human geography ap review important concepts and people – part 3
TRANSCRIPT
Farm/Village Structure
• Metes & Bound– Colonial English
system
• Rectangular Survey– Township & Range
• Longlot– French colonial system
Economic Geography: Alfred Weber
• Theory on the Location of Industries, 1909– German economist
• Each manufacturing plant has to ship resources to the plant and finished goods to the market– Theoretically, there must
be a point in space at which these transport costs will be minimized
Harold Hotelling, 1929• Locational
Interdependence
• Ice cream vendors on beach– At first at opposite sides of beach– Eventually, next to each other
• Can’t understand location without looking at competitors
August Lösch, 1940
• One problem with Weber’s model is it ignores the cost and availability of labor
• The Spatial Margin of Profitability model looks at total costs and total revenues at a variety of locations
• Result: A range of points at which profits can be maximized
Walt Whitman Rostow
1) Traditional SocietyLimited Technology; Static Society
2) Preconditions for TakeoffExtractive Export Industries
3) TakeoffDevelopment of Manufacturing
4) Drive to MaturityWider industrial/commercial base
5) High Mass ConsumptionShift to service sector, domestic consumption
Modernization Model :Stairway to Development
Critiques:
Does not account for “roadblocks” and colonial legacies
Piore & Sabel, 1984Piore & SabelThe Second Industrial Divide
• Post-Fordism– Flexible Specialization– Just-in-Time Production– Vertical Disintegration
Harrison & BluestoneDeindustrializaion
• Companies address problems by reducing workforce and closing factories
• Industrial Midwest is targeted– High union activity– Resistance to change
Urban: Rank-Size Rule
• Ideal urban system
• Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
• 1/R x Population of Largest City• R = rank
Walter Christaller (1933)• Central Place Theory• Assumptions
– Featureless (isotropic) plain– Evenly distributed population/resources– Consumers have similar means/tastes
• Hierarchy of goods– Range of a good
• How far one is willing to travel– Threshold of a good
• How much population you need to support production
Ernest Burgess, 1925
• Attempt to explain social groupings within urban areas
• Location would be determined largely by distance from the center
• Concentric Zone Model
Homer Hoyt, 1939• Some criticisms of Burgess
model
• Actual US cities have more variation– Poor along rail lines– Commercial uses along major
streets
• Sector Model– Wedge-shaped pattern
Harris & Ullman, 1945
• Cities can have more than one center or nucleus
• Suburbs are becoming parts of city
• Areas grouped by function
Harvey Molotch (1976)
• City as Growth Machine– City elites concerned with growth over
development– Other needs are sacrificed to growth
• Growth good for elites, but not necessarily for everyone– Land values rise– Newcomers displace natives