Human Research Program 1 Human research in space flight? Yes!Yes! 2 Human Research Program Human Research on ISS by HRP 3 Human Research Program Body Fluids hemoglobin & hematocrit postflight total body water plasma & urine volumes postflight Electrolytes urinary Ca, PO 4 postflight plasma K & Mg postflight urinary Na, K, Cl, Mg Hormones plasma ADH, ANF urinary aldosterone urinary ADH, cortisol postflight urinary epinephrine, androsterone postflight plasma ACTH, aldosterone, cortisol Metabolites plasma glucose, creatinine, BUN postflight albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid Human Physiological Adaptations to Long- Duration Weightlessness in Space Flight Immunology viral reactivation & shedding DTH skin test response Cell mediated immunity lymphocyte function -- unchanged humoral immunity From Scientific American Muscle & Bone muscle mass muscle endurance & strength bone mineral content bone integrity Sensory-motor vestibular disturbances space motion sickness early in flight postural stability sensorimotor function intraocular pressure in flight retinal blood vessel constriction postflight visual motor task performance contrast discrimination visual field postflight Cardiovascular resting heart rate stroke volume early in flight PACs & PVCs fluid volume orthostatic tolerance aerobic & anaerobic capacity resting blood pressure postflight central venous pressure (indirect) cardio/thoracic ratio postflight 4 Human Research Program Impacts of Physiological Adaptation Space flight-induced changes may affect operations during flight or during, after return to Earth EVA capability Nominal and contingency entry, descent, landing Nominal and contingency egress Rapid post-flight return to nominal operations Long term health issues These changes must be thoroughly understood and mitigated where possible in order to manage mission and crew health risks 5 Human Research Program Continuous space flight exposure 30 days as of June 2008 Flight Duration (days) Individual Exposures But what about this? Most long-duration flights are 4-7 months long Mars missions may last up to 30 months 6 Human Research Program Time course of physiological changes in long-duration weightlessness (notional) based on Skylab data NOTIONAL Not shown: Behavioral Health & Performance 7 Human Research Program 125 days 162 days Crew Recovery Status: Mir & ISS Observed post-landing conditions of Mir & ISS crewmembers may be predictive for just-arrived Mars crewmembers 1 year 8 Human Research Program Case Study: ISS Expedition 6 Soyuz TMA-2 landing provided strong evidence FOR human functionality after Mars transit-like flight time Soyuz TMA-2 landing provided strong evidence FOR human functionality after Mars transit-like flight time 5-month simulated transit Piloted de-orbit, aerobraking entry, descent and landing Partial power-down of vehicle post-landing Unstrapped, egressed vehicle unassisted Deploy recovery aids Qualitative decrements in crew performance Qualitative decrements in crew performance All three crewmembers exhibited reduced capability, up to voluntary immobility Thirty minutes worth of work in about five hours, but no need to hurry (per Don Pettit) Note: unencumbered weight on Earth approximates Mars weight wearing projected pressure suit 9 Human Research Program Exploration-related NASA biomedical planning Mars Surface Analog Project NASA JSC, Three workshops of long-duration astronauts, flight medicine specialists, biomedical researchers Discussed capabilities of astronauts on Mars immediately after 6-month transit ISS Expedition 6, May 2003 Bloomberg, Functional Task Test HRP established in 2005 for Mars-focused human research and technology ISS Crew Increment Durations: Extension and Simulation of Mars Missions NASA HRP/JSC/ARC, Sep A workshop of NASA subject matter experts How to extend ISS crew increments to 9-12 months? How to use ISS to mimic a Mars mission? ISS as Testbed for Analog Research (ISTAR) NASA-wide since Sep HRP planning meeting "Toward a unified HRP perspective on ISS as Mars transit analog," Jan Bill Gerstenmaier quoted in Aviation Week & Space Technology, Mar. 7, 2011 Early ISTAR emphasis includes time-delay, crew autonomy aspects of simulated Earth-Mars transit 10 Human Research Program Preliminary Planning for ISS as Analog for Mars Transit NASA Mars-ISS integrated product team (IPT) is developing plans to use the ISS as a test platform to reduce risk for an outbound Mars transit and possibly a Mars landing transition. ISTAR - ISS Testbed for Analog Research Joint project between NASAs Exploration, International Space Station (ISS) and Human Research (HRP) Programs and JSC Flight Crew Operations Directorate and Mission Operations Directorate Integrated Product Team (IPT) established NASA multi-center team including Exploration Systems, Exploration Analogs, Flight Crew, Human Research Program, Mission Operations, ISS Utilization, Engineering Established to mitigate Key Exploration Risks and answer architectural Questions Human Research including Behavioral, Medical, and Performance Autonomous Operations Mission Planning & Execution Exploration Technology Demonstration 11 Human Research Program ISTAR - Objectives 12 Facilitate preparations for crew autonomous operations for Mars or NEA exploration Exercise ground elements training and technology development Evaluate new exploration technologies as they become available ISTAR Long Term Goal Conduct long duration Mars Transit and Landing Transition simulations using technology and operational tools & concepts developed and tested during previous ISTAR and Earth-based Analogs Human Research Program Assumptions Assumptions No Mars Mission related test will place ISS vehicle or astronauts at risk Develop rules for simulation breakouts for ISS nominal events and anomalies, while maximizing continuous simulation time Agreement by, and involvement of, all ISS partners is sought Involve flight crewmembers and ground elements (possibly up to and including families) and technology development Effects on non-Mars payloads to be minimized This will not be a one-time event Multiple opportunities throughout ISS operational life Initial tests: days to weeks to evaluate test protocols Later: weeks to months to evaluate complex FTOs Exploit early (low cost or no cost) opportunities for ISS to advance preparations for Mars and NEO missions Use current Soyuz crew rotation scheme, and preserve or accommodate original ISS visiting vehicle schedule 13 Earth Arrival Mars Arrival Mars Departure Earth Departure Overview of Hypothetical Mars Expedition Earth-to-Mars transit: ~6 months Mars surface stay: ~18 months Mars-to-Earth transit: ~6 months ISS expeditions of ~6 months duration simulate Earth-to-Mars transit similar crew condition as at Mars arrivalsimilar crew condition as at Mars arrival Based on: Human Exploration of Mars, DRA 5.0, NASA-SP , July 2009 Variation in Distance and Communications Delay Between Earth and Mars (example: ) Comm. delay (min.) Distance (AU) Calendar date Depart Earth Arrive at Mars Depart Mars Arrive at Earth Outbound transit to be simulated on ISS Closest to Earth Farthest from Earth Overview of Hypothetical NEO Expedition Earth-to-NEO transit: ~3-4 months NEO surface ops: ~2 weeks NEO-to-Earth transit: ~1-3 months ISS expeditions of ~6 months duration simulate ~6-month+ Earth-to-NEO round trip 0-g baseline experience base NEO expeditions Validate technologies and procedures for Mars missions Acquire additional unique deep-space data Dust on and near asteroids Near-NEO radiation environment Behavioral health & performance Human Research Program ISTAR - 5 Year Strategic Plan Utilizes phased approach to reduce Exploration Risks, answer Architectural Questions, and execute long-duration Exploration Mission Simulations Begin with short duration ISTAR Analogs to test risk mitigating technologies & operational tools Establish baselines for crew performance, behavior, and medical procedure; develop and test countermeasures Increase periods of Crew/Vehicle Autonomy Simulations Crew procedures & Mission Control operations will be modified to provide more realistic experience to crew/ground control personnel. Perform Comm Delays leading to full (voice/data/command) Mars Transit-delays by 2016 (Notional) ~ 12 minutes each way Post-landing exploration mission analogs will be added eventually Continue development of ISTAR Analog Groundrules & Constraints Continue working with technology & science experiment developers of risk mitigating xDTOs candidates and map them to future ISS Increments ISTAR 5 Year Plan will be integrated with larger multi-year plan for all Exploration Analogs 17 Human Research Program Mars-ISS Analog Mission Concept Use ISS as test platform to reduce risk to humans of Mars transit mission (outbound or return) and Mars surface transition ISS as high-fidelity, cost-effective simulation of eventual Mars mission: personnel (flight, ground); vehicle; environment; perceived risk; meaningful work. Limitations: Earth outside window; infrastructure (resupply timing; real- time MCC monitoring);capability to break simulation when necessary. Near-Term Assess and reduce crew health and mission risks such as weightless deconditioning, crew autonomy, communication delays, planning and execution, and new technologies Exploit ISS as unique testbed providing weightlessness and psychological factors not available in other analogs Longer-Term Full Mars (or NEO) mission duration (900 days) Expanded landing site exploration activities 18 Human Research Program PhaseMajor features of plan A Eval ISS capabilities [ ] Primarily current ISS operations and activities. Operational, experimental protocols to protect safety, health, efficiency of ISS crewmembers are evaluated for their applicability to Mars (and NEO) missions. B Short-period sims [ ] Discrete Mars-forward activities inserted, such as intermittent multi-day periods of different degrees of bounded autonomy by ISS crew, including communications delays typical of Mars missions. Sets of assigned tasks to be accomplished with minimal intervention by MCC, but few alterations to on-board procedures and MCC monitoring of ISS systems. Minimize impact to non- Mars onboard science operations. Flight rules specify threshold at which simulation is broken in case of emergency or system malfunction. Add exploration tasks to post-landing timeline. C Longer-period sims [ ] More rigorous, longer periods of autonomy. Crew procedures, MCC oversight modified to provide more realistic experience in autonomous operations to both crew and ground personnel. Some impact to onboard non-Mars science operations. Post-landing multi-day exploration analogs. D 6 month mission and crew deconditioning [post 2015] Transits to Mars (and NEOs) simulated as rigorously as feasible in low Earth orbit with existing infrastructure. Progressively increasing communications delays may be introduced, reaching the maximum delay after 6 months to mimic Mars proximity. On-board science operations to be compatible with Mars-like mission parameters. Expanded post-landing exploration mission analogs ISTAR - Phased Approach for ISS as an Exploration Test Bed 19 Human Research Program ISTAR - xDTO Definition Process NASA Exploration Study Teams Develop Design Reference Missions (DRMs) and Reference Architectures for Beyond Low Earth Orbit destinations (e.g., Mars, NEA) Define Key Exploration Mission Risks and Architectural Questions Examples: EVA System/Suit, Life Support systems, Crew & vehicle autonomy, Communication Delays, Crew Medical and Behavioral Health, Crew training & mission control changes ISTAR Team identifies Increment-specific xDTO candidates that provide top risk mitigation and support exploration operational concept development ISTAR calls for xDTOs timed to sync with ISS Increment Research Planning Cycle ISTAR identifies xDTO resource requirements (crew training and on-orbit crew time, hardware/software development, mass and volume, funding status, projected earliest readiness date) ISTAR IPT conducts high-level reviews and rankings of proposed xDTOs and selects xDTO candidate list ISTAR forwards proposed xDTO candidate list and requirements to ISSPs Research Planning Working Group (RPWG) for integration into Utilization planning for an Increment Period 20 Human Research Program ISS Increments (Mar 2012 to Sept 2012) 1.JSC-ISTAR-TBD, Comm Delay technology demo (requirements not finalized) 2.JSC-ENG-011, Active Shielding Proof of Concept 3.JSC-ENG-017, SPHERES Free Flyer Simulated EVA Inspection 4.JSC-ENG-091, Robonaut 2 Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Operations 5.JSC-MOD-001, Crew Autonomous Planning and Execution ISS Increments (Sept 2012 to Mar 2013) 1.JSC-ISTAR-TBD, Comm Delay technology demo (requirements not finalized) 2.JSC-017, SPHERES Free Flyer Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Ops 3.JSC-091, Robonaut 2 Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Operations 4.JSC-116, Miniature Exercise Device 5.JSC-024, Microbial Growth and Control for Space Exploration 6.JSC-020, Crew Autonomous Planning and Execution ISS Increments (Mar 2013 to Sept 2013) 1.JSC-HRP-076, Comm Delay (requirements not finalized) 2.JSC-017, SPHERES Free Flyer Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Ops 3.JSC-091, Robonaut 2 Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Operations 4.JSC-116, Miniature Exercise Device 5.JSC-024, Microbial Growth and Control for Space Exploration 6.JSC-020, Crew Autonomous Planning and Execution 21 ISTAR - xDTOs Under Evaluation Human Research Program ISTAR - ISS International Partner Participation Some ISTAR xDTOs will seek to involve International Partner (IP) participation or use of IP facilities Behavioral and Crew Autonomy investigations may impact visiting vehicle or spacewalk (EVA) scheduling Communications/Data delay xDTOs could impact other operations (e.g. payloads) Multilateral agreements will be required New crew planning and execution tool xDTOs are planned All ISS Partners Mission Control Center (MCC) procedures and tools for planning and execution are integrated and must stay in sync Post-Landing (if it affects landing site ops or crew return) ISSP has initiated discussions with IPs to seek their cooperation Positive but reserved initial reaction received at ISS multi- lateral forums ISS IPs have expressed interest in executing their own xDTOs Process to integrate IPs initiatives is in development 22 Human Research Program 23 Human Research Program 24 Human Research Program Summary and Conclusions ISS offers important benefits for risk reduction through simulation of Mars (and NEO) missions Simulations will be difficult and will require substantial careful and thorough preparation Success will be achieved only through consideration of requirements of all partners 25 Human Research Program 26 Questions? Human Research Program BACKUP 27 Human Research Program Progress and Next Steps Initiated by NASA ISS Program Manager Sep IPT briefed NASA ISS Program Manager Oct. 20 Briefed NASA Headquarters Exploration Directorate Nov. 15; approval to continue Now developing preliminary flight test objectives Updated ISS Program Manager Dec. 13: received continued endorsement and encouragement International Partners buy-in sought ISS Program briefed Russian counterparts at Dec 8 TIM; will brief ESA, JAXA, CSA counterparts TBD HRP briefed IBMP Dec. 3 EMSO briefed ISECG by telecon late January ISLSWG in June IPT to continue to resolve operational concerns Flight control center, astronauts Develop concrete Flight Test Objectives Develop schedule of implementation 28