Human Disease & Prevention

What is Disease? • A disease is anything infectious

(spreading from one organism to another) or noninfectious (does not spread from one organism to another) that changes or disrupts normal cell function.

History of Disease (Ancient Civilizations: Theories of

Disease Causation)

• Egyptian Medicine– The early Egyptians (4000-1000 B.C.) had many remedies for

illness. Spells, incantations, and magic were integral parts of their medicine.

– Among early races, illness and death were attributed to actions of the gods and demonic possession.

History of Disease (Ancient Civilizations: Theories of Disease Causation) cont…

• Egyptian Medicine cont…– Despite their lack of scientific knowledge,

some of the treatments they used were effective and still used today.

– Egyptians are recognized as the first to treat disease systematically.

Greece: The Teachings of Hippocrates• Hippocrates believed in the healing power of nature

and thought that disease developed from natural causes.

• Hippocrates prescribed diets, rest, fresh air, massage, and baths as treatments.

• Hippocrates’s approach to disease and research were the first steps on the way to the prevention and control of disease.

The Immune System

• The immune system is a complex protection mechanism that functions by protecting the body from harmful microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) and foreign materials (toxins and venoms), while recognizing and eliminating foreign pathogens.

Let’s Review!True Or False:

Americans were the first to systematically treat disease.

Hippocrates is one of the pioneers of disease prevention.

Bacteria can be cured; but viruses cannot.

Define the following word/s:

disease

The Immune System (Two Parts)

Innate• The body’s first line of

defense against disease.• Skin—outer protective

barrier

• Macrophages, Natural Killer Cells & Neutrophils

kill infectious agents

Adaptive• Second Line of defense

• White blood cells & Lymphocytes

• Antibodies formed when there is a pathogen

Two Disease Categories

• Infectious Disease (Chronic & Acute)

• Noninfectious Disease (Chronic & Acute)

What is Infectious Disease?

• A disease caused by organisms that enter the body and multiply within the human body.

What is Noninfectious Disease?• Diseases that are not

transmitted by means of a pathogen (foreign invaders on in the human body).

Chronic & Acute Disease

– Chronic Disease —A disease or health condition that lasts longer than three months, sometimes for the remainder of one's life.

– Acute Disease —A disease or health condition that occurs and subsides within three months, usually within days or weeks.

What Are Some Examples of Chronic Infectious Diseases?

• HIV—virus that attacks the immune system making it difficult to fight disease

• Tuberculosis—Bacterial infection of the lungs.

• Meningitis—Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

• Encephalitis—Inflammation of the brain

• Poliomyelitis (Polio)—caused by a virus of the CNS

• Others?

What are Some Examples of Acute Infectious Diseases?

• The cold virus—causes inflammation in the mucous membranes lining the nose and throat.

• Influenza—a viral infection of the respiratory tract.

• Mononucleosis— Known as “the kissing disease,” common in teens; it’s a virus that multiplies in the lymphocytes changing lymphocyte appearance.

• Others?

What are Some Examples of Chronic Noninfectious Diseases?

• Diabetes• Osteoporosis • Arthritis • Heart (cardiovascular) Disease• Cancer• Hypertension• Others?

What are Some Examples of Acute Noninfectious Diseases (This is a hard one)?

• Heart Attack• Stroke• Cardiac Arrest• Hypoglycemia—Too low blood sugar

levels• Hyperglycemia—Too high blood sugar

levels• Others?

Let’s Review!• Define the following:

– Infectious Disease– Noninfectious Disease– Chronic Disease– Acute Disease– Acute Infectious Disease

• Name two – Acute Non Infectious Disease

• Name two– Chronic Infectious Disease

• Name Two– Chronic Non Infectious Disease

• Name Two

Disease Prevention (infectious and noninfectious)

Three ways/methods of disease prevention:

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Primary Prevention (infectious disease)

• Primary Prevention—Prevention measures before the disease happens.

Methods of Primary Prevention:• Seclusion or avoidance—staying away from

infected individuals• Keeping yourself clean—wash hands with

antibacterial soaps & shower• Get enough rest • Exercise on a regular basis• Eat Right

Primary Prevention (noninfectious disease)

• Prevention measures before the disease occurs.

Methods:• Not Smoking or drinking in excess • Eating right• Exercise on a regular basis• Get enough rest• Stress management (Yoga, Tai Chi,

Progressive Muscle Relaxation)

Secondary Prevention

• Secondary Prevention—Preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or injury to limit disability and

prevent a more severe disease. Methods:• Visit your doctor on a regular basis• Visit your doctor for regular physicals• Visit your “doc” for regular physicals

Tertiary Prevention

• Tertiary Prevention—Measures aimed at

rehabilitation following significant disease.

Methods:• Medications• Chemotherapy• Surgery• Dialysis

Scenarios—What’s the Level of prevention?

• Wanda stays at home all day in fear that she will catch a disease. She is always in the restroom washing her hands and when someone sneezes, she runs away like there’s no tomorrow. What’s the level of prevention?

• If you said primary…you’re right!!!

Scenarios—What’s the Level of prevention?

• Hector has been diagnosed with mouth & throat cancer because of his continual use of chewing tobacco. His doctors say that he has little chance of survival without medication and surgery. Hector had the surgery but eventually dies six months later.

• What’s the level of prevention?

• If you said primary…you’re so wrong.

• If you said tertiary…(congratulations!) you are correct!!!

Scenarios—What’s the Level of prevention?

• Eric visits his doctor on a regular basis because he is a hypochondriac (his preoccupation with health or disease is so intense that it disrupts normal living habits). He never misses a doctor’s visit and sometimes visits too much.

• What’s the level of prevention?

• If you said secondary just because of the process of elimination, you’re wrong.

• If you said secondary because you honestly knew the answer, you’re right!

What are the Three Most Meaningful Words in The Dictionary?

• 1: Choice• 2: Choice• 3: Choice• You have the power to choose. Making the

wrong choices could negatively affect your health. Remember: You ARE responsible for you’re own actions. So, be healthy and always make the right choices—your life depends on it!

The End?

The End of this PowerPoint, the beginning of your journey in disease prevention…I wish you all the best!

Group Disease Presentation!• As a group, present an 8-10 minute presentation on

one of the following diseases: Type 1 & 2 Diabetes, Cancer, Asthma, Hypertension, Osteoarthritis, and Coronary Heart/Artery Disease.

• At the conclusion of your presentation, prepare a quiz with five questions relating to your disease (this may be included at the end of your presentation).

• Don’t forget your table of contents and cover page! It’s your job as a group to present the disease and be able to answer the following questions thoroughly:

QUESTIONS 2 ANSWER!• 1.     What is the disease?• 2.     What causes the disease?• 3.     Who’s at risk?• 4.     What are some of the symptoms? • 5.     How is the disease treated?• 6.     How can the disease be prevented?• 7.     What are some relevant statistics and research?• 8.     Other pertinent information?• 9.     References Cited?

• Questions and Answers (Quiz)

Grading Rubric!• Clarity and Presentation _____ 20• Content Reliability _____ 20• Group Participation _____ 20• Organization _____ 20• Creativity _____ 20

• Total Score _____ 100

Group Assignments!

• Group 1 - Type 1 & 2 Diabetes

• Group 2 - Cancer

• Group 3 – Asthma

• Group 4 – Hypertension

• Group 5 – Osteoarthritis

• Group 6 - Coronary Heart/Artery Disease