human genetics - chapter 3marandoscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/7/6/23768555/... · human...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Human Genetics - Chapter 3marandoscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/7/6/23768555/... · Human *(memorize) 46 23 Goat 60 30 Guinea pig 64 32 Bat 44 22 Squirrel 40 20 Alligator 32 16 Chicken](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042304/5ecf2a018a389f133434aa4d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lesson 1
Cell cycle
Chromosomes
Mitosis phases
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Organism Diploid chromosome # (2n) in body cells
Haploid chromosome # (n) in gametes
Human *(memorize) 46 23Goat 60 30Guinea pig 64 32Bat 44 22Squirrel 40 20Alligator 32 16Chicken 78 39King crab 208 104Fruit fly 8 4Pea 14 7Apple 34 17Potato 48 24Soybean 40 20Lettuce 18 9Rice 24 12Leopard Frog 26 13
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Lesson 2
Meiosis phases
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Metaphase I
Prophase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
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Prophase II
Telophase II
Anaphase II
Metaphase II
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Cells can divide in two different ways…
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
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11
Organism Diploid chromosome # (2n) in body cells
Haploid chromosome # (n) in gametes
Human *(memorize) 46 23Goat 60 30Guinea pig 64 32Bat 44 22Squirrel 40 20Alligator 32 16Chicken 78 39King crab 208 104Fruit fly 8 4Pea 14 7Apple 34 17Potato 48 24Soybean 40 20Lettuce 18 9Rice 24 12Leopard Frog 26 13
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12
Meiosis I
Metaphase I Anaphase I
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13
Meiosis II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
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14
Mitosis MeiosisIn what types of cells does
it occur?
What type of reproduction is
this process involved in?
How many divisions
occur?
Number of daughter cells
produced?
Chromosome number of
daughter cells produced?
Genetic comparison with
the original cell?
Does crossing over occur?
Comparison Chart
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15Table 3.1
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
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16
Meiosis• Cell division that produces gametes with half
the number of chromosomes
• Occurs in special cells called germline cells
found in the gonads
• Maintains the chromosome number of a
species over generations via fertilization
• Ensures genetic variability via the processes
of independent assortment and crossing
over of chromosomes
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17
Meiosis consists of two divisions
- Meiosis I = The reduction division
- Reduces the number of chromosomes
from 46 to 23
- Meiosis II = The equational division
- Produces four cells from the two
produced in Meiosis I
Note: Each division has the 4 phases (PMAT)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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18
Meiosis
Figure
3.3
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19
Figure
3.4
Meiosis I
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20Figure
2.3
Prophase I
• Homologs pair-up
and undergo
crossing over
• Chromosomes
condense
• Spindle forms
• Nuclear
envelope/membrane
breaks down
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21Figure
2.3
Crossing-over
Figure
3.5
• Paired chromosomes
(homologs) exchange
genetic information
resulting in genetic
variation in each
gamete produced
• Occurs during
synapsis in Prophase I
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22Figure
2.3
Metaphase I
• Homologous pairs
align along the cell’s
equator
• Random alignment
pattern determines the
independent
assortment of
chromosomes in the
gametes
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23Figure
2.3
Independent Assortment
Figure
3.6
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24Figure
2.3
Anaphase I
• Homologs separate
and move to opposite
poles of the cell
• Sister chromatids
remain attached at
their centromeres
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25Figure
2.3
Telophase I
• Nuclear envelope
reforms
• Spindle disappears
• Cytokinesis divides
the rest of the cell
into two
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26Figure
2.3
Interkinesis
• A short interphase between the two
meiotic divisions
• Chromosomes unfold into very thin
threads
• Proteins are manufactured
• However, DNA is NOT replicated a
second time
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27
Meiosis II (same as Mitosis)
Figure
3.4
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28Figure
2.3
Prophase II Metaphase II
• Chromosomes
align along the
equator
• Chromosomes
condense and
become
visible again
• Spindles form
• Nuclear
envelope
degenerates
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29Figure
2.3
Anaphase
II• Centromeres
divide
• Sister
chromatids
separate to
opposite cell
poles
Telophase
II• Nuclear
envelope
reforms
• Chromosom
es uncoil
• Spindle
disappears
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30Figure
2.3
Results of Meiosis
• Four haploid cells
containing a single copy
of the genome (23
chromosomes each)
• Each cell is unique –
carries a different
assortment of genes and
chromosomes
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Lesson 3
Gametogenesis
- spermatogenesis
- oogenesis
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32Figure
2.3
Gametogenesis• The process in which cells undergo meiosis
to form gametes
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33Figure 3.7Figure
3.7
Spermatogenesis
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34Figure
2.3
Spermatogenesis• Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes,
beginning at puberty continuing throughout the
man’s life
• A diploid spermatogonium divides by mitosis to
produce a stem cell and another cell that specializes
into a primary spermatocyte
• In meiosis I, the primary spermatocyte produces two
haploid secondary spermatocytes
• In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte
produces two haploid spermatids
• Spermatids then mature into tad-pole shaped
spermatozoa (4 sperm cells in total)
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35Figure 3.7
Spermatogenesis
Figure
3.8
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36
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37
Sperm
Structure
Figure
3.9
• Acrosome contains
digestive enzymes
to help penetrate
egg
• Mitochondria
provide energy
• Tail provides
motility
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38Figure 3.7
Oogenesis
Figure
3.11
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39Figure
2.3
Oogenesis• Unlike spermatogenesis, oogenesis is a
discontinuous process
• Meiosis begins during fetal development of
female
• Oocytes pause development at prophase I
until puberty
• After puberty, meiosis I continues in one or
several oocytes each month but halts again
at metaphase II
• Meiosis is only completed if the ovum is
fertilized
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40Figure
2.3
OogenesisA diploid oogonium divides by mitosis to
produce a stem cell and another cell that
specializes into a primary oocyte
In meiosis I, the primary oocyte divides
unequally forming a small polar body
and a large secondary oocyteIn meiosis II, the
secondary oocyte
divides to form
another polar body
and a mature haploid
ovum
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41Figure 3.7Figure
3.12
Oogenesis