Human Prehistory Human Prehistory To To

Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations

Paleolithic (Old Stone) AgePaleolithic (Old Stone) Age

► **WILL **WILL NOT BE NOT BE ON AP ON AP TEST!**TEST!**

Homo erectus Homo erectus stood uprightstood upright learned simple tools learned simple tools

► – – rocks & sticks for hunting and gatheringrocks & sticks for hunting and gathering Africa Africa Asia and EuropeAsia and Europe

► Homo sapiens sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens - all current - all current races are descended from this races are descended from this subspeciessubspecies Our category of speciesOur category of species lived as small bands of hunter-lived as small bands of hunter-

gatherers. gatherers. developed language, rituals, and more developed language, rituals, and more

sophisticated tools.sophisticated tools.

Era of Hunters and Era of Hunters and GatherersGatherers

► Cause of Cause of spread of spread of pre-pre-AgriculturAgricultural al societiessocieties

►Hunting-and-gathering Hunting-and-gathering economies dominated human economies dominated human history until 9000 B.C.E. history until 9000 B.C.E.

► hunter-gatherer economy hunter-gatherer economy benefited with improved benefited with improved toolstools

► Improved economiesImproved economiesincreased increased population population migration migration expandedexpanded

Late Paleolithic Late Paleolithic DevelopmentsDevelopments

► Why did Why did religion religion develop?develop?

► Compare Compare gender gender relations relations to 2009to 2009

►Life became easier (some free Life became easier (some free time) time) stone tool & weapons stone tool & weapons improvedimproved

►Development of Development of rituals & rituals & religionreligion – helped people deal – helped people deal w/fear about death & naturew/fear about death & nature

►Gender division of laborGender division of labor Men: hunting, fishing, defenseMen: hunting, fishing, defense Women: gathering, making medicineWomen: gathering, making medicine

►Gender Equality???Gender Equality???► Increased food supply Increased food supply increased increased

population population increased technological increased technological advance advance increased conflict increased conflict

The Neolithic – Bronze Age (3000 The Neolithic – Bronze Age (3000 BCE)BCE)

Shifts from Shifts from New Stone New Stone Age to Age to Bronze Bronze Age?Age?

Results of Results of the rise of the rise of AgriculturAgricultural al economieeconomies?s?

► Dev. Dev. agricultural societies – permanent agricultural societies – permanent settlementssettlements

► Causes?Causes? Climatic shiftsClimatic shifts The The Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals

- dogs, sheep, goats, pigs - dogs, sheep, goats, pigs ► Results?Results?

economic, political, and social organization economic, political, and social organization began in the Middle East – Tigris River began in the Middle East – Tigris River Valley Civ (~10,000 B.C.E.)Valley Civ (~10,000 B.C.E.)

resources to free up a small potion of resources to free up a small potion of population population increased levels of economic, increased levels of economic, political, and religious activitypolitical, and religious activity

Example: metal tool makers who Example: metal tool makers who specialized & exchanged for food.specialized & exchanged for food.

► Metalworking technology spread out from Metalworking technology spread out from Middle EastMiddle East

Spread of AgricultureSpread of Agriculture

ResistanceResistance

►Many tribes used both Many tribes used both hunting/gathering and agriculture.hunting/gathering and agriculture.

►Some resisted completely (Northern Some resisted completely (Northern Japan)Japan)

►Others were unable to cultivate (Central Others were unable to cultivate (Central Asia – leads to tough nomadic invaders)Asia – leads to tough nomadic invaders)

►Others used slash and burn agriculture – Others used slash and burn agriculture – farm intensively for several years and farm intensively for several years and then move on.then move on.

The Rise of “Civilization” The Rise of “Civilization” 3500 B.C.E.3500 B.C.E.

► Elements Elements of civiliz-of civiliz-ations?ations?

River River Valley Valley civilizationscivilizations

Tigris-Tigris-EuphratesEuphrates

► Formal states, writing, cities, and Formal states, writing, cities, and monuments monuments

► Settlements / villagesSettlements / villages slash and burn agriculture / irrigationslash and burn agriculture / irrigation

► Elaborate trading patternsElaborate trading patterns► extensive political territoriesextensive political territories► Dev. alongside major rivers Dev. alongside major rivers

water supply for ag. productionwater supply for ag. production► 11stst RVC– Mesopotamia (region?) RVC– Mesopotamia (region?)

SumeriansSumerians ~3500 B.C.E - dev. the first ~3500 B.C.E - dev. the first known human writing - known human writing - cuneiformcuneiform

► Dev. astronomical sciencesDev. astronomical sciences► Dev. agricultural prosperity w/fertilizers Dev. agricultural prosperity w/fertilizers ► Used silver for tradeUsed silver for trade

Tigris-Euphrates CivilizationTigris-Euphrates CivilizationBabyloniansBabylonians

Why is a Why is a written written legal legal system so system so significantsignificant??

► developed developed Hammurabi’s codeHammurabi’s code laid down the procedure for law laid down the procedure for law

courts courts regulated property rights regulated property rights duties of family membersduties of family members set harsh punishments for crimesset harsh punishments for crimes

► This focus on standardizing a legal This focus on standardizing a legal system was one of the features of system was one of the features of early river valley civilizationsearly river valley civilizations

► Results??Results??

Egyptian CivilizationEgyptian Civilization

EgyptianEgyptianss

►Emerged in N. Africa along the Emerged in N. Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E.

►benefited from trade & benefited from trade & influences from Mesopotamiainfluences from Mesopotamia

►produced its own distinct social produced its own distinct social structures & cultural expressions. structures & cultural expressions.

►Mathematical achievements and Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural impressive architectural structures structures

►2700 B.C.E. - Egyptian pharaohs 2700 B.C.E. - Egyptian pharaohs built pyramids as their tombsbuilt pyramids as their tombs used slave laborused slave labor

In the margin of your notes, record the:

1. Subject(s) of this piece of art—what is being discussed or displayed.

2. The occasion—what is happening or what led to this being done

3. The audience—who was it painted for, or who was intended to view it

4. Purpose—why did the artist paint this, how did s/he want to viewer to react

5. Speaker—who do you think painted this, be general, not specific

6. Significance—what is the historical significance of this piece of art

Indian and Chinese River Valley Indian and Chinese River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations

IndianIndian

ChineseChinese

► Indus River – 2500 BCEIndus River – 2500 BCE Cities: Harappa, Mohenjo DaroCities: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro Trade w/MesopotamiaTrade w/Mesopotamia

► Indo-European invasions caused devastationIndo-European invasions caused devastation

► Huanghe (Yellow) RiverHuanghe (Yellow) River IsolationIsolation IrrigationIrrigation Horses/iron/coalHorses/iron/coal P'an Ku – mythic ancestor of the ChineseP'an Ku – mythic ancestor of the Chinese Writing – ideographs (symbols)Writing – ideographs (symbols)

► 1500 BCE - Shang dynasty1500 BCE - Shang dynasty Decline but great continuityDecline but great continuity

The Legacy of the River The Legacy of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations► Religious ideas - many gods in aspects of Religious ideas - many gods in aspects of

nature - nature - ► Political structures - tightly organized city-Political structures - tightly organized city-

states, ruled by a king who claimed divine states, ruled by a king who claimed divine authorityauthority

► System of courts System of courts ► Kings -power over defense and war; Kings -power over defense and war;

leadership of armyleadership of army► Science/technology - Science/technology -

wheel, alphabets, mathematics, and wheel, alphabets, mathematics, and divisions of timedivisions of time

► Mesopotamian art and Egyptian architecture Mesopotamian art and Egyptian architecture influenced the Greeks & Romansinfluenced the Greeks & Romans

► The Phoenicians devised a simplified The Phoenicians devised a simplified alphabet – 22 letters alphabet – 22 letters

► Jews - smaller Middle Eastern group - first Jews - smaller Middle Eastern group - first clearly developed clearly developed monotheistic religionmonotheistic religion

►PolytheisPolytheismm

SignificancSignificance of e of monotheismonotheism??m??

A/BA/B

►Find a partner. Someone is A and Find a partner. Someone is A and someone is B.someone is B.

►Partner A: List as many of the early Partner A: List as many of the early civilizations to partner B as possible.civilizations to partner B as possible.

►Partner B: Listen and if partner A Partner B: Listen and if partner A misses one – help them out. Then misses one – help them out. Then identify the characteristics that are identify the characteristics that are critical for a society to become a critical for a society to become a civilization to partner A.civilization to partner A.

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

►Compare the drawbacks of non-Compare the drawbacks of non-civilized societies with civilized civilized societies with civilized societies.societies.

►Compare the advantages of an Compare the advantages of an agricultural based society with a agricultural based society with a hunter-gatherer society.hunter-gatherer society.

Foldable – Compare & Foldable – Compare & Contrast the Classical Contrast the Classical

CivilizationsCivilizations►China China IndiaIndia Greek/Roman Greek/Roman

► Political Systems / Leadership Political Systems / Leadership ► LawLaw► Religion Religion ► Social / Family / GenderSocial / Family / Gender►Writing system / EducationWriting system / Education► Trade / EconomicsTrade / Economics► TechnologyTechnology► AchievementsAchievements