human immune system how our cells work to fight disease
DESCRIPTION
Lymph Excessive fluid found in blood Carried by lymphatic vessels A one way system to drain the body The fluid enters the blood stream at the subclavian veinTRANSCRIPT
Human Immune System
How our cells work to fight disease.
Lymphatic System Excretes excessive fluid from tissue to
blood stream Absorbs fats in the intestine and puts
it n the blood system Defends the body against disease
What we are most interested in
Lymph Excessive fluid found in blood Carried by lymphatic vessels
A one way system to drain the body The fluid enters the blood stream at
the subclavian vein
Organs of the system Spleen
Blood is cleaned by macrophages and lymphocytes
Lymph nodes Placed along lymphatic vessels Tonsils, adenoids Inguinal and AXILLARY nodes
Diseases of the lymph nodes Lymphadenitis Lymphagitis Elephantiasis Pulmonary edema Lymphoma Hodgkin’s disease
Thymus Just under the sternum Thymus lymphocytes (T cells) mature
in these lobules Secretes thymosin
Causes pre-T cells to become
Bone Marrow Creates blood cells – red and white White cells are necessary for the
development of immunity Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophil Lymphocytes Monocytes
Immunity The immune response is the ability to
distinguish between "self" and "non-self."
Every cell in your body carries the same set of distinctive surface proteins that distinguish you as "self."
Non-Specific Defenses Barriers to entry
Mechanical barriers stop pathogens from entering the body Skin secretes oil containing a chemical that
weakens or kills bacteria Respiratory track lined with cells with cilia
that sweep mucus and trapped particles into throat to be expelled
Stomach with high pH that inhibits growth of bacteria
Other organs with good bacteria that prevent pathogens from lodging
Stomach with high pH that inhibits growth of bacteria
Other organs with good bacteria that prevent pathogens from lodging there
Non-specific means that the body doesn’t know what it’s fighting, just knows that it is not “self”
Inflammatory reaction When skin is broken there is
reddening and swelling at the site of the injury The capillaries rupture and release
histamine Histamine causes capillaries to dilate and
become more permeable Bradykinin increases the effects of
histamine and begins nerve impulses that result in pain
Larger capillaries are the redness Increased permeability allows fluid
and cells from the blood stream to escape and that results in the swelling surrounding an injury
A break in the skin allows pathogens to enter
Neutrophils and monocytes enter tissue with the fluids and carryon phagocytosis
Steps of phagocytosis short animation of phagocytosis in act
ion
Macrophages Monocytes turn into macrophages
These are large phagocyte cells that can kill many invaders and survive
Some organs have resident macrophages that act as the body’s scavengers
They also cause the body to greatly increase production of leukocytes –specifically neutrophils
Pus is dead tissue, cells, bacteria and living wbc
Protective Proteins Complement has plasma proteins
named letter C and a number or letter.
Once activated it increases other proteins in a set series of reactions
Creates a cascade response Wiki – complement Honors students
must read and take notes.
How they work The complement forms holes in cell
walls and it allows fluids to enter The cell then lyses (bursts like a
water balloon)
Specific Defense The immune system must identify self
v. non-self. The proteins on the out side of human
cells, foreign cells or cancerous cells are not like the ones on the body cells
The part of the protein that is recognized is called an antigen
The body fights these antigens with a molecule called an antibodies
These molecules are made by cells called B lymphocytes – B stands for bone marrow
Antibodies can combine with and stop antigens from harming the body
They work like a key/lock system; a specific type of antibody disables a specific antigen (marker molecule)
Honors read for understanding and take notes
T Lymphocytes T stands for thymus where these
lympocytes mature in the thymus grand.
Called T cells; they do not produce antibodies but directly attach cells that have antigen marker proteins they recognize
Will be important when we discuss HIV
Go to Antibodiy-