peterson and Shari L. Rodriguez
Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Biology Program
Department of Forestry & Environmental Resources North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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HDWM
►Portions of wildlife management that focus on the interactions between people and wildlife or between people regarding wildlife
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Imperatives for HDWM
►Professional►Moral►Learning from constituents►Investing in social capital►Contributing to long term conservation solutions
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Exercise
►What skills and abilities will you need to avoid becoming an “idiot savant wildlife manager?”See: Jacobson, S.K. and M.D. McDuff. 1998. Training idiot savants: The lack
of human dimensions in conservation biology. Conservation Biology 12(2): 263-267.
Cutler, M. R. 1982. What kind of wildlifers will be needed in the 1980s? Wildlife Society Bulletin 10: 75-79.
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The Evolution of HDWM►The client model
Sportspersons paid for & received services from wildlife managers
►The stakeholder model Identifying stakeholders, incorporating their input into
decision-making, resisting special interest groups, weighing stakeholder opinions, & employing effective communication strategies
►The citizen model Adding duties associated with citizenship to the
entitlements associated with being a stakeholder
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Social Structural Approaches► Political economy
Addresses how production, buying, selling and governance interact to shape society
►Biological basis of human interactions with wildlife Humans as hunters
►Humans are preprogramed for inter- & intra-specific aggression due to selection for hunting success
Humans as hunted►Natural selection makes people fear wildlife because humans were
historically hunted by large carnivores before becoming hunters themselves
Biophilia►Humans have an instinctive bond with living systems
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Social Structural Approaches
►Coupled human-natural systems modeling The simulation of human society, its environment and
interactions between the two systems using physical or mathematical models
►Economic valuation The act of assigning value to an object Often involves determining the potential market value of an
object
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Social Psychology
►Attitudes Positive or negative evaluations of an object which include
affective and cognitive dimensions
►Values Assigned value – meaning, goodness or worth placed on an
object Held value – beliefs formed early in life that differentiate good
from bad and are difficult or impossible to change
►Value orientations Basic beliefs a cultural group brings to bear on decision
making
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Social Psychology
►Behavior An individual’s conscious or involuntary action or
reaction to an object or environment
►Models for predicting behavior towards wildlife The norm-activation model Rational choice models
►Theory of Reasoned Action (TORA)►Theory of Planned Behavior
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Social Psychology
►Risk Studies The study of actions or events that may lead to
consequences harming people or things humans care about►Unknown dimension – applies to risks that are non-
observable, new, unknown to those exposed, have delayed effects and lack scientific knowledge about them
►Dread dimension – applies to risks that are uncontrollable, dreaded, catastrophic, fatal, difficult to reduce, pose risk to future generations, demonstrate increasing levels of risk and have involuntary exposure
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Descriptive Research
►Quantitative examinations of populations or phenomenon “What”, “where”, “when”, and “how much”
questions
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Philosophy►Ethics
Philosophy that provides the moral justification for wildlife management decisions
►Justice Philosophy associated with the distribution of benefits
and costs associated with wildlife management
►Science Philosophy of the norms, methods, and biases of
wildlife science
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Public Involvement►How to Use Public Involvement
Trinity of voice theory►Access – sufficient opportunity for public to express
opinions►Standing – respect & legitimacy given to public
perspectives►Influence – public’s ideas are considered in the
management decision
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Public Involvement
►When to Use Public Involvement Decision tree (Fig. 23.3)
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Decision tree for selecting public involvement methods for wildlife management decision making, adapted from (Lawrence and Deagen 2001).
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Qualitative Approaches “How” and “why” questions Emic perspective
►A description of human behavior or belief that comes from within the culture
Ethnomethodology, focus groups, participatory action research, long interviews
Most useful social knowledge comes from qualitative inquiry
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Qualitative Approaches
Criteria for evaluating quantitative research
Criteria for evaluating qualitative research
internal validity credibility
external validity transferability
reliability dependability
objectivity confirmability
Credibility emerges from: triangulation, informant validation, larger numbers of informants, longer time in the field, and using the actual words of informants
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SUMMARY
► Future wildlife managers need HDWM skills more than any other type and have since the 1980s
► HDWM is evolving from providing a service for hunting groups to facilitating partnerships with diverse stakeholders
► Several key HDWM research programs ranging from social psychology to philosophy inform modern wildlife management
► Public participation is a powerful wildlife management tool, buts its success depends on careful consideration of 6 dimensions of social context