Human Exploration and Operations: AA Perspective

Bill Gerstenmaier | April 22, 2013

Exploration is Human and Robotic

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Mazlan Othman Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

3 Former Director General of Angkasa, the Malaysian National Space Agency

68 Countries Have Participated in ISS Utilization

Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Brazil

Bulgaria Canada

Chile China

Columbia Croatia

Czech Republic Denmark

Dominican Republic Ecuador

Egypt Fiji

Finland France

Peru Poland

Portugal Republic of Korea

Republic of South Africa Romania Russia

Senegal Slovenia

Spain Sweden

Switzerland Taiwan

Thailand Trinidad and Tobago

Turkey Ukraine

United Kingdom Uruguay

United States Venezuela Vietnam

Germany Ghana Greece

Guatemala

Israel Italy

Japan Kazakhstan

Macedonia Malaysia

Mali Mexico

Hungary India

Indonesia Ireland

Luxembourg Kenya Kuwait

Lebanon

The Netherlands New Zealand

Nigeria Norway

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Cube Satellites After Deployment from ISS

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The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer being released from the airlock and extended into space in preparation to jettison satellites.

15 Countries Contributed to the First Results from Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

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“The  exact  shape  of  the  spectrum…extended  to  higher  energies,  will  ul9mately  determine  whether  this  spectrum  originates  from  the  collision  of  dark  ma<er  par9cles  or  from  pulsars  in  the  galaxy.  The  high  level  of  accuracy  of  this  data  shows  that  AMS  will  soon  resolve  this  issue.”  

Credit:  CERN  Press    Office  release  on  paper  in  Physical  Review  Le/ers  

CASIS Center for the Advancement of Science in Space

CASIS Portfolio •  Life Sciences •  Earth observation / Remote sensing •  Materials Science •  Technology Development (new) Board of Directors •  The current CASIS Board was appointed in November,

2012. Under Florida state law, it is self-perpetuating – the board is responsible for selecting its successors.

•  Current Board top priority is hiring a new permanent Executive Director. The Board is also developing its strategy and mission concept for CASIS.

•  CASIS has completed two solicitations, selecting proposals in protein crystal growth and materials science.

•  The CASIS Science Advisory Board is currently examining the potential for Earth Observation and non-embryonic stem cell culture aboard the ISS.

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NASA released a Cooperative Agreement Notice (CAN) on February 14, 2011 for a non-profit entity “to develop the capability to implement research and development projects utilizing the ISS National Laboratory.” The objectives stated in the CAN included: •  Identify the unique capabilities of the ISS

that provide breakthrough opportunities for non-NASA uses

•  Identify and prioritize the most promising research pathways

•  Increase the utilization of the ISS and facilitate matching of research pathways with funding sources

In April, 2011, four proposals were received in response to the CAN. CASIS was awarded a Cooperative Agreement on August 31, 2011.

Commercial Resupply Services

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SpaceX CRS-2 Dragon Recovery

Antares A-One Rocket on Pad

Orbital: Test launch in progress

Completed CRS-2, which launched 577 kg of pressurized cargo, 221 kg of unpressurized cargo. Returned 1235 kg of pressurized cargo back to Earth.

•  BEAM planned launch date is May 2015 in SpaceX8 mission •  Total Internal Inflated Volume ~565 ft3

Bigelow Expandable Activity Model

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Concept image. Credit: Bigelow

•  BEAM Project was initiated in January’2013 •  BEAM will be berthed to Node 3 Aft

Made In Space

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Scheduled for 2014 launch, the first 3D printer on the ISS will investigate the effects of consistent microgravity on melt deposition additive manufacturing and will print parts in space

Builds 3D objects, layer-by-layer, with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic (same material as Legos).

Image Credit: Made In Space

ISS is Our Space Biomedical Laboratory and Gateway to Mars

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ISS One-year Mission - Launch in March 2015

Scott Kelly STS-103, STS-118, ISS 25/26

Mikhail Kornienko ISS

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•  Primary orbiting laboratory that enables space biomedical research involving crewmembers

•  Only facility capable of providing long-term exposure to the reduced-gravity environment of space

•  Equipped as a space biomedical research platform

Orion Accomplishments

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Backshell panel drilling at the Operations and Checkout Building

at KSC

Service module assembly at the Operations and Checkout Building at

KSC

Super Guppy carrying the Orion Heat Shield arriving at Hanscom Air Force

Base in Boston, MA

Completed heatshield ready for transport to Textron in Boston, MA

for Avcoat application

Inert Abort motor delivered to Operations and Checkout Building

at KSC

Launch Abort System Ogive panel work at the Michoud Assembly

Facility

SLS Accomplishments

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Qualification Motor 1 casting at ATK

Oct 2012

F-1 engine gas generator – technology demonstration for an optional Advanced Booster concept – hot-fire test at Marshall Space Flight

Center, Jan 2013

RS-25 Engines at Stennis Space

Center Oct 2012, shown with future RS-25 Test Stand

A1

System Requirements Review/System Definition Review Completed

Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Stage Adapter (MSA) Flight Hardware at Marshall Space Flight Center

March 2013

J-2X upper stage engine hot-fire test at Stennis Space

Center Feb 2013

Systems Engineering & Integration SLS model wind tunnel testing at

Langley Research Center Nov 2012

Kennedy Space Center Pad 39B (artist’s concept) with new

crawler transporter and control room

Jan 2013

Stages Manufacturing, Assembly, & Production/Operations Snapshot at MAF

Next  Big  Step  Tooling  

Availability  May-­‐  Enhanced  Robo9c  Weld  Tool  (ERWT)    June-­‐  Ver9cal  Weld  Center  (VWC)  

VWC

VAC SRT

ERWT CDWT

Upper Superstructure

Level  16  

Level  18  

Level  8  Level  7  

Level  11  

Stages “Green Run” Test Buildup at SSC B-2

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NASA Stennis Space Center, MS Test Stand B-2 Stages Green Run

Stage is 211” Tall

Level  7  Side  A4er  Demo  &  LOX  Transfer  Line

Above:  Aspirator  and  Level  7  DemoliCon    

 Le4:  B-­‐2  Flame  

Deflector  Flow  TesCng    

Next  Big  Step  

Stages  TesCng  April  30%  Design  on  Structural  Build-­‐  Out  &  Electrical  

RestoraCon    June  Work  Package  3  of  5  Awarded  

GSDO Accomplishments

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Crawler-transporter Modifications

Testing of Crawler-Transporter 2

Crawlerway Modifications

Pad 39B Modifications including new hydraulic elevators

Pad 39B new interface connections

VAB Modifications

Capability Driven Framework

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Strategic Principles for Incremental Building of Capabilities

Six key strategic principles to provide a sustainable program:

1.  Executable with current budget with modest increases.

2.  Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term, while focusing research on technologies to address challenges of future missions

3.   Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling missions providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time

4.  Opportunities for US Commercial Business to further enhance the experience and business base learned from the ISS logistics and crew market

5.   Multi-use Space Infrastructure

6.  Significant International participation, leveraging current International Space Station partnerships

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Common Capabilities Identified for Exploration

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Architecture Common Capabilities (Mission Needs)

Technologies, Research, and Science

Capability Driven Human Space Exploration

Habitation Human -Robotic

Mission Ops

EVA

Adv. In-Space Propulsion

Beyond Earth Orbit Crew and Cargo Access

Low Earth Orbit Crew and Cargo

Access

Ground Operations

Crew Health & Protection!

Human Exploration of Mars The “Horizon Destination”

Entry, Descent and Landing Avionics Communication /

Navigation ECLSS

Thermal

Autonomous Mission

Operations

SKGs Measurements / Instruments and

Sensors

In-Situ Resource Utilization

Radiation Protection!

Power and Energy Storage

Robotics & Mobility

Asteroid Strategy

•  NASA’s asteroid strategy aligns relevant portions of NASA’s science, space technology, and human exploration capabilities for a human mission, advanced technology development, efforts to protect the planet, and engages new industrial capability and partnerships

•  Leverages existing NASA efforts –  Asteroid Identification and Characterization efforts for target selection –  Solar Electric Propulsion for transport to and return of the target asteroid –  Robotic servicing techniques for capture –  SLS and MPCV missions for asteroid rendezvous

•  Benefits future exploration objectives for carrying humans further into space than ever before –  Deep space navigation and rendezvous to enable crewed operations in

deep space –  High power solar electric propulsion to enable efficient transportation to

deep space destinations –  In space robotics for capture/control of uncooperative objects

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Asteroid Mission Would Consist of Three Main Segments

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Asteroid Identification Segment: Ground and space based NEA target detection, characterization and selection

Identify

Asteroid Crewed Exploration Segment: Orion and SLS based crewed rendezvous and sampling mission to the relocated asteroid

Explore

Asteroid Redirection Segment: Solar electric propulsion (SEP) based asteroid capture and maneuver to trans-lunar space

Redirect

Notional

Asteroid Capture & Retrieval Mission Concept

•  Capture and redirect a 7-10 meter diameter, ~500 ton near-Earth asteroid (NEA) to a stable orbit in trans-lunar space

•  Enable astronaut missions to the asteroid as early as 2021

•  Parallel and forward-leaning development approach

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Artist’s concept of a capture mechanism

Asteroid Mission Capabilities Support Long-Term Mars Strategy

•  Demonstration of Core Capabilities for deep space missions: –  Block 1 SLS, MPCV, and ARV with 40kW Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) system –  EVA, proximity operations, AR&D, deep space navigation and communications

•  Demonstrates ability to work and interact with a small planetary body: –  Systems for instrument placement, sample acquisition, material handing, and testing –  Understanding of mechanical properties, environment, and mitigation of hazards

•  Provides a platform for possible Exploration Test beds, Science Missions, International and Commercial Partnership Opportunities: –  Exploration capability development to support multiple possible paths (lunar surface

and deep space) –  Robotic sample acquisition, caching, storage operations, and crew transfer

operations for future sample return missions (potential Lunar/Mars Sample Return options)

–  Additional science investigations related to the understanding of primitive solar system bodies (contributes to an understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system)

–  Platform for testing and development of long-duration habitation systems –  Understanding of mechanical properties and composition for bulk radiation

shielding, precious metals, ISRU, and other commercial mining uses 23

Interplanetary Trajectory

Trajectory to Asteroid Asteroid Retrieval DV = 3868 m/s TOF = 671 days (1.84 yr) DV = 152 m/s TOF = 1092 days (2.99 yr)

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Earth-Moon System Trajectory

Trajectory to Storage Orbit DV = 35 m/s TOF = 251 days (0.7 yr)

Earth-Sun Rotating Frame

Sun

Earth

Moon

15-FEB-2024 Lunar flyby (altitude 9300 km)

9-JUN-2023 Lunar flyby (altitude 177 km)

thrust arc

Earth Final DRO Oct. 2024

15-FEB-2024 Lunar flyby Orbit Trim Maneuvers

(for long term stability) DV = 25 m/s TOF = 257 days (0.7 yr)

Earth-Moon Rotating Frame (thrust arcs not shown)

127 km)

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22 Day Nominal Asteroid Retrieval & Utilization Mission Overview

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Outbound •  FD01 – Launch/TLI •  FD02-FD05 – Outbound Trans-

Lunar Cruise •  FD06 – Lunar Gravity Assist •  FD07-FD09 – Lunar to DRO Cruise

Joint Operations • FD10 – Rendezvous • FD11 – EVA #1 • FD12 – Suit Refurbishment, EVA #2

Prep • FD13 – EVA #2 • FD14 – Contingency/Departure

Prep • FD15 – Departure

Inbound •  FD16 – DRO to Lunar Cruise •  FD17 – Lunar Gravity Assist •  FD18-FD21 – Inbound Trans-Lunar

Cruise •  FD22 – Earth Entry and Recovery

Earth

International Space Station

2 Days

Moon 3-7 Days

Mars 6-9 Months

Lagrange Points and other stable lunar orbits

8-10 Days Near-Earth Asteroid

3-12 Months

The Future of Human Space Exploration Exploration Destinations and One-Way Transit Times

Robotics and Mobility Deep Space

Habitation In Situ

Resource Utilization

Human-Robotic Systems

Advanced In-Space

Propulsion

Advanced Space Communications

Advanced Spacesuits

Human Spaceflight Capabilities

Last updated: 04/15//2013