human genome project - established to determine dna sequence of humans. - useful in locating genes...
DESCRIPTION
Genetic Engineering Done 2 ways: 1. Selective Breeding - allows desired traits to breed together. Example A. Hybridization - crossing organisms with different traits - helps bring out the best traits B. Inbreeding (true-breeding) - crossing organism with similar traits - maintains the desired traitTRANSCRIPT
Human Genome Project- established to determine DNA sequence
of humans.- useful in locating genes and curing
disorders.ExampleGene Therapy- replacing faulty gene with
the correct gene.
- accomplished by using viruses to deliver
genes into cells.- currently experimental
DNA Technology
Normal Gene
Engineered Virus
Gene Therapy
Bone Marrow Cell Nucleu
sChromosomes
Genetic EngineeringDone 2 ways:
1. Selective Breeding- allows desired traits to breed together.
ExampleA. Hybridization
- crossing organisms with different traits
- helps bring out the best traitsB. Inbreeding (true-breeding)
- crossing organism with similar traits
- maintains the desired trait
Dog Breeds(selective breeding)
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Copying DNA►Polymerase Chain Reaction►Also called PCR ►A method of making many
copies of a piece of DNA
2. DNA Manipulation- the copying, cutting, identifying, and
transplanting of DNA
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Steps in Copying DNA
●A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube
●DNA polymerase that works at high temp’s is added
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Steps in Copying DNA
►The DNA is heated to separate the two strands
►Primers, short pieces of complementary DNA, are added
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Copying DNA●The tube is cooled,
and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands
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PCR
Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting
sample
Gel Electrophoresis- process of separating DNA fragments for identificationSTEPS1. DNA Extraction
- DNA pulled out by cell fractionation in a
centrifuge.
2. DNA cut into fragments- Restrictive Enzymes cut DNA at
specific locations.
* DNA is too large to analyze all together
Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments.
Use of Restriction Enzymes
3. DNA Analysis
a. Fragments placed in a porous gel.b. Electric current is applied to gel.
- opposite sides become (+) & (-)c. (-) charged DNA moves towards (+)
end of gel.d. Short fragments move farther than
long fragments leaving bands.e. Position of bands is specific to each
person.
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprints
Uses of Genetic Technology
1. DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA samples from blood, hair, etc. are identified by gel electrophoresis.
- used to solve crimes by comparing DNA from
a crime scene with suspect’s DNA.
2. Transgenic Organisms- implanting genes from one species
into another species.
Examplea. Microorganisms
- bacteria can produce human insulin using
human genes.
b. Animals- mice are given human genes and
studied.- farm animals are given genes to
produce extra growth hormones.
c. Plants- genes for natural insecticides can be placed into crop plants.- genes that make vitamins can be added to plants.
- Genetically Modified Organism- organism w/ altered genes to produce a desired affect.
Tobacco plant with a lightning bug gene.
3. Cloning-creating a genetically identical
organism from a single body cell.(+) useful in producing transgenic
organisms and saving endangered species
(-) many cloned animals suffer from defects
Body Cell
Egg Cell
Surrogate MomClone