/"I

Proceedings

of the

Human Factors

and Ergonomics Society41ST ANNUAL MEETING

1997

Volume 2

UB/TIB Hannover117 648 205

89

PROCEEDINGS ofth*HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICSSOCIETY 41stANNUAL MEETING -1997 xv

QUANTITATIVE EQUIPMENTINTERACTION [Lecture]

Robert G. Radwin (Chair), Valerie J. B. Rice (Cochair)

Interaction of Static Pinch and Forearm Torque 688

Sheryl L. Snell-Massie, Marvin E. Barber,

Marguerite M. Pazderka, Grant A. Wilhelm,and M. Susan Hallbeck

Evaluation of Gloves: Short Time Test versus Long 692

Time Tests

Ram R. Bishu and Brent Goodwin

The Forces Required to Pull Loads Up Stairs with 697

Different Handtrucks

Stephen L. Young, George E. Brogmus, and

Dya Bezverkhny

Energy Cost of Walking in Four Types of Snowshoes 702

Joseph J. Knapik, Charles Hickey, Samson V. Ortega, Jr.,James Nagel, and Rene J. dePontbriand

ERGONOMICSPROCESSES [Lecture]

Pat Bertsche (Chair), Roger L. Stephens (Cochair)

Ergonomic Improvement in Games Manufacturing: 707

Leveraging One Initial Success into an

Integrated Self-Sustaining Ergonomics Effort

Andrew J. Marcotte and Joe Kessler

Automated Job Analysis Using Biomechanical Data 712

and Template MatchingThomas Y. Yen and Robert G. Radwin

A Methodology for Identifying Ergonomics Risk Factors 717

and Measuring the Results ofImplementation of Corrective

Actions

Marilyn S. Joyce, Andrew J. Marcotte,Richard T. Barker, and Edward J. Klinenberg

A Filtering Approach to Ergonomics Surveillance 722

J. Murray Gibson and David C. Alexander

AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 725

Volume 2

MACROERGONOMICS

MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE [Lecture]

Ogden Brown, Jr. (Chair), Melroy E. D'Souza (Cochair)

High Involvement Ergonomics andTotal Quality 729

Management: A Comparison and Evaluation

Ogden Brown, Jr.

Span of Command and Control in U.S. Army Organizations 734

Richard E. Christ

An Ethnographic Evaluation of a Computer-Supported 739

Product Development System

Melroy E. D'Souza and Joel S. Greenstein

Management of Health, Environment, and Safety in 744

Royal Norwegian Air Force Flight OperationsVivianne Fonne and Anthony S. Wagstaff

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY IN

ORGANIZATIONS [Lecture]

Barrett S. Caldwell (Chair), Hal W. Hendrick (Cochair)

Sustaining Safety and Profitability through Macro- 749

ergonomics in a Shipping OperationGlenn A. Azevedo, Peter Zande, and Andrew S. Imada

Staying Ahead of the Curve: High Reliability Team**

Behaviors and Their Performance Consequences

Mary J. Waller

Psychologically Based Productivity Improvement 753

Programs: What Works and What Doesn't?

Hope VonBorkenhagen and Mark L. Lengnick-Hall

Generic Work System Characteristics of "Outlaw" Rapid 758

Prototyping Groups: A Summary of Four Case Studies

Hal W. Hendrick

DOCTORAL STUDENT SALON; ORGANIZATIONAL

PARTICIPATION [Lecture]

Barrett S. Caldwell (Chair), Ben-Tzion Karsh (Cochair)

Participation Patterns and Impression Formation in 762

Three Communications Media

Jana M. Price and R. James Holzworth

An Examination of Employee Participation during 767

New Technology ImplementationBen-Tzion Karsh

Relationship between Sociotechnical Joint Optimization 772

and Perceived Department Performance in Manufacturing

OrganizationsDeliaGrenville and Brian M. Kleiner

'Abstract only

"Manuscriptnot submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMANFACTORSAND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUALMEETING -1997

MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION

INNOVATIVE DESIGN OF MEDICAL/REHAB¬

ILITATION DEVICES/SYSTEMS [Lecture]Rene J. dePontbriand (Chair), David A. Kobus (Cochair)

The Evaluation of an Auditory Alarm for a New 777Medical Device

David Simons, Tycho K. Fredericks, and Jim Tappel

Using a Systems Approach in Developing a Survey to 782Assess the Contributing Factors to Needlestick Injuries

Krista R. Mcintosh and Sandra D. Rever-Moriyama

Computer Assisted 3D Measurements for Microsurgery 787

Miriam Kim, Paul Milgram, and James M. Drake

Usability Testing for Telemedicine Systems: A Method- 792

ology and Case StudyDeborah P. Birkmire-Peters, Leslie A. Whitaker,

and Leslie J. Peters

DESIGN OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT: WHOSHOULD BEND: TECHNOLOGY? PEOPLE?

BOTH? [Debate]

Marilyn Sue Bogner (Chair), Dennis I. Serig (Cochair)Participants: Marcia Nusgart, William H. Muto,and Colin F. Mackenzie

SAFETY

WARNINGS I: THE ROLE OF PICTORIALS AND OTHER

ENHANCEMENTS [Lecture]David W. Martin (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)

The Role of Pictorials in Environmental Safety Signs 797

Stephen L. Young

The Comprehensibility of Airline Safety Card Pictorials 801Jeff K. Caird, Becky Wheat, Krista R. Mcintosh,and Robert E. Dewar

Comprehension ofAviation Safety Pictograms: Gender 806and Prior Safety Card Reading Influences

N. Clayton Silver and Carla N. Perlotto

The Effects of a Raised Label Border on Warning 811Effectiveness Measures

Michael J. Kalsher, Michael B. Cote,

Matthew V. Champagne, and Michael S. Wogalter

WARNINGS H: AN UPDATE ON THE NEW ANSI

STANDARDS AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES [Lecture]Curt C. Braun (Chair), J. Paul Frantz (Cochair)

Human Factors behind the Improved ANSI Z535.3 816Label Standard for Safety Symbols

Shelly Waters Deppa and B. Jay Martin

Human Factors in the Revised ANSI Z535.4 Standard 821for Safety Labels

B. Jay Martin and Shelly Waters Deppa

Expectations and Warning Effectiveness: Literature 826Review and Proposed Model

David M. DeJoy

Perceived Risk Dilution with Multiple Warnings 831Jessie Y. C. Chen, Richard D. Gilson, and

Mustapha Mouloua

SAFETY POTPOURRI [Lecture]Ellen C. Haas (Chair), J. Paul Frantz (Cochair)

Cultural Differences in the Perception of Responsibility 836for Child Safety

Marc L. Resnick, Adriano Zanotti, and Julie A. Jacko

Electrical Hazards in the Home: What Do People Know? 840S. David Leonard, Rebecca S, Griffin, and

Michael S. Wogalter

A Methodology for the Analysis and Prediction of 844Back Injuries in Apparel Manufacturing

Rolando Quintana

Vehicle-Driver Communications to Reduce Rear-End 849Collisions: What Makes Sense and Why?

Rudolf G. Mortimer

CONTEMPORARY SAFETY RESEARCH:

METHODOLOGY ANDAPPLICATIONS [Lecture]John G. Casali (Chair), Michael J. Kalsher (Cochair)

Measuring the Likelihood of Falling Asleep while 854

Driving Using PsychophysicsMichael J. Paley

Virtual Hazard Analysis: A Methodology 859Scott Allen Ziolek and Robert Carder Hale

The Effect of the XM45 Gas Mask and Hood on 864

Directional HearingTomasz R. Letowski, Gilbert L. Ricard, andJohn E. Greives

Enhancing System Safety with 3D Audio Displays 868Ellen C. Haas, Charles Gainer, Dennis Wightman,Michael Couch, and Russell Shilling

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted tor publication

PROCEEDINGS oftheHUMANFACTORSAND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997

ARNOLD M. SMALL LECTURE [Lecture]

Jerry R. Duncan (Chair), Michael J. Kalsher (Cochair)

Injury Medicine and Ergonomics: An OdysseyJulian A. Waller

SPECIAL SESSIONS

THE CONFLUENCE OF "ANCIENT WISDOM 873*

AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGY"IN OUR

PROFESSION [Panel]

Dwight P. Miller (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)Panelists: Anna M. Wichansky, James A. Wise,David D. Woods, and Waldemar Karwowski

HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS AS A 878*

SMALL BUSINESS ENDEAVOR: AN HFES

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS PANEL

[Alternative Format]

Barry H. Beith (Chair), William J. Bramble (Cochair)

Participants: Douglas H. Harris, Gary Klein,K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., and Robert W. Swezey

GAMES FOR EXPLAINING HUMAN FACTORS: **

SOME OLD, SOME NEW, SOMEBORROWED,AND SOMEBLUE [Sandbox]

Ronald G. Shapiro (Chair), Tina Brunetti Sayer (Cochair)

Participants: Ronald G. Shapiro, Tina Brunetti Sayer,and Nancy J. Stone

WHAT THEY DONOT TELL YOU IN 883*

GRADUATE SCHOOL: OBSERVATIONS

FROM THE FIELD [Alternative Format]Ronald G. Shapiro (Chair), Anthony D. Andre (Cochair)

Participants: Robert J. B. Hutton, Arnold M. Lund,D. Kristen Gilbert, Georgia K. Green, JoAnne H. Wang,and Anthony D. Andre

HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS AS 888*

AN INDEPENDENT CONSULTANCY:

AN HFES PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS PANEL

[Alternative Format]

Barry H. Beith (Chair), David Baker (Cochair)

Participants: Douglas C. Antonelli, Patricia A. Billingsley,Susan M. Dray, Michael E. Maddox, and William H. Muto

DEMONSTRATIONS I [Demonstrations]Anand K. Gramopadhye (Chair), David C. Kraus (Cochair)

Laptop Recording of Operational Taskload 893*

Eric D. Nadler, Marsha J. Haines, John D. Bonin,

and Mitchell Grossberg

Salivary Amylase as a Field-Practical Measure of Stress 894*Linda L. Mullins, Linda T. Fatkin, and

Robert T.Chatterton

A PC-Based Driving Simulator for Assessing SituationAwareness 895*

Leo J. Gugerty and William C. Tirre

DEMONSTRATIONS H [Demonstrations]Renee J. Stout (Chair), Lori G. Rhodenizer (Cochair)

Relieving Stress and Fatigue Associated with Sedentary **

and Repetitive ActivityCarmen L. Brocklehurst

Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) Instructional 896*Software: A Practitioner's Window into Skilled

Decision MakingRobert J. B. Hutton, Laura G. Militello, and

Thomas E. Miller

A Novel Flight Instrument Display to Minimize the 897*Risk of Spatial Disorientation

Malcolm G. Braithwaite and Simon J. Dumford

THE FAA'S ADVANCED QUALIFICATION PROGRAM

[Alternative Format]Thomas M. Longridge (Chair), Florian Jentsch (Cochair)

Overview of the Advanced Qualification Program 898Thomas M. Longridge

Using the Model AQP Database to Develop Effective 902CRM Training

Susan J. Mangold and David M. Neumeister

Line Operational Evaluation (LOE) Air Carrier Scenario- 907

Based Evaluation

William R. Hamman and Robert W. Holt

Rapidly Reconfigurable Event-Set Based Line 912

Operational Evaluation ScenariosClint A. Bowers, Florian Jentsch, David Baker,

Carolyn Prince, and Eduardo Salas

Application of Psychometries to the Calibration of Air 916

Carrier Evaluators

Robert W. Holt, Peder J. Johnson, and

Timothy E. Goldsmith

USER RESEARCH METHODS IN PRODUCT

DEVELOPMENT: A PARTICIPATORY SESSION

FOR PRACTITIONERS [Alternative Format]

Elizabeth B.N. Sanders (Chair), EdieM. Adams (Cochair)

'Abstract only

"Manuscript notsubmitted for publication

PROCEEDINGSofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUALMEETING -1997

SURFACE TRANSPORTATION

DRIVING SIMULATION [Lecture]Barry S. Grant (Chair), Michael Manser (Cochair)

A Driving Simulator Evaluation of Active Warning Signs 921Jennifer S. Hopkins, Zareh Parseghian, andR. Wade Allen

Driving Simulators: Are They Valid Test Environments 926for ITS Development?

Robert A. Glaser and Donald L. Fisher

Precision and Accuracy of Video-Based Measurements 929of Driver's Gaze Location

Frank Schieber, Michael L. Harms, Jan Berkhout,and Don S. Spangler

DRIVER INTERFACE DESIGN [Lecture]Tina Brunetti Sayer (Chair), Jonathan M. Hankey (Cochair)

Driver Preferences for Adjustable Distance Control 934Labels for an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) System

Colleen P. Serafin

A Methodology for Selecting Auditory Icons for Use 939in Commercial Motor Vehicles

Steven M. Belz, John J. Winters, Gary S. Robinson,and John G. Casali

Identifying Users' Conceptual Organization of Menu 944Functions in an Automotive Electronic Navigation Product

James A. Kleiss

Analytical Evaluation of Warning Onset Rules for Lane 949Change Crash Avoidance Systems

Louis Tijerinaand Shannon K. Hetrick

ATIS AND TMC DESIGN ISSUES [Lecture]Rhonda A. Kinghorn (Chair), Steven K. Jahns (Cochair)

Design Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information 954Systems (ATIS): The User Requirements Analysis

John L. Campbell, Cher Carney, and Barry H. Kantowitz

On Whether to Allow Computers to Post Traffic 959Advisory Messages without Operator Approval

Dennis J. Folds and W. Bradley Fain

Traffic Management Center Operators: A Capabilities 964Investigation

Deborah A. Mitta, Dennis J. Folds, W. Bradley Fain,and Tonya M. Beers

Survey of the Human-Computer Interface and the 968Operational Tasks at Selected Vessel Traffic Services

Ronald B. Hoffman, Frederic A. Dion, and Bruce R. Riley

HUMAN FACTORS AND MARITIME SAFETY **

[Symposium]Marc B. Mandler (Chair), John D. Lee (Cochair),Hal W. Hendrick (Discussant)

Written and Simulator-Based Tests of Mariner 973Knowledge and Application of Rules of the Road

Marvin C. McCallum and Myriam W. Smith

Validation of a Simulation Model to Evaluate Crew Size 978John D, Lee

Fatigue in Merchant Marine Personnel 983Thomas F. Sanquist, Mireille Raby, Alice Forsythe,and Antonio B. Carvalhais

Procedures for Investigating and Reporting Fatigue 988Contributions to Marine Casualties

Mireille Raby and Marvin C. McCallum

DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR I [Lecture]Michael A. Mollenhauer (Chair), Stephen J. Reinach(Cochair)

Risk Perception in Young Male Drivers: What Makes 993Them Different?

Neil D. Lerner and Beth A. Rabinovich

An Investigation ofTemporary Threshold Shift and Noise 998Dose in Contemporary Commercial Trucks

Suzanne E. Lee, Gary S. Robinson, and John G. Casali

Motivation, and Fatigue-Related Impairments in 1003Simulated Driving

Paula A. Desmond and Peter A. Hancock

The Time Cost of Head-Up Displays for Older Drivers: 1008Critical Event Onset, Task Location, and Display Type

Jeff K. Caird and Jasdeep Chugh

DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR n [Lecture]James R. Sayer (Chair), Daniel V. McGehee (Cochair)

The Effects of Spatial Scanning Ability, Perceptual Speed, 1013Age, and Navigation Aid on Navigation Performance

Kathryn Wochinger, Brian H. Philips, andDeborah A. Boehm-Davis

Visual, Perceptual, and Cognitive Measures as Predictors 1018of Collision Detection in Older Drivers

Christina L. James, Kathryn Wochinger,W. Spencer James, and Deborah A. Boehm-Davis

Pedal Misapplications: Their Frequency and Variety 1023Revealed through Police Accident Reports

Richard A. Schmidt, Douglas E. Young,Thomas J. Ayres, and Joseph R. Wong

"Abstract only"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS oftheHUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997 xtx

Time-to-Collision: A Sensitive Measure of Driver 1028

Interaction with Traffic in a Simulated Driving Task

Dary D. Fiorentino and Zareh Parseghian

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

MODELING AND METHODS FOR SYSTEM

DEVELOPMENT AND MANNING [Lecture]

John Lockett (Chair), TBD (Cochair)

Assessing the Value of Human Performance Modeling 1032

in Exploring Pilot-System Dynamics

Holly S. Bautsch, Michael D. McNeese, and

S. Narayanan

The Integrated Performance Modeling Environment: 1037

A Tool for Simulating Human-System Performance

David Dahn, K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., and

Andy Belyavin

A Comparative Evaluation of Ship Complementing Tools 1042

Christine Ives, Colin Corbridge, and Caren Purdy

Developing Dynamic Function Allocation for Future 1047

Naval SystemsCatherine A. Cook, Colin Corbridge,Catherine A. Morgan, and Andrew J. Tattersall

APPLICATIONS TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT:

INDIVIDUAL DISPLAYS & TEAM SETTINGS [Lecture]

Beverly G. Knapp (Chair), TBD (Cochair)

Factors Affecting User Response to Polygon Displays 1052

Jason C. Pionek, Mike Heidenreich, Matt Shanahan,

and Dan Schoepke

Gunner Performance in a Motion Environment: 1056

A Comparison of ControlsMonica M. Glumm, Jock O. Grynovicki,and John D. Waugh

Discrete Event Simulation of Remote Afterloading 1061

Brachytherapy Cancer TreatmentRick Archer and Susan Archer

Team Ergonomics and Human Engineering Methods 1066

for the Design of Collaborative Work Environments:

A Case Study

Jennifer A. Bohan and Daniel F. Wallace

TEST AND EVALUATION

MODELING AND SIMULATION ISSUES IN 1071*

DESIGN, TEST, AND EVALUATION [Panel]Alan E. Diehl (Chair), Valerie J. Gawron (Cochair),

Lyn S. Canham (Contributor)Panelists: Bruce H. Taylor, Tim J. Al-Molky,Scott L. Smith,Laurel E. Allender, Theodore J. Doll, and William H. Levison

TEST AND EVALUATION METHODS [Lecture]Christopher J, Arbak (Chair), Valerie J. Gawron (Cochair)

The Factor of Significance in the Operator's Activity 1075

Gregory Z. Bedny and David Meister

An Adaptive Survey Method: Multiple Interview 1079Techniques in Dynamic Environments

Christopher S. Calhoun, Beth M. Rogers-Adams,Jonathan A. Selvaraj, and Denise L. Aleva

Unidimensional versus Multidimensional Workload Scales 1084

and the Effect of Number of Rating Scale Categories

Christopher R. Anthony and David W. Biers

Meaningful Assessments of Simulator Performance and 1089Sickness: Can't Have One without the Other?

Alvah C. Bittner, Jr., Brian F. Gore, and Becky L. Hooey

TESTAND EVALUATION APPLICATION [Lecture]Valerie J. Gawron (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)

Operational Test and Evaluation of Human Factors 1094

Interventions for Airport Security ScreenersEric C. Neiderman and James L. Fobes

Assessing the Effect of Incompatible Light on Night 1098

Vision Goggle Performance

Randall W. Gibb and Jack D. Reising

Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System (LAPES) 1103

Valerie J. Gawron and Miguel Lopez

SUE: A Usability Evaluation Tool for Operational Software 1107Bruce H. Taylor and Scott A. Weisgerber

TRAINING

GUIDED PRACTICE-A NEW VISION FOR 1111*

INTELLIGENT EMBEDDED TRAINING

[Symposium]Janis A. Cannon-Bowers (Chair), Wayne Zachary (Cochair)

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS oftheHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUAL MEETING -1997

ShipMATE: Shipboard Mobile Aid for Training and 1113Evaluation

John S. Pruitt, John J. Burns, Clyde R. Wetteland,and Tena L. Dumestre

The Use of Executable Cognitive Models in Simulation- 1118Based Intelligent Embedded Training

Wayne Zachary, Joan M. Ryder, James Hicinbothom,and Kevin Bracken

Automating Performance Assessment and Diagnosis in 1123Scenario-Based Training

Thomas F. Carolan, Debra C. Evans, J. Thomas Roth,

and Shelly Scott-Nash

Requirements for Objective- and Performance-Based 1128Creation and Modification of Complex Training Materials

Milton L. Stretton and Janis A. Cannon-Bowers

EFFECT OF SIMULATOR ILLNESS, SPATIAL 1133*

CUES, AND NAVIGATION ON TRAINING INVIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS [Symposium]

Woodrow Barfield (Chair), Brian M. Kleiner (Cochair)

Haptics and Supervisory Control in Telesurgery 1134Thomas B. Sheridan, James M. Thompson, J. J. Hu,and M. Ottensmeyer

Cybersickness Is Not Simulator Sickness

Kay M. Stanney, Robert S. Kennedy, andJulie M. Drexler

Spatial Mental Representations in Virtual Environments 1143Peter A. Hancock, Claudia Hendrix, and Eric Arthur

Locomotion in a Virtual Environment: Performance 1148

Measures and Physiological ResponsesCraig Jorgensen, Jeff Ogden, E. Kerry Willis,

Mary Blessing, Kathryn Ann Caudell, Graham Patrick,and Thomas P. Caudell

HUMAN FACTORS TRAINING IN THE 1152*AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENVIRONMENT

[Symposium]William T. Shepherd (Chair), David C. Kraus (Cochair)

Computer-Based Team Training: The Aircraft 1154Maintenance Environment Example

David C. Kraus, Anand K. Gramopadhye,Joel S. Greenstein, and Ronald H. Nowaczyk

A Design Aid for Improved Documentation in Aircraft 1158Maintenance: A Precursor to Training

Colin G. Drury and Abdulkadir Sarac

Development of a Situation Awareness Training Program 1163for Aviation Maintenance

Michelle M. Robertson and Mica R. Endsley

Human Factors Training for Aviation Maintenance 1168Personnel

William B.Johnson

FACTORS INFLUENCING TRAINING [Lecture]Dee Howard Andrews (Chair), Clint A. Bowers (Cochair)

Could Mental Practice and Imagery Be Techniques 1172for Enhancing Aviation Performance?

Florian Jentsch, Clint A. Bowers, and Eduardo Salas

Multiple Resource Contributions to Training 1176David B. Boles

The Effects of Observational Learning and Practice 1180Schedule on the Acquisition of a Complex Skill

Barry P. Goettl and Catherine Connolly-Gomez

Effects of Mission Preparation on Crew Combat 1185Mission Training Performance

V. Alan Spiker, Robert T. Nullmeyer,Steven J. Tourville, and Denise R. Silverman

Collective Orientation and Team Performance 1190

Rene"e J. Stout, James E. Driskell, and Eduardo Salas

Emphasis Change and Verbal Elaboration in Skill 1195Acquisition: A Tale ofTwo Components

Barry P. Goettl, Shirley F. Snooks, Eric Day,and Wayne L. Shebilske

Challenges to Assessing Distributed Interactive 1200Simulation for Training

Angelo Mirabella and Franklin L. Moses

Assessing Knowledge Structures: Don't Always 1203Call an Expert

Anna L. Rowe, Thomas N. Meyer, Todd M. Miller,and Kurt Steuck

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS

TRAINING IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS [Lecture]Dennis C. Neale (Chair), William Janson (Cochair)

1138 ISSUES IN THE DESIGNANDEVALUATION OF

TRAINING SYSTEMS [Lecture]David C. Kraus (Chair), Wendy A. Rogers (Cochair)

'Abstract only

"Manuscriptnot submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUAL MEETING —1997

Assessing Virtual Reality's Potential for Teaching 1208Abstract Science

Marilyn C. Salzman, Chris Dede, R. Bowen Loftin,

and Debra Sprague

Landmark Direction and Distance Estimation in Large 1213

Scale Virtual Environments

Robert C. Allen, Daniel P. McDonald, andMichael J. Singer

A Usability Assessment of Virtual Reality Simulation 1218

for Aerial Gunner TrainingDenise R. Silverman and V. Alan Spiker

Static Anthropometric Validation of DEPTH v4.1 **

Kristie J. Nemeth

EMPIRICAL STUDIES IN VIRTUAL AND 1223*

AUGMENTED REALITY [Symposium]Woodrow Barfield (Chair), Maury A. Nussbaum (Cochair)

Empirical Modeling of Perceived Presence in Virtual 1224

Environments Using Sequential ExperimentationTechniques

Michael P. Snow and Robert C. Williges

Scientific Visualization Performance in Virtual 1229

Environments

Edward P. McCormick, Christopher D. Wickens,Rachel Banks, and Michelle Yeh

Influence of Head Motion on the Judged Distance of 1234

Monocularly Presented Virtual ObjectsStephen R. Ellis, Brian M. Menges, Richard H. Jacoby,Bernard D. Adelstein, and Jeffrey W. McCandless

Perceptual Effects in Aligning Virtual and Real Objects 1239

in Augmented Reality DisplaysPaul Milgram and David Drascic

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT PERFORMANCE: THE

IMPLICATIONS OF FJTTS' LAW [Lecture]Ronald R. Mourant (Chair), Marilyn C. Salzman (Cochair)

Field of View Effects on a Direct Manipulation Task 1244

in a Virtual Environment

Robert G. Eggleston, William P. Janson, andKenneth A. Aldrich

Investigating Coordination in Multidegree of Freedom 1249

Control: 1. Time-on-Target Analysis of 6 DOF TrackingShumin Zhai and John W. Senders

Investigating Coordination in Multidegree of Freedom 1254

Control: 2. Correlation Analysis in 6 DOF TrackingShumin Zhai and John W. Senders

Fitts and Virtual Reality: Evaluating Display and Input 1259Devices with Fitts' Law

Michael K. McGee, Brian Amento, Patrick Brooks,

and Hope D. Harley

Virtual Visual and Auditory Display Aids for aPeg 1263Insertion Task

Kenneth E. Nemire

SPATIAL AWARENESS IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS

[Lecture]

Robert S. Kennedy (Chair), Sherrie Jones (Cochair)

Measuring Attentional Demand in a Virtual 1268Environments Driving Simulator

Ronald R. Mourant and Zhuoyun Ge

An Experimental Comparison of Three Methods for 1273Collision Handling in Virtual Environments

Jeffrey Jacobson and Michael Lewis

Factors Influencing Spatial Awareness and Orientation 1278in Desktop Virtual Environments

Dennis C. Neale

Using a Computer Simulated World to Study Behavioral 1283

Compliance with Warnings: Effects of Salienceand Gender

Barbara L. Glover and Michael S. Wogalter

VISUAL PERFORMANCE

VIGILANCE AND WORKLOAD [Lecture]David W. Osborne (Chair), Robert K. Osgood (Cochair)

Search Differences for the Presence and Absence of 1288

Features in Sustained Attention

Victoria S. Schoenfeld and Mark W. Scerbo

The Effects ofCaffeine on Performance and Stress in an 1293

Abbreviated Vigilance TaskJon G. Temple, William N. Dember, Joel S. Warm,Keith S. Jones, and Constance M. LaGrange

Effects of Cueing and Knowledge of Results on Workload 1298

and Boredom in Sustained Attention

Edward M. Hitchcock, William N. Dember, Joel S. Warm,

Brian W. Moroney, and Judi E. See

Assessment ofComputer Modeling of Operator Mental 1303Workload during Target Acquisition

Judi E. See and Michael A. Vidulich

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGSofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUAL MEETING -1997

DISPLAYS [Lecture]John J. Uhlarik (Chair), Lisa W. Billman (Cochair)

Effects of SAR Image Compression on Image 1308

Interpretability and Detection PerformanceJudi E. See and Gilbert G. Kuperman

Designing for Multitasking Environments: Multiple 1313

Monitors versus Multiple WindowsMark F. St. John, Wayne C. Harris, and Glenn A. Osga

Evaluation of CRT Bicker under Office Viewing 1318

Conditions

Shane D. Sidebottom and Robert J. Beaton

Ocular Dominance Effects on the Application of 1323

Monocular, Occluding Head-Mounted DisplaysDavid E. Kancler and Laurie L. Quill

SPACE, DEPTH, AND MOTION [Lecture]Jan Berkhout (Chair), Jennie J. Gallimore (Cochair)

Attentional Control in 3-D Space 1328Paul Atchley, Arthur F. Kramer, and Jan Theeuwes

Perception of Accelerating Self-Motion: Global Optical 1333Flow Rate Dominates Discontinuity Rate

Brian P. Dyre

Depth and Image Quality of Three-Dimensional, 1338Lenticular-Sheet Images

H. Boyd Morrison

Multichannel Auditory Search: Toward Understanding 1343Control Processes in Polychotic Auditory Listening

Mark D. Lee

GRAPHS, TABLES, AND HIGHWAY SIGNS [Lecture]John A. Wise (Chair), Philip T. Kortum (Cochair)

Discrimination between Functions in Tables and Graphs 1348Joachim Meyer, Daniel Gopher, and Jonathan Levy

Integral and Separable Dimensions in Graph Reading 1352Justin G. Hollands and Ian Spence

Bias in Proportion Judgments with Pie Charts: The 1357

Cyclical Power Model

Justin G. Hollands and Brian P. Dyre

Nighttime Conspicuity of Highway Signs as a Function 1362of Sign Brightness, Background Complexity, and Age of Observer

Frank Schieber and Charles H. Goodspeed IV

POSTERS

Message Repetition Improves Older and Younger Adult 1367*Memory for Appointment Information: Implications forAutomated Telephone Messaging

Daniel G. Morrow, Von 0. Leirer, Lisa M. Carver,and Elizabeth Decker Tanke

Design of Telephone Answering Machines for 1367*Older Adults

Chin Chin Lee, Jessica D'Agostini, Sara J. Czaja,and Joseph Shark

The Relevance of Cognitive Aging Research to 1368*

Warning Label DesignGabriel K. Rousseau, Nina Lamson, and Wendy A. Rogers

Change in Driving Skills as a Function of Age 1368*

Dary D. Fiorentino

The Impact of a 10-Week Training Program on 1369*

Lower-Extremity Function and Fear of FallingDarryl G. Humphrey and Laszlo Stumpfhauser

Lag Effects in Paired Associate Learning: Age 1369*Differences

Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos and Donald L. Fisher

Voice Technology Applications in Airway Facilities 1370*Armida Rosiles

Conceptual Graph Analysis Applied to Performance 1370*

Support System Design and EvaluationTimMeserth, Jason W. Fouts, and Sallie E. Gordon

Graphical User Interface Design Using Eye Gaze 1371*

Tracking and Pupil Response with ERICA

Christopher P. Lankford, Peter F. Shannon, Peter A. Beling,Patrick J. McLaughlin, Edmond W. Israelski,

Stephen H. Ellis, and Thomas E. Hutchinson

Aerosol Freezing Injury to the Spray Finger 1371*A Case Study

Arlie R. Hart

Development of a Warning System for Carpal Tunnel 1372*

SyndromeJessica K. Hink, Linda J. Frederick, and

Michael S. Wogalter

Effects of Feedback on Control of Forearm Muscle 1372*

Exertions

One-Jang Jeng and Nitipong Boon-Long

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted forpublication

PROCEEDINGSoftheHUMANFACTORSANDERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997 xxiii

Improving the Ergonomic Design of a Poultry Processing 1373*

Workstation Using Computer AnimationFrederick E. Sistler, Sherif M. Waly, A. James Farr,and Roger E. Husser, Jr.

Measurement Accuracy of the 1991NIOSH Equation 1373*

Parameters

Gary S. Sorock, Fadi A. Fathallah, Lobat Hashemi,and Patrick G. Dempsey

An Analysis ofSprain/Strain and Repetitive Trauma 1374*

Injuries in the Coal Mining Industry from 1986 to 1995

Sean Gallagher, Deborah D. Landen, and Barb Fotta

Trends in U.S. OSHA Ergonomic Penalties, 1985-1994 1374*

Theodore K. Courtney and Edward A. Clancy

Frequent Rest Breaks and Musculoskeletal Discomfort 1375*in Keyboard Intensive Work: Preliminary Results

of a Worksite Intervention

Frank T. Conway, Steven L. Sauter, Naomi G. Swanson,

and Traci L. Galinsky

Factors Affecting Movement Detection at the Ankle: 1375*

Early Identification of Potential Fallers

Christopher E. Chimenti, Lawrence T. Schultz,Michael D. Shaw, Mary Ann Holbein, and

Charles J. Robinson

Human Factors Support for the Development of 1376*

an Advanced Digital Moving Map SystemJohn W. Ruffner and Michael E. Trenchard

The Effects of Operator Control of Task Allocation 1376*

in aMultiple Task Environment

Catherine A. Morgan and Andrew J. Tattersall

Turning Wood into Haunted Houses: The Role of 1377*

Human Factors, Community, and the Environment

in Supporting Local OrganizationsDainaPupons Wickham, Haithi Yan, Edo Visser,

and Ban Simon

Human Response to an Increase in Noise Near a General 1377*

Aviation AirportMarcie R. Benne, Mary Lyn Rivamonte,

Krishan K. Ahuja, Robert B. Funk, and Jeffrey Hsu

A Biocybemetic System for Examining Psycho- 1378*

physiological Correlates for Adaptive Automation

Lawrence J. Prinzel HI, Frederick G. Freeman,

Mark W. Scerbo, and Peter J. Mikulka

P300 as a Measure of Workload in Multitask 1378*

Environments

Ann-Elise Lindeis and Barry Fowler

Loss ofAircrew Situation Awareness: A Cross-Validation 1379*

Florian Jentsch, John S. Barnett, and Clint A. Bowers

Air Traffic Control Workstation Mock-Up for Free 1379*

Flight Experimentation: Lab Development and

CapabilitiesAnthony J. Masalonis, Michael A. Le, James C. Klinge,ScottM. Galster, Jacqueline A. Duley, Peter A. Hancock,Brian G. Hilbum, and Raja Parasuraman

Analysis of Information Requirements of En Route 1380*

Controllers under Different Levels ofFree FlightJacqueline A. Duley, Scott M. Galster,

Anthony J. Masalonis, Brian Hilbum, and

Raja Parasuraman

Is Less Experience Better among Pilot Evaluators? 1380*

Jeff Hansberger, Robert W. Holt, and

Deborah A. Boehm-Davis

Task and Workload Comparisons between Air Traffic 1381*

Control SystemsTom Skiles, Paul Krois, Robert Graham, and

Alan Marsden

Identification ofError Patterns in Terminal-Area ATC 1381*

Communications

Cheryl M. Quinn and Kim E. Walter

Operator Functional State Classification during a 1382*

Simulated ATC Task Using EEGGlenn F. Wilson, Corrina T. Monett, and

Chris A. Russell

Computer Workstation Design Effects on Posture and 1382*

Performance: Children Grades Six and Eight

Kathryn L. Laeser, Alan Hedge, and Lorraine Maxwell

Simple and Inexpensive Ergonomic "Fixes" Reduce the 1383*

Frequency and Severity of VDT Workstation Discomfort

Tamara M. James

Designing Effective Study Environments 1383*

Nancy J. Stone

A Preliminary Investigation of the Characteristics of 1384*

Two Techniques for Assessing Structured KnowledgeKatrina E. Ricci and Gwendolyn E. Campbell

Error Recovery by Human Operators in a Complex 1384*

Process Control System

Terry Shikano and Gregory M. Corso

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Pilot Selection System 1385*

Claire A. Portman, Sean Biggerstaff, David Blower,

and Allen Chapman

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

wv PROCEEDINGSofthe HUMANFACTORSAND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY41stANNUAL MEETING -1997

Identifying and Measuring Training Objectives in a 1385*Janus Battle Simulation Center

Mary T. Dzindolet, Linda G. Pierce, andDebora R. Gleason

The Power of Hybrid Practice: The Effects of Different 1386*

Training Procedures on Learning a Spatial LayoutMegan M. Moloney and Gregory M. Corso

Landmark Recall as a Function of Quality of Interaction 1386*

during Simulated Route NavigationMike A. Guest and Wallace J. Sadowski, Jr.

Massed versus Distributed Team Practice 1387*

Lori G. Rhodenizer, Clint A. Bowers,Maureen L. Bergondy, and Michael K. Martin

A Framework for the Design of Intelligent Hypertext 1387*Using Individual Differences

Mark J. Stimson

The Development ofa New Zealand Road 1388*

Safety LaboratorySamuel G. Charlton and Robert B. Isler

Industrial Workers' Recall of Accidents and Their 1388*

Concordance with Company Records

AngelaM. Galinsky, Carryl L. Baldwin,Terry L. Dell, and Jan Berkhout

Laterality Effects in a Field Study of Driving and 1389*Telephone Operation

Angela M. Galinsky and Jan Berkhout

A Scenario Analysis of Fall Accidents in Litigation 1389*Lee-Jean Lin, Fu-Tien Chiou, and H. Harvey Cohen

Failure of On-Product Warnings to Cue Safe User 1390*Behavior

Howard Medoff and Peter Crabb

Defining the "Human" in Human Error Risk Assessment 1390*Niles T. Welch

A Study of the Ergonomics of Emergency Stop 1391*

Pushbuttons

Patricia B.Zarate

Cognitive Theory Perspectives on Error in Industrial 1391*Radiography

Wendy J. Reece and Leroy J. Matthews

Effects of Time of Day and Task Demand on Simulated 1392*

Sign RecognitionEdward T. McFadden and Donald I. Tepas

Field Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Activated Fluorescent 1392*

Roadway DelineationCarole J. Simmons, Karen Mahach,

Richard L. Knoblauch, Marsha Nitzburg,Samuel C. Tignor, and Kathryn Wochinger

An Experimental Evaluation of Virtual Reality for 1393*Training Teamed Navigation Skills

James P. Bliss, Philip D. Tidwell, R. Bowen Loftin,B. Rob Johnston, Cynthia Lyde, and Bart Weathington

Physiological Adaptations to Virtual Interfaces: Results 1393*of Initial Explorations

Mark H. Draper, Jerrold D. Prothero, and Eric S. Viirre

Rest Frames and "Class A" Presence Measures 1394*

Jerrold D. Protiiero

Implicit Pattern Learning in Visual Search 1394*

Kelly J. Neville and Addie Ehrenstein

Critical Task Demands with Spatially versus Rapid 1395*Communication (RAP COM) Visual Displays

John S. Rhodes, David G. Payne, Jaron J. Rubenstein,and Mark A. Warren

The Effects of Graphical Display Format on Observers' 1395*

Accuracy in Detecting Differences in Source VariabilityDeMaris A. Montgomery and Laura M. Bivona

A Comparison of Emphasis Techniques in Electronic 1396*Map Displays: Attentional Filtering versus Decluttering

Michelle Yeh and Christopher D. Wickens

Design Elements for Touch Screens 1396*Brenda M. Scott, Gayle Steinbugler, and Lisa Eichom

Critical Analysis and Redesign of an Automobile Fuel 1397*

Dispenser Interface ... Keep On Pumpin'!Dalene M. Shin and Kirsten Nord

Computer System Documentation: Usability Analysis 1397*of Alternative Glossary Formats

Douglas Wade Stipp

A User Interface Design for Pen-Based Computing **

Kimberly A. Witherow and Carol Thielman

Using CASHE (Computer Aided Systems Human 1398*

Engineering) in the ClassroomTerence S. Andre and Keith D. Gurnick

Work Design: Are We Satisfying Customer Needs? 1398*Andris Freivalds, Stephan Konz, A. Yurgec,and Joseph H. Goldberg

"Abstract only

-Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMANFACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 41stANNUALMEETING -1997 xxv

What Is Human Factors and Ergonomics? A Database **

of the Activities of Current HFES Members

Maxwell J. Wells

Giving Students Hands-On Training with Real-World 1399*Human Factors Problems

F. Jacob Seagull

Capturing a Shared Understanding of a Knowledge 1399*

Domain for a Learning OrganizationHarold S. Blackman, James C. Byers, Susan G. Hill,and Bruce L. Kaplan

Self-Management of Performance Feedback during a **

Computer-Mediated TaskMichael I. Bopp and Robert A. Henning

The Effects of Cognitive Demand on Performance, Mood, 1400*

and Ratings of Discomfort in Keyboard Work

Paula L. Grubb and Naomi G. Swanson

Sequential Data Analysis of Communication Data from 1400*

Emergency DispatchLori G. Rhodenizer, Florian Jentsch, and

Clint A. Bowers

Wheelchair Access Device for Disabled Individuals 1401*

Timothy Clark, L. Alan Dorney, Michael Keefe,

Bruce E. Amrein, Patricia Moore, and Vincent Evans

Assistive Devices for the Disabled: A Partnership 1401*

ApproachBruce E. Amrein, L. Alan Dorney,H. Philip Crowell JJJ, Patricia Moore, Vincent Evans,

Elizabeth Herrman, and Michael Keefe

Dynamic Seating Pressure during Wheelchair 1402*

Locomotion

Jeffrey E. K. Lewin

Creation of an Electronic, WWW-Compatible MSIS 1402*

Cletis R. Booher and Wynona Johnson-McAfee

Cross-Criecked But Not Seen: The Effects of Automation 1403*

and Reliable Systems

Sheryl L. Chappell

The Role of Cognitive Engineering in the Design of 1403*

Advanced TechnologyNancy J. Cooke, Krisela Rivera, Mark LaSalle,

Sean Rice, and Bill Schmidt

Development of Mental Models as a Function of Practice 1404*

Kathy K. Baxter and Gregory M. Corso

The Auditory Compatibility Task: Implications for 1404*Human Factors and Hemispheric Specialization

Stephen E. Watson and Richard P. Fahey

Does Overlap in Team Member Knowledge Predict 1405*Team Performance?

Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer, Janis A. Cannon-Bowers,

and Eduardo Salas

Forecasting the Weather with Limited Data: The 1405*

Use of Knowledge of Local Weather EffectsRichard P. Fahey, Anna L. Rowe, Kendra L. Dunlap,and Dan 0. deBoom

Speech Amplitude and Cognitive Processing 1406*

RequirementsCarry1L. Baldwin

Do Displays of Tactical Response Options Influence 1406*

Expert Decision Making?Mark F. St. John and George E. Seymour

The Debiasing Effects ofAccountability and Feedback 1407*

on Automation Bias

Mark D. Burdick, LindaJ. Skitka, and

Kathleen L. Mosier

The Influence ofComputer Experience on the 1407*

Agreement between User Preference and Performance

Rankings in Software Usability Testing

George V. Kissel

Computer-Assisted Test Administration: Establishing 1408*

Equivalency of Two Mood Measures

Leslie H. Eckert, Phillip N. Goemert, Wayne L. Harris,and Karl Nelson

Automating the Cognitive Analysis of Human-Computer 1408*

Interactions

Elizabeth G. Gibson, BrendaM. Wenzel, and

Micheal G. Casaus

AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1409

KEY WORD INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1413

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication