human security in the united nations - jcie undertook this project on human security in the united...

Japan Center for International ExchangeTokyo • New York

Human Security in the

United Nations

© 2004 Japan Center for International ExchangeAll rights reserved.

Copyediting by Susan Hubbard and Randall ChamberlainCover design, typographic design, and typesetting by Patrick IshiyamaCover photograph by Tomoko Suzuki.

Printed in JapanISBB 4-88907-118-0

Japan Center for International Exchange9-17, Minami-Azabu 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 Japanwww.jcie.or.jp

Japan Center for International Exchange, Inc. (JCIE/USA)274 Madison Avenue, Suite 1102, New York, N.Y. 10016 U.S.A.www.jcie.org

Contents

Preface ....................................................................................................... 3

Introduction ............................................................................................ 5 I. Essential Elements of An Effective Human Security Project .......... 8 II. Challenges for Organizing An Effective Human ...........................14

Security Project III. Challenges of Management of the Trust Fund for ........................18

Human Security IV. Future Agenda ..................................................................................22

Description of the Five Targeted Projects .....................................25

AppendicesKey Informants ......................................................................................45Tokyo Workshop (Agenda & Participants) ......................................... 50

Preface

JCIE’s work on human security began in 1998, when—at the urging of then Foreign Minister Keizo Obuchi—it launched the Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia’s Tomorrow. Through its work on human security, JCIE aims to call attention to the need for an intellectual dialogue among Asian countries on the human security challenges they face and approaches to dealing with those challenges. The intellectual dialogue has since contin-ued with the cooperation and support of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies based in Singapore and the Japan Foundation.

JCIE and its partners have convened five conferences under the rubric of the Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia’s Tomorrow. The first three conferences focused on broad themes related to the Asian crisis, sustainable development, and cross-sectoral partnerships. The fourth conference used case studies on primary health care in East Asia to discuss policy formula-tion and implementation, and the fifth conference explored evaluation systems for human security projects.

JCIE was also integral to the establishment and progress of the Com-mission on Human Security, which was formed in 2001 and released its final report in 2003. In its final report, the commission called on the international community to explore ways in which the concept of human security can and should be implemented on the ground in the form of human security projects. The project discussed in this report is JCIE’s first response to that call.

JCIE undertook this project on Human Security in the United Nations from September 2003 through March 2004. The project team developed case studies on five projects that were funded by the Trust Fund for Human Security (TFHS), which was established in the United Nations with funding from the Japanese government. The case studies were then analyzed in an attempt to propose common elements to be included in human security projects on the ground as well as to highlight the challenges faced by people designing and implementing human security projects and to make

Human Security in the United Nations

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recommendations to the United Nations and the Japanese government on ways to improve the use of the TFHS in promoting human security around the world.

I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the generous finan-cial support from the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which made this work possible. I would also like to thank the Columbia University Center for International Conflict Resolution (CICR) for their cooperation.

I am grateful for the hard work of the entire project team: Susan Hub-bard, program director for East Asia, CICR; Tomoko Suzuki, program officer, JCIE; and Akiko Horiba, associate, JCIE. Randall Chamberlain edited the final text, and Patrick Ishiyama was responsible for formatting this booklet. I would also like to thank all of the representatives from the United Nations, NGOs, governments, and academia with whom the project team met. Their time and patience in meeting with the team and sharing their own experiences were essential to the success of this project. Finally, I am grateful to all of the other experts in the field of human security who took the time to provide constructive feedback on our work at the Tokyo workshop in February 2004.

Tadashi YamamotoPresidentJapan Center for International ExchangeTokyo

Introduction

This research project attempts to understand how the human security concept can be implemented on the ground by undertaking case studies of projects funded by the UN Trust Fund for Human Security (TFHS), established in March 1999 with funding from the Japanese government, following Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi’s policy speech in Hanoi in Decem-ber 1998. “The objective of the fund is to translate the concept of human security into concrete activities by supporting projects implemented by UN agencies that address, from the viewpoint of human security, vari-ous threats to human lives, livelihoods, and dignity currently facing the international community, including poverty, environmental degradation, conflicts, landmines, refugee problems, illicit drugs, and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS.”*

It was clear that, while the categories of activities to be supported by the fund were stipulated, the term “human security” was not clearly defined in the fund’s guidelines. Those who were involved in the creation of the fund were interested in developing a clearer understanding of the concept of “human security” on the operational level, including how it can effectively address human needs at the ground level in the present international envi-ronment. The Commission on Human Security—established in June 2001 and headed by Madame Sadako Ogata, former UN high commissioner for refugees, and Professor Amartya Sen, master of Trinity College—provided a definition of human security in its final report, issued in May 2003. It is hoped, however, that analysis of the human security projects funded by the TFHS, which is currently developing new guidelines, will be valu-able in further improving the fund’s work from the point of view of the challenges that projects face while attempting to translate the concept of human security into action.

* http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human_secu/t_fund21/fund.html


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The projects for the case studies were chosen based on several criteria. First, logistics required that the projects be limited to one geographic region. The majority of the Japan Center for International Exchange’s (JCIE) work on human security in the past has focused on Southeast Asia, so that was the region selected for the case studies. Second, projects were chosen in such a way as to ensure a diverse selection of target countries, themes, and UN implementing agencies. Third, the project team decided on larger projects, which were more likely to include diverse elements to be analyzed. Finally, only projects that were far enough along in implementation to provide significant data for the research project were chosen. Based on these criteria, the following five projects were chosen for the case studies:

1. Ainaro and Manotuto Community Activation Project (AMCAP) in East Timor, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

This project aims to increase food and income security in an envi-ronmentally sustainable manner in poor households in two of East Timor’s poorest districts. It uses community-focused participatory methods, promotes adoption of new techniques, and networks with other aid agencies to create markets for new products.

2. Development of Social Safety Nets for Health in Laos and Vietnam, World Health Organization (WHO)

This project aims to create social protection by increasing people’s security from the financial burden of high health care costs. It also aims to increase overall funding for health care at the local level through the introduction of commune-based insurance schemes. The project implemented pilot projects for poor farmers and workers in the informal sector in order to assess the viability of health insurance schemes in poor communities on a larger scale.

3. The Human Dignity Initiative: Community-Based Safety Nets as Tools for Human Development in Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

This project aims to enhance social and economic conditions in tar-geted communities throughout Southeast Asia. It does so by training community leaders in the use of tools for social mobilization and participatory decision making. It then provides funds for projects that are designed and implemented through participatory processes in the target communities.

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4. Prevention of Trafficking in Children and Women at the Community Level in Cambodia and Vietnam, International Labour Organization (ILO)

This project looks at various factors that put women and children at risk of being trafficked. It aims to build community capacity to prevent trafficking by setting up and mainstreaming holistic com-munity-based preventive interventions targeted at those factors to reduce the incidence of trafficking.

5. Tobelo-Galela Area Recovery Initiative in Indonesia, North Maluku, UNDP

This project aims to develop socially and economically sustainable communities living cooperatively in freedom from fear and violence. The project does so by supporting income-generation and education initiatives implemented through cross-community collaboration.

After selecting the cases to be studied, the project team studied the project proposals, interim reports, and other documents related to the projects and the human security challenges in their target populations. Next, they interviewed relevant actors at UN headquarters and in Japan to gain a better understanding of the fund from the perspective of those managing and disbursing funds. Based on this background research, they developed a questionnaire to guide them through interviews in the field. Interviews were undertaken in four countries—Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and East Timor—with UN field officers responsible for design and implementation of the selected projects, government officials, partner organizations, aca-demics, target communities, and other relevant actors. The fieldwork was conducted from November 24 through December 12, 2003. A draft report of the team’s preliminary findings was circulated among the projects’ UN field officers and partner organizations as well as Japanese government officials, UN representatives, and other experts on human security, all of whom gathered in Tokyo on February 27 and 28, 2004, for a workshop to discuss the preliminary findings and their implications.

The project team faced some limitations in developing the case studies. First, time and budgetary constraints did not allow the team to visit all of the community-based project sites. Priority was placed instead on eliciting the experience of the UN field officers and others involved in design and implementation. Second, most of the projects were behind schedule because of delays in gaining final project approval and receiving funds. One project


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in particular, the ILO project, had only recently started the implementation phase and, therefore, had not yet set up any project sites for the team to visit. Third, time and language constraints did not allow the team to engage in in-depth discussions with the target communities.

I. Essential Elements of an Effective Human Security Project

While some of the needs represented in these case studies are already being addressed by more traditional development or humanitarian assistance, this study has reinforced the project team’s understanding that a human security project should incorporate the following elements in order to be effective in its planning and implementation:

1. Reducing causes of threats in people’s lives2. Taking a multifaceted approach in strengthening people’s capacities3. Engaging and empowering people at the community level4. Engaging government leaders at all levels to secure people from vul-

nerability5. Enhancing sustainability of people’s efforts6. Enhancing participatory processes

1. Reducing causes of threats in people’s lives

Human security projects help people to address the multiple threats in their lives, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, disease, and violence. By helping people strengthen their resiliency to threats, human security projects make people less dependent on outside assistance when they are faced with threats. Meanwhile, they decrease the potential devastation of the threats.

Human security projects take a broad view in targeting both actual current threats and potential future threats. A comprehensive understanding of the resources and structures on which people depend can offer insight into the potential impact of removal of any of those elements from their lives and serve as a basis for creating projects to lessen the negative impact. Understanding of potential threats to those critical resources and structures can enhance a project’s capacity to prevent those threats from emerging or, at the very least, anticipate them and prepare for them before they emerge.

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For example, the UNDP project in East Timor attempts to reduce the threat of hunger by addressing various factors, including environmental degradation and lack of access to markets. The WHO project tries to reduce the threat of illness by helping poor families gain access to health care. The ILO project tries to reduce the threat of human trafficking by addressing such contributing factors as lack of awareness of trafficking and poor families’ need for income. The UNDP project in Indonesia tries to reduce the threat of a resurgence of violence, among other threats, by helping to bring together communities that have been divided by deadly conflict.

2. Taking a multifaceted approach in strengthening people’s capacities

Human security projects are multifaceted and deal with all aspects of peo-ple’s lives. They are designed with the awareness that all aspects of people’s lives are interrelated with both positive and negative implications. Simply increasing capacities in one area still leaves people vulnerable to devastating threats in other areas. By strengthening their capacities in all aspects of their lives—including access to food, health care, and education; protection from crime and other violence; and generation of adequate income—people are better able to compensate when one aspect is threatened.

For example, the ILO project looks at income, food, and health security all as ways of decreasing the threat of human trafficking. They acknowledge and address the fact that at-risk girls are often lured into trafficking through deceit, but they also acknowledge and address the poverty-related issues that create the environment most likely to put them at risk.

The UNDP project in East Timor seeks to create positive reciprocal impacts between environmental protection, food security, and income generation. They have established tree nurseries for income generation, cre-ated markets for the trees by encouraging other organizations to purchase the trees and plant them in order to reverse the rapid deforestation in the country, thereby nourishing the soil for better crop production, leaving formerly subsistence farmers with more crops to sell.

The UNDP project in Indonesia attempts to rebuild relationships in post–deadly conflict communities while creating income-generation op-portunities. If the project only helps generate income in the communities and violence breaks out again, the incomes will be lost again. This project provides another good example of multifaceted approaches in that the


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implementing unit within UNDP—the Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit—has expertise in reconciliation and participatory decision making and has subcontracted much of the education-specific activities to groups with more expertise, such as UNICEF and World Vision Indonesia. The project team found that such integration among UN agencies is extremely useful but requires some mechanisms for joint planning of activities and joint administration of funds.

3. Engaging and empowering people at the community level

The individuals and communities that benefit from human security projects are in the best position to determine their own needs and vulnerabilities. Their active participation at all stages is integral to the success of a human security project. The people who are expected to benefit from human se-curity projects are not merely beneficiaries of projects; they are key actors in the planning and implementation of the projects.

By engaging and empowering individuals and communities in all stages of a human security project, project staff can help local communities buy into the importance of the project. If local communities have a sense of ownership over the project they are more likely to put their full effort into the activities and continue them on their own after funding and outside partnerships have ended. By empowering people to make project decisions, human security projects encourage them to take further control over their lives and their vulnerabilities.

For example, the ESCAP project was designed without preconceived ideas of what each community would identify as its own needs. Even after needs are identified through participatory processes and the communities formally request funds from ESCAP, the communities are responsible for implementing their own projects. ESCAP provides training in participatory decision making in order to build the skills needed.

The UNDP project in Indonesia provides grants to community groups—all of which need to be a combination of Muslims and Christians—that are interested in implementing projects. The community groups decide on their own what it is that they want to do and submit proposals to UNDP.

In an attempt to engage the local community in the project and empower them through the experience, UNDP in East Timor has a subcontract with the United Nations Office for Project Services, which is responsible for much of the project implementation. They also have a subcontract with

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a local NGO in one of the districts in which they are implementing their project. A representative from the local NGO stated that his organization has gained institutionally through the partnership by receiving hands-on training in project management, accountability, financial management, and UN agency requirements. Through the experience, they have also gained recognition within the UN system as a suitable partner organization for other UN agencies.

UNDP in East Timor also has a subcontract with a Japanese NGO to provide project management training for a local project coordinator. UNDP’s original plan was to simply bring in an international consultant as the project coordinator. At the suggestion of the TFHS, however, they decided instead to employ a local project coordinator and bring the Japa-nese NGO into the project in order to further increase the local project management capacity.

WHO worked closely with mass organizations in Laos and Vietnam, eliciting feedback on their project plans and raising awareness of the util-ity of health insurance. While mass organizations in both countries are initiated and controlled by the government, they are the closest thing to a community organization in such centrally controlled countries as Laos and Vietnam. ILO has identified a local NGO in Cambodia with which they will partner on their project. In Vietnam, they are working closely with mass organizations.

UNDP in Indonesia has subcontracts with UNICEF and World Vision Indonesia to work on parts of the project that are within those organiza-tions’ expertise. They are currently considering similar arrangements with other organizations.

4. Engaging government leaders at all levels to secure people from vulnerability

Government leaders at the international, national, and local levels need to be engaged at all stages of a human security project whenever possible. Governmental leaders can and do play a key role in securing people from vulnerabilities, but they also can and do contribute to people’s vulnerability. By engaging with them in human security projects, the project imple-menters are more likely to secure government support for and protection over the project activities. Going one step further and explicitly providing training and other educational services to national and local governmental


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leaders will build the capacity for ongoing governmental support of hu-man security activities.

In addition, some projects have helped enlighten national governments about the human security problems faced by their own citizens and the broader problems that human insecurity creates in their countries. In many cases, government support and active participation in activities is essential to the sustainability of a human security project after funding and outside partnerships have ended. For this reason, it is important to convince them of the potential and real benefits of a human security project from an early stage.

For example, the UNDP project in East Timor had a national government leader on the initial planning committee. This arrangement ensured that government interests and concerns were represented in the design. National and district government leaders have been active members of the steering committee throughout the duration of the project.

The WHO project involved government leaders at all stages in Laos and Vietnam. The government leaders developed a sense of ownership over the project, which encouraged them to integrate their experiences with the project into the policy framework. Similarly, the ILO project is engaging ministries in Cambodia and Vietnam in order to gain their support for the project but also to raise their awareness of the problems of human trafficking.

5. Enhancing sustainability of people’s efforts

The processes and outcomes of human security projects need to be sustain-able in order for people to be able to effectively continue to address the threats with which they are faced after the projects’ outside funding and partnerships have ended. The only way that individuals and communities can truly reduce their vulnerability to threats is to continue the activities on their own and to support themselves without having to depend on outside assistance.

International partners should give ample consideration to the timing and process of their strategies for exiting from partnerships with local communities. Involving local communities in the management of human security projects increases their capacity for initiating and implementing human security projects on their own, further enhancing the project’s sus-tainability beyond partnerships with international NGOs. It is important to avoid staying in a partnership so long that a dependency relationship

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develops, but it is also important not to exit the partnership before the local partner is fully capable of continuing the activities on its own.

For example, by working closely with national-level policymakers in Laos and Vietnam, the WHO project was able to convince the policymakers of the importance and viability of health insurance schemes. Policymakers were convinced by the pilot projects that poor families would enroll in health insurance schemes under certain circumstances and that they would seek better health care as a result. They also witnessed the positive effect that the insurance schemes had on the quality of service at public clinics that were receiving more income in communities with health insurance schemes for the poor. These realizations led them to include health insur-ance principles into their own countries’ policy frameworks.

The UNDP project in East Timor focuses on increasing productivity in the two districts where it works. Simply increasing productivity without markets for the products, however, will not lead to any sustained levels of productivity. UNDP, therefore, has sought out NGOs and governmental aid agencies to purchase trees from the project’s nurseries, creating a sus-tainable market for the trees.

By helping people to generate their own income, the UNDP project in Indonesia aims to help people to become more independent in the future. It also works on rebuilding relationships in such a way that encourages communities to continue working together on other priorities.

6. Enhancing participatory processes

While the outcomes of a human security project—improved livelihoods and decreased vulnerability—are important to the success of a human secu-rity project, the process in which the project is designed and implemented is more important. The way in which people are or are not engaged in a project will determine how they will continue engaging in activities in the long run. The skills and approaches that people learn by experience in a project are likely to be replicated in other parts of their lives. Helping people gain control over activities in a project helps them to feel more empowered in other aspects of their lives. Conversely, adopting a top-down, directive approach in project design and implementation reinforces existing practices of top-down, directive interaction.

For example, the ESCAP project focuses on teaching and using par-ticipatory processes of decision making and implementation. All of the


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communities engaged in the project participate in training on participa-tory processes and then use those skills to determine what their project will be and how they will implement it. The UNDP project in Indonesia emphasizes rebuilding of damaged relationships by requiring mixed groups of Muslims and Christians working on projects. The process of working together on a particular project is meant to encourage people to continue doing so in other parts of their lives. By engaging a local NGO with little experience working with international organizations in the UNDP project in East Timor, the local NGO stated that they were able to learn how to interact with international organizations and governments.

In some projects—most notably the ESCAP project and the UNDP project in Indonesia—the participatory process and the rebuilding or strengthening of damaged relationships were the primary human security goals. In these projects, emphasis was placed on the process with few pre-determined outputs. Empowerment, dignity, reconciliation, and individual responsibility were cited as primary goals. These projects also tended to take more multifaceted approaches with multiple services delivered that were not necessarily in areas of project directors’ expertise. Instead, their expertise was on the process employed.

The ESCAP project works with and, in some cases, creates community groups in each of its project sites. They also work with local organizations, such as public organizations and NGOs, as intermediaries in countries where they are working. The intermediary organizations receive training in participatory processes and then bring representatives from the target communities together for training before the representatives return to their communities to convene community meetings that determine project priorities and approaches.

II. Challenges for Organizing an Effective Human Security Project

As discussed in the previous section, the projects taken up as case studies for this project have common elements that are considered to be essential for the projects to be effective in their efforts to achieve the objectives mandated in the TFHS guidelines. Nevertheless, the project team’s observations and interviews at UN headquarters and project sites revealed several challenges to successfully incorporating these elements into actual project implemen-tation. The challenges can be grouped into the following categories:

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1. Bringing in diverse actors in a cohesive manner2. Building full-fledged partnerships with government leaders3. Promoting active community participation

1. Bringing in diverse actors in a cohesive manner

Given that any effective human security project needs to address a diverse set of threats to human lives simultaneously, projects need to bring in the expertise and experience of a diverse set of actors. Those involved in sev-eral of the case study projects were aware of the TFHS’s general mandate for projects, and they were generally aware of the importance of certain components of the human security concept, such as empowerment, protec-tion from vulnerabilities, and addressing the situation of the poorest of the poor. One challenge that the project team witnessed, however, in bringing together such diverse actors was in dealing with those participants who did not see a clear enough distinction between traditional development or humanitarian assistance projects on the one hand and human security projects on the other.

The project team also found that there was not a clear understanding of the elements needed to make a human security project effective, as discussed in the previous section, but that it was difficult to determine what variables affected each actor’s understanding of the human security concept. One variable appears to be the target country’s stage of political, economic, and social development as well as its socio-cultural traditions. For example, the village leaders in East Timor indicated that they had just begun to think of improving their own lives instead of relying solely on humanitarian assis-tance, after having achieved independence and living with the devastation caused by thirty years of violent conflict. In countries like Thailand, where the government is expected to provide food, money, and other necessities to its people, the concept of empowering people within a human security framework is relatively new. The project team found that the meaning of the human security concept, as embodied in the actual projects, was also affected by the mission and culture of the implementing agencies and the project directors’ own experience and areas of expertise.

The above clearly suggests a serious challenge to implementing mul-tifaceted approaches in human security projects. While it is natural and desirable to encourage close integration among UN agencies in order to achieve multifaceted goals, as mandated in the fund’s new guidelines,


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sharing an understanding of the concept of human security and its es-sential elements in the programmatic scheme present major challenges. A shared sense of urgency and a collective commitment to reducing the formidable threats that many people face in the developing parts of the world as well as in areas devastated by conflict and exploitation may help to bring about such a common understanding of the concept and of ap-proaches to implementation.

2. Building full-fledged partnerships with government leaders

All of the projects have formed close relationships with national and local government officials, and the project team was able to meet the relevant government officials in most cases. UN agencies are accustomed to working with national-level government officials, and broadening that interaction to include local-level officials was not a radical concept for them. In most cases, government officials were integral in the design and planning phases and played less of a role in implementation. All of the project directors claimed success in raising the awareness of government officials of the human security challenges in their societies and raising recognition of the value of human security approaches in addressing those challenges. The WHO and ESCAP projects had specific training activities for govern-ment officials, but many of the other project directors indicated that such training activities would have further increased government recognition of the importance of human security and capacity to improve the human security–oriented activities in their constituencies.

One challenge identified in the case studies regarding the formation of close relationships with government leaders was the ability to strike an appropriate balance between strong government engagement and community empow-erment. It is not desirable to rely entirely on governments for the choice of target populations, for example, where the community leaders can offer their perspectives by gathering unbiased data. This challenge is particularly acute for projects implemented in countries with more central control.

More research needs to be done on the implementation of human security projects in countries with repressive regimes. It is in these countries where human security is often most threatened, and engaging repressive regimes on human security projects may help convince leaders of their own interests in supporting human security projects. On the other hand, strict requirements

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for engagement with policymakers may rule out highly important projects in these countries, where leaders are more likely to consider community empowerment and human security a threat to their own power.

3. Promoting active community participation

One pattern of interaction between project staff and local communities is found in projects that proposed a process of eliciting goals, priorities, activities, and outputs from the local communities as the first stage of their projects. Stakeholders were convened, sometimes trained in participatory decision making, and tasked with determining what they would actually produce through their involvement in the project implementation. In the other pattern of interaction, project staff determined the goals, priorities, and activities—based on their experience in the field and feedback elic-ited from local communities—and then brought their plans to the local communities for feedback and clarification. In the former, individual and community beneficiaries were forced to take responsibility for their own human security—with support from the project staff—from the planning through the implementation phases. In the latter, individual and commu-nity responsibility was emphasized in the implementation phase.

Directors of several projects employing the first pattern of interaction referred to the challenge of encouraging people to engage in new processes and think about their own involvement, empowerment, and responsibility in new ways. Most people are perfectly capable of participating in planning and decision making and of taking responsibility for improving their own human security, but in many cases doing so requires a deliberate change in each person’s way of thinking. Many countries where human security projects are being implemented have long histories of paternalistic gov-ernments and citizen expectations that the government is best suited to determine and provide for people’s needs. In addition, people who are accustomed to development agencies coming in and simply delivering goods and services may feel uncomfortable at first when asked to enter into more of an equal partnership with a development agency. Staff from one project explained that people in the target community always expected to be given something tangible at the end of every meeting or workshop they had with development agencies.

Many of the field officers with whom the project team met sensed a high level of local communities’ discomfort with participatory approaches to


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planning and implementation. Where there is considerable effort within the development community to engage multiple stakeholders in needs assess-ment and project planning, this task is not always an easy one to undertake. There is an embedded sense of dependency that has developed as a result of the traditional donor-beneficiary relationship, making it difficult for communities and aid agencies to adopt new attitudes and expectations of empowerment and responsibility in the relationship. Many communities are used to governments or aid agencies simply telling them what they need and then giving that to them. Top-down approaches are often easier than participatory approaches because many aid agencies are willing and able to give people things for free. In addition, some of the governments are resistant to processes that empower communities because they may be perceived as taking away some control from the government.

A related challenge that project directors faced was deciding when to employ local experts and when to employ international consultants instead. There are many important reasons for employing local experts, including giving them more opportunities to use the skills they have, keeping project costs down with lower salaries, and contributing funds to the local economy. On the other hand, it is sometimes necessary to employ international con-sultants, at least in the early stages of a human security project, when local expertise is not available. A good international consultant will concentrate his or her attention on building much stronger local capacities and phasing out the need for international assistance.

III. Challenges of Management of the Trust Fund for Human Security

It is inevitable that a fund at the United Nations newly created by the Japanese government would face considerable criticism regarding diverse aspects of its administrative mechanisms and procedures. Though this team understands that plans for considerable adjustments are being made by the United Nations and the Japanese government, it may be useful to register some of the criticisms the fund has been facing in connection with its management.

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Streamlining the application process

One of the most common complaints that the project team heard from the field about the management of the fund was of the length of time it took for a project to be approved for funding. It took most of the projects between eighteen months and two years between the time the project was first proposed until the time it was finally approved. The long delays had multiple negative impacts on the projects and the people involved in them, and there seemed to be a variety of reasons for the delays.

Some of the projects need to be initiated in a particular season. This is true of agricultural projects that depend on certain weather conditions in each stage. It is also true of projects that required travel to areas that are difficult to reach during rainy seasons. In both cases, even a slight delay in approval of the project could set the project back by a whole year while the implementers wait for the appropriate season.

Several of the UN officers expressed concern over the effect that the de-lays had on their relationships with local communities. This is a particular problem in projects that involve local communities deeply in the design and planning process. By engaging with local communities before the project is approved, UN staff raise expectations that they will be able to provide certain services to the communities who participate. When they are not able to deliver in a timely manner, it becomes more difficult to keep the communities’ trust. This is a particularly serious problem in human security projects, which depend on strong communication and mutual respect and trust as a part of the empowerment process. One of the advantages—and challenges—of human security projects is that they try to open people up to new participatory processes that might feel somewhat uncomfortable at first, but is easy for them to become disenchanted with the new processes if they do not realize immediate results.

Needless to say, one of the biggest challenges in improving the manage-ment of the TFHS is finding a way to streamline the application and ap-proval process to substantially shorten the timeframe. Clarifying the criteria for eligibility and the application process will considerably shorten the long screening timeframe presently needed. The director of one of the projects mentioned that her office did not even have enough information to know how to approach the fund. After making several mistaken approaches to various offices within the UN system, they were finally informed that their proposal had to first go to the Japanese government. This confusion not only delayed the start of the project, it also meant that a lot of time and


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effort was wasted each time they prepared a concept paper for the wrong office.

Most of the project staff cited a frustrating process of dealing first with the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) and then with the Con-trollers Office at the United Nations. After undergoing a long process of negotiation with MOFA, via the local Japanese embassy, they began the negotiation process again with the Controllers Office, which was following a different set of guidelines and restrictions than MOFA. The applicants with whom the team met invariably sensed a need for closer coordination and dialogue between the two offices so that the process could proceed more smoothly and quickly. All of the UN staff with whom the project team met expressed a strong interest in having clear guidelines and criteria from the outset. Often, applicants found themselves confused about what was and was not eligible for funding. They were informed of restrictions only after proposing elements that were not eligible. While one project director mentioned having received a kind of checklist from a colleague in Tokyo, none of the other directors had seen such a document. They acknowledged that such a list would have been an extremely helpful resource when they were applying.

Enhanced role of Japanese embassies in managing the TFHS

One resource that seemed to be underutilized was the local Japanese embassies. Negotiations with MOFA were conducted through the local embassies in most cases, but the embassy staff seemed to play little more than an intermediary role. The embassy staff, however, are actually in a position to be able to identify the needs of the target communities, and their input into projects’ appropriateness and feasibility at early stages could be a valuable resource for the fund in the screening process. In addition, empowering embassy staff to give substantive feedback and make recom-mendations to MOFA could simplify the application process by allowing applicants to negotiate directly with the embassy in person rather than spending more time and increasing the chances of misunderstanding by going through an intermediary.

Japan’s Official Development Assistance Charter, which was newly revised in August 2003, emphasizes the “perspective of human security” as one of its basic policies. This development may re-orient the embassy staff in charge to be better prepared to facilitate the activities of the fund.

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One major challenge to this, however, is determining how to encourage the Japanese government to increase the number of staff members who can professionally play a catalytic role in promoting human security projects of all kinds, including activities related to the TFHS. In addition, there is a need for coordination or integration among the divisions that are sepa-rately in charge of the TFHS and the Grassroots Human Security Grant Fund within the embassies.

Adopting more flexible approaches

Human security needs and approaches vary significantly by country and even by community within a single country. In addition, the emphasis on local communities’ participation in the conception, design, planning, and implementation phases means that any number of needs may be identified as human security priorities. Project directors need to have the flexibility to tailor their projects to the needs and priorities elicited from the communi-ties, not to strict criteria that are developed outside of the local context. A more directive approach from the fund would not be compatible with the elicitive approach that it requires of its applicants.

Needs, priorities, and capacities change quickly in the kinds of places where TFHS projects are implemented, particularly in societies engaged in violent conflict or emerging from violent conflict. Project activities and approaches, however, are agreed upon and committed to in the application process. Many UN officials suggested that more flexibility to change the details of their activities, and sometimes the activities themselves, would have made them better able to respond to more volatile situations and to meet real needs as they emerged. In addition, they requested more flex-ibility in changing their project budgets after they were approved to better respond to changing needs and realities. Allowing project directors a certain amount of discretionary funding in their budgets from the beginning could help address this concern.

Increasing flexibility in financial management of the TFHS

Participatory processes, human interaction, and capacity building are all important elements of human security projects. Those elements all require significant inputs of staff time, requiring adequate funds for salaries. The


22

fund’s preference for local experts over international consultants is a wise preference and responds well to the need for local capacity building and empowerment. Often, however, the appropriate expertise is not yet avail-able locally. Careful use of international consultants can build significant local expertise and can save resources over time as people on the ground learn new skills and approaches.

Participatory processes take a longer time than directive processes, and they require high fees for good facilitation. A participatory process can, however, lead to less waste by creating projects that truly respond to real needs on the ground and empower people (learning by doing) so that, in the long term, the need for expensive international intervention is decreased.

Often, UN agencies require research funds in order to assess project feasibility and identify the appropriate target populations. Without such funds, many agencies have to rely on national and local governments for the guidance and information they need.

Several of the UN officers expressed frustration at not being able to use TFHS funds to train government officials. Government leaders have been identified as key actors both in protecting people from vulnerabilities and in contributing to people’s vulnerability. By engaging and educating them, project staff hope to decrease their role as potential threats and strengthen their role as responsible protectors who are in touch with the needs, priorities, and capacities of the populations they are protecting. Allowing applicants to include training of government leaders in their budgets would make it possible for them to integrate such important ef-forts into their projects.

IV. Future Agenda

The project team has identified several future agenda items that the TFHS might consider in further refining its understanding of what makes an ef-fective human security project. Following are a few examples.

In order to effectively implement a new concept, particularly a concept as complex as human security, there is a clear need for regular feedback on how the concept is being implemented and what the common challenges and lessons are. By creating mechanisms for feedback and review, the fund can raise understanding of how the concept can be better operationalized and can incorporate more innovative ideas that are based on real experi-ences at the ground level.

23


The current research project focuses on design and implementation, so the emphasis of the fieldwork was on talking with the people most directly involved in those stages. The project team was not, however, able to talk directly with the projects’ target populations in most cases due to limited time and budget. Future research on the perspective of and impact on tar-get populations is critical to a deep understanding of the people-centered approach of a human security project.

It could be useful for the TFHS to look more deeply at the relationships that UN agencies formed with local, national, and international NGOs as well as community-based organizations in designing and implementing their projects. Questions of how NGOs were engaged in the projects, what sort of relationships were formed, whether or not the relationships were sustained beyond the duration of the project, the impact of participation on the NGOs, challenges faced by both UN agencies and NGOs, the capacities and resources that were needed, and lessons learned from the relationships could provide valuable insight for future human security projects.

The project team found that there is very little work that has been done on implementing human security projects in countries with repressive regimes. It is in these countries where human security is often most threatened, and engaging repressive regimes on human security projects may help convince leaders of their own interests in supporting human security projects. On the other hand, strict requirements for engagement with policymakers may rule out highly important projects in these countries, where leaders are more likely to consider community empowerment and human security a threat to their own power. Research could be done first on the potential impact of human security projects in countries with repressive regimes, both positively—in terms of improved human security—and negative-ly—in terms of legitimization of the regime. Next, the TFHS could look at questions of the desirable level of engagement with government leaders in repressive regimes, how to engage such government leaders and under what circumstances, any differences between general TFHS guidelines and guidelines for implementing projects in countries with repressive regimes, and particular mechanisms for monitoring such projects.

Similarly, it could be helpful to have more research on human security projects targeted at migrant populations considered illegal by their host gov-ernments. Governments and surrounding communities with acknowledged legal rights are unlikely to place priority on protection of illegal popula-tions’ human security needs, making it difficult for UN agencies to engage governments in projects that target such populations. The Commission


24

on Human Security has identified people on the move as high-priority target populations for human security projects. Many people around the world who are on the move cross national borders illegally without being granted any kind of legal status in the receiving country. The TFHS does not currently have any mechanisms for providing for those populations’ human security needs and might find research on this area useful.

The new guidelines that the TFHS has developed will require integration of two or more UN agencies in all new projects that are proposed. While the project team found this to be a good idea, as discussed above, it also found that the fund would need to develop some new mechanisms for joint planning of activities and joint administration of funds among agencies.

The Japanese government has mechanisms other than the TFHS to support human security projects, such as the Grassroots Human Security Grant Fund. Future research focused on connecting the various sources of funding could lead to more effective complementary use of all of the funding sources available for addressing human security needs around the world.

It could be useful to undertake more research on mechanisms to ensure flexibility and accountability on the ground, including regular meetings among the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, local governments, NGOs, Japanese embassies, local UN staff, and other stake-holders. Such mechanisms could also be used to increase the shared sense of urgency of human security threats in a community among the various actors.

As discussed above, there is not a shared understanding among diverse actors of the concept of human security, let alone how it can be opera-tionalized. More research on how to promote understanding of the human security approach among various actors could be useful in further dis-seminating the concept and developing effective strategies on the ground for addressing human security needs.

25


AM

CA

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cial

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Hu

man

Dig

nit

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affi

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bel

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US$

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anu

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s, P

has

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: 9 m

onth

s

* T

here

was

a g

ap o

f 18

mon

ths

betw

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the

end

of P

hase

I

and

appr

oval

of f

unds

for

Pha

ses

II–I

II. T

he p

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at

the

mom

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ompl

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g P

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3 ye

ars

(Au

gust

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ly

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year

s(M

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bru

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)

Targ

et a

rea

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aro:

3 s

uco

s (H

ato

Bu

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, H

ato,

an

d M

aubi

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of

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subd

istr

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to: 3

7 vi

llage

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th

ree

sub-

dist

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s (L

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vin

ceLa

os: 3

dis

tric

ts

(Sis

atan

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ang

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ban

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rovi

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; Ch

ampa

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ampa

ssac

k P

rovi

nce

)

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ase

one:

5 c

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un

itie

s (P

ann

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oon

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r, R

omkl

ao,

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nd

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tan

g D

uan

g B

angn

a), B

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aila

nd

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rren

t P

has

es: A

tota

l of

25

com

mu

nit

ies

(5 p

er c

oun

try)

in

Ph

nom

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h, C

ambo

dia;

4 pr

ovin

ces

in C

ambo

dia:

pos

-si

bly

Pre

y V

eng,

Sih

anou

kvill

e,

Ban

teay

Mea

nch

ey, a

nd

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-ta

mba

ng

prov

ince

s

3 pr

ovin

ces

in V

ietn

am: p

os-

sibl

y C

an T

ho

Pro

vin

ces,

Tay

N

inh

Pro

vin

ces,

an

d H

o C

hi

Min

h C

ity

Gal

ela,

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lo, T

obel

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lata

n,

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th H

alm

aher

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tern

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a p

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Nor

th

Mal

uku

and

Mal

uku

Des

crip

tio

n o

f th

e fi

ve t

arg

eted

pro

ject

s


26

AM

CA

PSo

cial

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Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

Yogy

akar

ta, I

ndo

nes

ia; V

ien

-ti

ane,

Lao

s; C

hia

ng

Mai

an

d C

hia

ng

Rai

, Th

aila

nd;

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ang,

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ue,

an

d H

o C

hi M

inh

Cit

y,

Vie

tnam

Rec

over

y P

rogr

amm

e ex

ecut

ed

by U

ND

P, w

hich

is in

its

seco

nd

phas

e fo

llow

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relie

f ope

rati

ons

and

reco

ncili

atio

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tivi

ties

.

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et p

op

ula

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upl

and

and

low

lan

d fa

rmer

s:

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95 h

ouse

hol

ds, 6

3,74

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resi

den

ts

farm

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and

the

poor

w

ho

are

wor

kin

g in

th

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form

al s

ecto

r w

ho

can

not

aff

ord

to p

ay s

er-

vice

fees

for

hea

lth

car

e*

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re w

as in

crea

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rsta

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the

nega

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f use

r ch

arge

s fo

r he

alth

car

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typ

es o

f po

or c

omm

un

i -ti

es: g

eogr

aph

ical

(de

fin

ed b

y a

loca

tion

) an

d n

on-g

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aph

i -ca

l (de

fin

ed b

y si

mila

r si

tua -

tion

/con

diti

on, s

uch

as

peo

ple

wit

h d

isab

iliti

es in

Yog

yaka

rta

or w

ith

HIV

in C

hia

ng

Rai

)*

It is

rec

ogni

zed

that

form

al

syst

ems

of s

uppo

rt s

uch

as th

e so

cial

saf

ety

nets

impl

emen

ted

afte

r th

e 19

97 fi

nanc

ial c

risi

s of

ten

fail

to r

each

the

inte

nded

be

nefic

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es.

child

ren

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d w

omen

at

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h

risk

of

traf

fick

ing

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e A

rea-

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ecov

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proa

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f “ta

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s”

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con

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trat

es it

s su

ppor

t w

ith

in “

targ

et a

reas

” th

at d

em-

onst

rate

gre

at n

eed.

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mar

y be

nefi

ciar

ies

of t

his

pro

ject

, th

eref

ore,

are

con

flic

t-af

fect

ed

com

mu

nit

ies

wit

hin

th

e ta

rget

ar

ea. S

pec

ial a

tten

tion

is g

iven

to

th

e vu

lner

able

, par

ticu

larl

y fo

rmer

ly d

ispl

aced

per

son

s w

ith

in t

hei

r co

mm

un

itie

s of

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turn

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ject

ives

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crea

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od s

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d in

com

es o

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seh

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atu

to

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rict

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an

env

iron

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bas

is,

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mu

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prom

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opti

on o

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chn

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ial p

rote

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from

th

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nan

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bu

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lth

car

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incr

ease

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r h

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are

at t

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loca

l lev

el t

hro

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in

trod

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m-

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opti

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nm

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of

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to

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impl

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base

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com

mu

nit

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of

part

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take

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ders

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han

ce s

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d ec

onom

ic

con

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of t

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targ

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thro

ugh

th

e u

se o

f to

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s ba

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com

mu

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omm

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ity

capa

c -it

y to

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ch

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n a

nd

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en b

y se

ttin

g u

p an

d m

ain

tain

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c co

mm

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base

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even

tive

inte

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s ag

ain

st t

raffi

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ch

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and

wom

en in

a p

arti

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ann

er

Th

e In

itia

tive

su

ppor

ts t

he

Nor

th M

alu

ku a

nd

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uku

R

ecov

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Pro

gram

me’

s ov

eral

l go

al o

f “

deve

lopi

ng

soci

ally

an

d ec

onom

ical

ly s

ust

ain

able

co

mm

un

itie

s liv

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coop

era -

tive

ly to

geth

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free

dom

from

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ar a

nd

viol

ence

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ith

in t

hat

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nte

xt, t

he

proj

ect

has

th

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llow

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b-ob

ject

ives

:-c

reat

e re

mu

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ativ

e em

ploy

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ent

thro

ugh

labo

r-in

ten

sive

27


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

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o-G

alel

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publ

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crea

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ctiv

ity

in lo

cal

econ

omic

act

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clu

din

g ag

ricu

ltu

re a

nd

fish

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abili

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n a

ctiv

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ltiv

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mpr

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atar

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d L

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d po

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plem

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lun

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emes

, pr

ovid

ing

agri

cult

ura

l an

d fi

sher

ies

inpu

ts to

vu

lner

able

gr

oups

wh

ose

livel

ihoo

ds

hav

e be

en d

estr

oyed

-tec

hn

ical

su

ppor

t an

d sm

all,

star

t-u

p gr

ants

to v

uln

erab

le

wom

en w

ith

ch

ildre

n n

eed -

ing

a liv

elih

ood

-tra

inin

g pr

ovid

ed to

mix

ed

grou

ps o

f vi

llage

ret

urn

ees

and

com

mu

nit

ies

of r

etu

rn

to e

nh

ance

rec

onci

liati

on

andn

orm

aliz

atio

n p

roce

sses


28

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

pop

ula

tion

aro

un

d h

ealt

h fi

nan

cin

g is

sues

; tra

in c

olle

ctor

s in

eac

h v

illag

e-p

ersu

ade

hea

lth

car

e pr

ovid

ers

to a

ccep

t a

capi

tati

on (

poll

tax)

pa

ymen

t sy

stem

an

d gu

aran

tee

prov

isio

n

of h

ealt

h s

ervi

ces

-im

plem

ent

thre

e pi

lot

proj

ects

of

com

-m

un

ity-

base

d h

ealt

h

insu

ran

ce s

chem

es-e

nco

ura

ge t

he

gove

rn-

men

t to

ado

pt t

he

fin

din

gs in

to t

hei

r n

atio

nal

pol

icy

(pu

blic

aw

aren

ess

cam

paig

n)

Vie

nti

ane

(low

-in

com

e): D

on

Pala

ep (

chic

ken

an

d fr

og

rais

ing)

, Non

gth

a Ta

i Vill

age

(roa

d bu

ildin

g, v

illag

e fu

nd

for

com

mu

nit

y de

velo

pmen

t)C

hia

ng

Mai

(th

e el

derl

y an

d yo

un

g): W

at D

aow

adou

ng

(hea

lth

car

e an

d ed

uca

tion

),

Wat

Mu

en S

arn

(in

com

e ge

ner

atio

n)

Ch

ian

g R

ai (

livin

g w

ith

HIV

/A

IDS)

: San

Mak

hed

(in

com

e ge

ner

atio

n, g

row

ing

and

usa

ge

of t

radi

tion

al h

erba

l rem

edie

s)H

o C

hi M

inh

: pro

visi

on o

f fi

re

exti

ngu

ish

ers

Hu

e: c

onst

ruct

ion

of

resc

ue

boat

, hea

lth

exa

min

atio

nD

anan

g: s

ewag

e sy

stem

rep

air,

esta

blis

hm

ent

of c

redi

t fu

nd

an

d in

com

e ge

ner

atio

n

acti

viti

es-s

upp

ort

to t

he

dist

rict

cou

rt

and

oth

er le

gal p

rofe

ssio

nal

s,

via

an e

xper

ien

ced

nat

ion

al,

lega

l adv

ocac

y N

GO

(P

BH

I:

the

Indo

nes

ian

Leg

al A

id a

nd

Hu

man

Rig

hts

Ass

ocia

tion

) to

dea

l wit

h p

ost-

con

flic

t le

gal i

ssu

es, a

s w

ell a

s to

de

velo

p an

d ca

rry

out

a le

gal

liter

acy

cam

paig

n in

con

flic

t-af

fect

ed v

illag

es-s

upp

ort

to t

he

new

Nor

th

Hal

mah

era

Dis

tric

t go

vern

-m

ent

and

civi

l soc

iety

to

esta

blis

h in

clu

sive

, par

tici

pa-

tory

pla

nn

ing

proc

esse

s-r

ehab

ilita

tion

or

reco

nst

ruc -

tion

of

28 p

rim

ary

and

jun

ior

seco

nda

ry s

choo

ls

acro

ss t

he

3 su

b-di

stri

cts

-reh

abili

tati

on o

r re

con

stru

c -ti

on o

f co

mm

un

ity

cen

ters

in

the

3 su

b-di

stri

ct c

apit

als

2) H

ow

th

e ta

rget

po

pu

lati

on

was

iden

tifie

d

-Jap

anes

e jo

int

mis

sion

vis

ited

A

inar

o an

d id

enti

fied

th

e di

stri

ct a

s a

rele

van

t ar

ea

(th

e p

oore

st a

rea)

an

d U

N

staf

f, in

clu

din

g a

tech

nic

al

assi

stan

t, an

d a

con

sult

ant

visi

ted

21 v

illag

es to

gra

sp

the

situ

atio

n in

det

ail.

Vie

tnam

: -S

ocia

l hea

lth

insu

ran

ce

has

been

intr

oduc

ed

for

acti

ve a

nd

reti

red

sala

ried

wor

kers

on

th

e ba

sis

of v

olun

tary

m

embe

rshi

p. H

owev

er,

the

volu

nta

ry a

ffilia

tion

Laos

: -S

ocia

l hea

lth

insu

ran

ce

for

the

form

al s

alar

ied

sect

or h

as ju

st b

een

in

trod

uce

d an

d th

e M

inis

try

of H

ealt

h

was

kee

n to

hav

e sc

hem

es fo

r th

e

-ESC

AP

sel

ects

loca

l cou

nte

r -pa

rts

thro

ugh

con

sult

atio

ns

wit

h o

ther

UN

age

nci

es a

nd

asso

ciat

ion

s su

ch a

s th

e A

sian

C

oalit

ion

for

Hou

sin

g R

igh

ts.

ESC

AP

th

en w

orks

wit

h t

he

loca

l cou

nte

rpar

t to

iden

tify

po

ten

tial

com

mu

nit

ies

-ILO

-IP

EC

has

bee

n c

ondu

ct-

ing

a se

ries

of

rese

arch

pr

ojec

ts o

n t

he

situ

atio

n o

f tr

affi

ckin

g in

th

e G

reat

er

Mek

ong

sub-

regi

on a

nd

has

be

en im

plem

enti

ng

a su

b-re

gion

al p

roje

ct to

com

bat

traf

fick

ing

fun

ded

by t

he

-Sev

eral

pos

t-co

nfl

ict

asse

ss-

men

t an

d fa

ct-fi

ndi

ng

mis

-si

ons

to N

orth

Mal

uku

wer

e ca

rrie

d ou

t by

UN

DP

in

co

ordi

nat

ion

wit

h t

he

cen

tral

an

d pr

ovin

cial

gov

ern

men

ts

and

con

cern

ed d

onor

cou

n-

try

repr

esen

tati

ves.

29


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

-Man

atu

to w

as a

dded

to t

he

targ

et a

rea

by t

he

Min

iste

r of

Agr

icu

ltu

re, F

ores

try

and

Fish

ery

of E

ast

Tim

or.

w

as n

ot w

orki

ng,

an

d th

e go

vern

men

t di

d n

ot w

ant

to h

ave

com

-m

un

ity-

base

d h

ealt

h

insu

ran

ce s

chem

es t

hat

w

ere

sepa

rate

from

th

e ex

isti

ng

Vie

tnam

H

ealt

h I

nsu

ran

ce

Syst

em. T

her

efor

e, t

he

proj

ect

was

con

fin

ed

only

to a

pilo

t pr

ojec

t in

on

e di

stri

ct.

-Soc

Son

dis

tric

t w

as

iden

tifi

ed b

y th

e V

iet -

nam

Soc

ial S

ecu

rity

A

gen

cy. A

part

from

So

c So

n, t

hey

rec

entl

y in

trod

uce

d a

sim

ilar

com

mu

ne

hea

lth

in

sura

nce

sch

eme

in

thre

e m

ore

prov

-in

ces

(Hai

Ph

ong,

Vin

h

Phu

c, a

nd

Ho

Ch

i M

inh

) w

her

e tw

o co

m-

mu

nes

in e

ach

of

the

prov

ince

s w

ere

sele

cted

fo

r th

e pr

ojec

t.

in

form

al s

ecto

r, w

hic

h

is m

ore

than

80%

of

th

e po

pula

tion

. In

spir

atio

n w

as

sou

ght

esp

ecia

lly in

th

e P

hili

ppin

e m

odel

of

com

mu

nit

y-ba

sed

hea

lth

insu

ran

ce

sch

emes

.-T

he

targ

et d

istr

icts

(fo

r th

e pi

lot

sch

emes

) w

ere

iden

tifi

ed fi

rst

by

the

Hea

lth

In

sura

nce

Te

am fo

rmu

lati

ng

requ

irem

ents

, nex

t by

th

e pr

ovin

cial

go

vern

men

t pr

opos

-in

g di

stri

cts,

an

d fi

nal

ly t

hro

ugh

a

mis

sion

th

at lo

oked

at

feas

ibili

ty.

ba

sed

on a

pre

limin

ary

gen

-er

al o

verv

iew

of

the

siu

tati

on.

-Eac

h c

omm

un

ity

deci

des

on

thei

r is

sues

to a

ddre

ss a

nd

prio

riti

es. A

t th

e co

mm

un

ity

leve

l, m

eeti

ngs

are

con

ven

ed

wit

h c

omm

un

ity

lead

ers

and

the

com

mu

nit

y to

exp

lain

pu

rpos

e an

d sc

ope

of t

he

proj

ect;

Tra

inin

g on

par

-ti

cipa

tory

pro

ject

form

ula

-ti

on a

nd

impl

emen

tati

on;

Mee

tin

gs a

mon

g co

mm

u-

nit

y m

embe

rs a

nd

grou

ps to

id

enti

fy m

ain

pro

blem

s an

d pr

iori

ties

. Th

e pr

oble

ms

and

prio

riti

es a

re v

erifi

ed t

hro

ugh

th

e co

llect

ion

of

deta

iled

in-

form

atio

n a

nd

dist

ribu

tion

of

hous

ehol

d su

rvey

s. I

nfo

rma -

tion

is th

en c

olle

cted

, thr

ough

co

nsu

ltat

ion

s an

d ot

her

met

hods

out

side

of

the

com

-m

unit

y to

det

erm

ine

exis

tin

g po

licie

s, r

esou

rces

, an

d pl

ans

avai

labl

e (l

ocal

aut

hori

ties

, w

elfa

re o

rgan

izat

ion

s, N

GO

s,

etc.

). F

urt

her

con

sult

atio

ns

ar

e co

ndu

cted

to e

labo

rate

a

plan

of

acti

on, a

nd

com

-m

itte

es a

nd

grou

ps a

re s

et

up

to t

ake

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r th

e va

riou

s ta

sks.

Lin

kage

s ar

e es

tabl

ish

ed w

ith

ou

tsid

e or

gan

izat

ion

s, in

clu

din

g go

vern

men

t ag

enci

es a

nd

U

K D

epar

tmen

t fo

r In

tern

atio

nal

Dev

elop

men

t. T

hro

ugh

th

e ag

ency

’s e

xper

i -en

ce in

th

e su

b-re

gion

, th

e ta

rget

gro

ups

an

d ta

rget

sit

es

wer

e id

enti

fied

. How

ever

, co

nsi

deri

ng

the

tim

e la

g (b

etw

een

th

e ti

me

the

proj

ect

prop

osal

was

form

ula

ted

and

the

proj

ect

impl

emen

tati

on

star

t da

te),

tar

get

site

s w

ill

be d

iscu

ssed

aga

in w

ith

key

st

akeh

olde

rs in

eac

h c

oun

try

and

will

be

dete

rmin

ed in

ac -

cord

ance

wit

h t

he

up-

to-d

ate

loca

l sit

uat

ion

an

d n

eeds

.

- A

3-s

ub-

dist

rict

are

a in

N

orth

Hal

mah

era

(Nor

th

Mal

uku

Pro

vin

ce)

was

th

e sc

ene

of s

ome

of t

he

prov

-in

ce’s

fier

cest

figh

tin

g; n

earl

y al

l vill

ages

wit

hin

th

e ar

ea

of 1

,465

sqa

re k

ilom

eter

s w

ere

com

plet

ely

dest

roye

d an

d ap

prox

imat

ely

27,6

15

per

son

s or

6,3

87 fa

mili

es

wer

e di

spla

ced.

Th

ese

figu

res

repr

esen

t th

e la

rges

t n

um

ber

of s

ever

ely

con

flic

t-af

fect

ed

per

son

s w

ith

in a

con

cen

-tr

ated

are

a.

-Th

e In

don

esia

n g

over

nm

ent’s

ef

fort

s to

rep

atri

ate

and

prov

ide

basi

c or

tem

pora

ry

hou

sin

g fo

r ID

Ps (

inte

r -n

ally

dis

plac

ed p

erso

ns)

was

co

mpl

emen

ted

by e

mer

gen

cy

assi

stan

ce fr

om d

onor

s.

-Th

e In

don

esia

n g

over

nm

ent’s

fo

rmal

rec

ogn

itio

n o

f th

e ar

ea’s

nee

d fo

r a

reco

very

pr

ogra

m to

su

ppor

t hu

man

se

curi

ty, a

nd,

th

eref

ore,

th

e du

rabi

lity

of r

etu

rns,

coi

n-

cide

d w

ith

a m

ult

i-do

nor

m

issi

on in

200

0.


30

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

di

stri

ct o

ffice

s. T

he c

omm

itte

es

unde

rtak

e th

eir

task

s, an

d bo

th

the

task

s an

d th

e pr

oces

ses

are

eval

uate

d. F

ollo

w-u

p ac

tivit

ies

are

then

iden

tifie

d.

3) P

roce

du

re o

f ap

plic

atio

n

-An

inte

rnat

ion

al c

onsu

ltan

t dr

afte

d th

e pr

opos

al b

ased

on

sit

e vi

sits

an

d su

bmit

ted

it to

th

e Ja

pan

ese

Min

istr

y of

Fo

reig

n A

ffai

rs (

MO

FA).

-Fol

low

ing

disc

uss

ion

s be

twee

n t

he

prim

e m

inis

ter

and

the

UN

DP

res

iden

t re

pres

enta

tive

, th

ey

chan

ged

the

stru

ctu

re o

f th

e pr

ojec

t fr

om e

mpl

oyin

g in

tern

atio

nal

sta

ff to

en

gagi

ng

loca

l hu

man

re

sou

rces

an

d pr

ovid

ing

adeq

uat

e tr

ain

ing

by

Japa

nes

e N

GO

s. T

hey

fa

ced

diffi

cult

ies

in g

etti

ng

appr

oval

for

the

chan

ge

from

th

e C

ontr

olle

rs O

ffice

. T

he

10-m

onth

pro

cedu

re

dela

yed

the

star

t of

th

e pr

ojec

t an

d h

as a

ffec

ted

its

impl

emen

tati

on.

-The

reg

iona

l dir

ecto

r in

form

ed th

e te

chni

cal

dire

ctor

s ab

out t

he

poss

ibili

ty o

f fun

ding

th

roug

h th

e T

FHS.

-The

dir

ecto

r of

hea

lth

sect

or d

evel

opm

ent a

nd

her

colle

ague

s w

rote

up

a p

ropo

sal i

n cl

ose

colla

bora

tion

wit

h th

e W

HO

sta

ff in

eac

h co

untr

y.-T

hey

sent

the

init

ial

prop

osal

to W

HO

hea

d -qu

arte

rs a

nd r

evis

ed it

ba

sed

on th

eir

feed

back

. T

hey

trie

d to

sub

mit

it

dire

ctly

to th

e C

ontr

ol-

lers

Offi

ce, b

ut th

ey

wer

e to

ld to

con

tact

M

OFA

in T

okyo

. Eve

n th

ough

thei

r pr

opos

al

had

been

agr

eed

to

thro

ugho

ut W

HO

, the

y ha

d to

cha

nge

it b

ased

on

MO

FA fe

edba

ck

befo

re g

oing

to C

ontr

ol-

lers

Offi

ce, w

hich

led

to

subs

eque

nt a

ddit

iona

l ch

ange

s.

-

ESC

AP

was

init

ially

con

tact

ed

by t

he

Em

bass

y of

Jap

an

and

was

urg

ed to

su

bmit

a

prop

osal

to t

he

TFH

S.

-ILO

-IP

EC

sta

ff in

Ban

gkok

re

ceiv

ed c

onci

se g

uid

elin

es

for

proj

ect

prop

osal

s to

th

e T

FHS

from

th

e IL

O J

apan

O

ffice

.-T

he

ILO

Jap

an O

ffice

com

-m

un

icat

ed w

ith

ILO

-IP

EC

st

aff

in B

angk

ok, I

LO H

ead -

quar

ters

, an

d M

OFA

.-T

he

proj

ect

prop

osal

was

pr

epar

ed b

y IL

O-I

PE

C s

taff

in

Ban

gkok

wit

h in

put

of

oth

er I

LO c

olle

agu

es.

-ILO

Hea

dqu

arte

rs s

ubm

it-

ted

the

prop

osal

to U

N

hea

dqu

arte

rs in

Dec

embe

r 20

02, a

nd

it w

as a

ppro

ved

in

May

200

3 by

th

e go

vern

men

t of

Jap

an.

-Th

e ag

reem

ent

betw

een

th

e U

N a

nd

ILO

was

sig

ned

in

July

200

3.

-Con

sult

atio

ns

wit

h r

epre

-se

nta

tive

s of

th

e E

mba

ssy

of

Japa

n w

ere

follo

wed

by

suc -

cess

ful p

ropo

slas

to J

apan

’s

MO

FA a

nd

the

UN

au

thor

i -ti

es m

anag

ing

the

TFH

S.-T

he

UN

DP

Jak

arta

offi

ce s

taff

di

d n

ot fi

nd

any

diffi

cult

ies

in g

etti

ng

appr

oval

from

M

OFA

an

d th

e U

N C

ontr

ol-

lers

Offi

ce.

31


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

4) S

tru

ctu

re o

f dec

isio

n m

akin

g a

nd

imp

lem

enta

tio

n

-Th

ere

are

deci

sion

-mak

ing

mec

han

ism

s at

th

e n

atio

nal

an

d di

stri

ct le

vels

wit

h in

-vo

lvem

ent

by g

over

nm

ents

. T

hey

mee

t on

a m

onth

ly

basi

s.-T

he

Nat

ion

al S

teer

ing

Com

mit

tee

con

sist

s of

th

e M

inis

ter

of A

gric

ult

ure

, Fo

rest

ry a

nd

Fish

ery

(Ch

air)

an

d re

pres

enta

tive

s of

th

e M

inis

try

of H

ealt

h; t

he

Min

-is

try

of E

duca

tion

, Cu

ltu

re,

You

th &

Spo

rt; t

he

Min

istr

y of

In

tern

al A

dmin

istr

atio

n;

the

Min

istr

y of

Pla

nn

ing

and

Fin

ance

; th

e D

ivis

ion

of

En

-vi

ron

men

t in

th

e M

inis

try

of

Dev

elop

men

t an

d E

nvir

on-

men

t; U

N s

taff

(U

ND

P a

nd

UN

OP

S); a

nd

oth

er r

elev

ant

stak

ehol

ders

. -T

he

Dis

tric

t St

eeri

ng

Com

mit

tee

con

sist

s of

th

e di

stri

ct-b

ased

lin

e of

fice

rs o

f th

e M

inis

try

of A

gric

ult

ure

, Fo

rest

ry a

nd

Fish

ery

(Ch

air)

; th

e M

inis

try

of H

ealt

h; t

he

dist

rict

tre

asu

res;

an

d tw

o p

eopl

e fr

om t

he

sub-

dist

rict

co

un

cil.

Vie

tnam

:-T

he

Vie

tnam

Soc

ial

Secu

rity

Age

ncy

de

cide

d on

th

e fr

ame -

wor

k in

con

sult

atio

n

wit

h t

he

Min

istr

y of

Fi

nan

ce a

nd

Gen

-er

al C

onfe

dera

tion

of

Lab

or a

nd

gave

gu

idel

ines

to lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

, th

e pr

ovin

ce (

Han

oi S

ocia

l In

sura

nce

), a

nd

the

dist

rict

(So

c So

n).

-A

com

mit

tee

for

each

pi

lot

site

was

set

up

and

coor

din

ated

by

the

loca

l/pr

ovin

cial

soc

ial

secu

rity

bra

nch

in

clos

e co

oper

atio

n w

ith

lo

cal g

over

nm

ent.

-At

the

dist

rict

leve

l, th

e C

omm

un

e Pe

ople

’s

Com

mit

tee,

dir

ecto

rs

of h

ealt

h c

are

cen

ters

, an

d le

ader

s of

mas

s or

gan

izat

ion

s w

ere

the

mec

han

ism

for

deci

sion

mak

ing

and

enco

ura

gin

g p

eopl

e in

th

e co

mm

un

ity

to jo

in

in t

he

hea

lth

insu

ran

ce

sch

eme.

Laos

:-T

he

Min

iste

rial

Man

-ag

emen

t C

omm

itte

e fo

r C

BH

I an

d a

hea

lth

in

sura

nce

team

wer

e fo

rmed

at

the

Min

is-

try

of H

ealt

h (

MO

H).

T

he

team

con

sist

s of

an

inte

rnat

ion

al s

taff

an

d th

ree

nat

ion

al

staf

f se

con

ded

from

th

e M

OH

.-

A d

istr

ict

leve

l man

-ag

emen

t co

mm

itte

e w

as d

evel

oped

at

each

sit

e to

ru

n t

he

sch

emes

on

a d

aily

ba

sis.

-Eac

h c

omm

un

ity

esta

blis

hes

a

proj

ect

com

mit

tee

com

pose

d of

com

mu

nit

y m

embe

rs,

loca

l cou

nte

rpar

ts, a

nd

repr

esen

tati

ves

of r

elev

ant

stak

ehol

ders

. For

exa

mpl

e, in

C

hia

ng

Rai

, Th

aila

nd,

loca

l h

ealt

h o

ffici

als

are

part

of

the

com

mit

tee;

in H

o C

hi M

inh

C

ity,

Vie

tnam

, rep

rese

nta

-ti

ves

of t

he

Was

te C

olle

ctor

’s

Syn

dica

te a

nd

the

Wom

en’s

U

nio

n w

ere

incl

ude

d. A

ll m

embe

rs o

f th

e co

mm

itte

e h

ave

equ

al r

anki

ng

and

the

mee

tin

gs a

re fa

cilit

ated

by

the

loca

l cou

nte

rpar

t.-E

SCA

P s

taff

act

as

advi

sors

to

the

com

mit

tees

.

-A p

roje

ct c

oord

inat

or (

wh

o w

ill b

e as

sist

ed b

y a

secr

e -ta

ry)

will

be

appi

nte

d in

eac

h

cou

ntr

y.-T

he

proj

ect

coor

din

ator

w

ill s

erve

as

a co

un

try

proj

ect

coor

din

ator

an

d w

ill

ensu

re a

com

preh

ensi

ve a

nd

inte

grat

ed c

oun

try

prog

ram

. T

he

prog

ram

coo

rdin

ator

be

su

ppor

ted

by I

LO-I

PE

C

Ban

gkok

.-T

he

proj

ect

coor

din

ator

will

co

nven

e st

akeh

olde

r w

ork -

shop

s w

ith

par

tici

pati

on

of g

over

nm

ent

and

NG

Os

to d

eter

min

e th

e ta

rget

ge

ogra

phic

al s

ites

/com

mu

ni -

ties

an

d se

lect

impl

emen

tin

g ag

enci

es.

-Par

tici

pan

ts a

t th

e n

atio

nal

le

vel i

ncl

ude

rep

rese

nta

tive

s of

th

e N

atio

nal

Ste

erin

g C

omm

itte

e an

d th

e P

roje

ct

Adv

isor

y C

omm

itte

for

ILO

-IP

EC

, est

ablis

hed

in t

he

nat

ion

al g

over

nm

ent.

- Se

lect

ed im

plem

enti

ng

agen

cies

(lo

cal g

over

nm

ents

or

NG

Os,

gen

eral

ly w

ith

ex

per

ien

ce in

com

mu

nit

y de

velo

pmen

t or

an

ti-t

raffi

ck-

ing

acti

viti

es)

will

wor

k

-Con

sist

ent

wit

h U

ND

P’s

m

odel

for

area

dev

elop

men

t, an

incl

usi

ve, a

rea-

base

d de

ci-

sion

-mak

ing

mec

han

ism

was

es

tabl

ish

ed. T

he

Com

mu

nit

y P

rogr

amm

e B

oard

of

Gal

ela-

Tobe

lo (

CP

B)

brin

gs to

geth

er

repr

esen

tati

ves

from

a v

arie

ty

of s

take

hol

der

grou

ps w

ith

in

each

of

the

form

erly

con

-fl

icte

d co

mm

un

itie

s.

-Th

e C

PB

’s 1

6 m

embe

rs

incl

ude

rep

rese

nta

tive

s of

var

iou

s le

vels

of

loca

l go

vern

men

t an

d lo

cal

adm

inis

trat

ion

, rel

igio

us

lead

ers,

wom

en’s

an

d yo

uth

gr

oup

lead

ers,

rep

rese

nta

tive

s of

vu

lner

able

or

min

or-

ity

pop

ula

tion

s, a

s w

ell a

s m

embe

rs o

f th

e di

stri

ct

just

ice

syst

em, e

duca

tion

, an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

s.

-Mem

bers

met

reg

ula

rly

over

se

vera

l mon

ths

in la

te 2

002

to r

each

con

sen

sus

on t

hei

r ar

ea’s

pri

orit

y n

eeds

for

reco

very

an

d de

velo

pmen

t, di

scu

ss p

ossi

bilit

ies

for

appr

opri

ate

impl

emen

ta-

tion

par

tner

s, a

nd

allo

cate

fu

nds

wit

hin

eac

h p

rior

itiz

ed

sect

or.


32

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

w

ith

tar

get

com

mu

nit

ies

to d

evel

op a

nd

con

duct

co

mm

un

ity-

base

d pr

even

tive

in

terv

enti

ons

agai

nst

tra

f -fi

ckin

g.-T

hos

e co

mm

un

ity-

base

d in

terv

enti

ons

incl

ude

ca

paci

ty b

uild

ing

of t

he

exis

tin

g V

illag

e D

evel

op-

men

t C

omm

itte

es (

VD

C)

or P

eopl

e’s

Com

mit

tees

in

each

vill

age.

Nor

mal

ly t

hey

ar

e co

mp

osed

of

key

per

son

s in

com

mu

nit

ies,

su

ch a

s vi

llage

hea

ds a

nd

sch

ool

teac

her

s, w

ho

are

elec

ted

by

villa

gers

. If

the

com

mit

tees

do

not

alr

eady

exi

st, t

hey

w

ill b

e es

tabl

ish

ed t

hro

ugh

vi

llage

rs’ p

arti

cipa

tion

. Th

ey

will

pla

y a

key

role

in r

aisi

ng

awar

enes

s, m

obili

zin

g th

e co

mm

un

ity,

an

d ge

ner

atin

g in

com

e ge

ner

atio

n.

-Det

ails

of

inte

rven

tion

s w

ill

be d

eter

min

ed in

con

sul -

tati

on w

ith

key

vill

ager

s (i

ncl

udi

ng

VD

C m

embe

rs,

child

ren

, you

ng

wom

en, a

nd

pare

nts

).-P

roje

ct c

oord

inat

ors

and

oth

er I

LO-I

PE

C c

olle

agu

es

will

su

ppor

t th

e de

velo

p -m

ent

and

impl

emen

tati

on

of t

hos

e co

mm

un

ity-

base

d in

terv

enti

ons.

-Pro

ject

con

cept

s an

d pr

opos

-al

s w

ere

exam

ined

an

d 44

pr

ojec

t co

nce

pts

wer

e re

com

-m

ende

d to

UN

DP

for

furt

her

de

velo

pmen

t an

d fu

ndi

ng.

33


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

-Pro

ject

coo

rdin

ator

s ke

ep

nec

essa

ry c

omm

un

icat

ion

w

ith

all

key

stak

ehol

ders

in

clu

din

g go

vern

men

tal

(nat

ion

al, p

rovi

nci

al, a

nd

dist

rict

) an

d im

pel

emen

tin

g ag

enci

es to

en

sure

sm

ooth

im

plem

enta

tion

of

the

prog

ram

.

5) A

pp

roac

hes

-com

mu

nit

y-ba

sed

deve

lop-

men

t-i

nvol

vem

ent

of lo

cal g

over

n-

men

t fr

om t

he

desi

gn s

tage

(o

wn

ersh

ip)

-uti

lizat

ion

of

loca

l hu

man

re

sou

rces

(n

atio

nal

cap

acit

y bu

ildin

g)*A

Pro

ject

Coo

rdin

atio

n U

nit

(PC

U)

was

org

aniz

ed w

ith

a pr

ojec

t coo

rdin

ator

, and

as -

sist

ant p

roje

ct c

oord

inat

or, 1

3 ex

tens

ion

faci

litat

ors,

and

3

UN

vol

unte

er e

xten

sion

men

-to

rs. T

he P

CU

coo

rdin

ates

al

l the

pro

ject

s, e

spec

ially

in

Ain

aro,

wit

h th

e as

sist

ance

of

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dev

elop

-m

ent C

ente

r of

Japa

n (I

DC

J)

and

UN

DP

and

UN

OP

S lo

cal

staf

f. T

hey

eval

uate

the

role

s of

vill

age

faci

litat

ors

who

as

sist

com

mun

icat

ion

betw

een

villa

ges

and

the

PC

U o

n a

volu

ntar

y ba

sis.

Vie

tnam

:-i

nvol

vem

ent

of lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent

(ow

ner

-sh

ip)

-in

flu

enci

ng

nat

ion

al

polic

y

Laos

:-i

nvol

vem

ent

of lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent

(ow

ner

-sh

ip)

-pro

mot

ing

un

der -

stan

din

g of

com

-m

un

ity-

base

d h

ealt

h

insu

ran

ce s

chem

es

amon

g pu

blic

age

n-

cies

an

d co

mm

un

itie

s-m

anag

emen

t by

di

stri

ct p

eopl

e (c

ol-

lect

ors

and

repr

esen

-ta

tive

s of

au

thor

itie

s),

no

exte

rnal

fin

anci

al

supp

ort

for

the

man

-ag

emen

t co

sts

-inv

olve

men

t of

com

mu

nit

y as

a

key

acto

r (o

wn

ersh

ip)

-lab

or in

ten

sive

-pro

mot

ing

un

ders

tan

din

g of

co

mm

un

ity-

base

d ap

proa

ch

wit

hin

pu

blic

age

nci

es a

nd

com

mu

nit

ies

-com

mu

nit

y-ba

sed

part

icip

a -to

ry a

ppro

ach

-in

tegr

ated

app

roac

h to

war

d co

mm

un

ity

emp

ower

men

t (p

rovi

din

g aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

and

edu

cati

on c

ombi

ned

w

ith

ski

lls t

rain

ing

and

inco

me

gen

erat

ion

act

ivit

ies

for

sust

ain

able

live

lihoo

ds)

-mu

lti-

sect

or a

nd

area

-bas

ed

prog

ram

min

g-p

arti

cipa

tory

, in

clu

sive

, cro

ss-

com

mu

nit

y de

cisi

on m

akin

g de

liver

ed t

hro

ugh

th

e C

PB

as

wel

l as

exis

tin

g lo

cal

mec

han

ism

s su

ch a

s vi

llage

co

un

cils

, sch

ool c

omm

itte

es,

mar

ket

asso

ciat

ion

s, a

nd

coop

erat

ives

-rec

over

y ac

tivi

ties

em

pow

er

and

build

cap

acit

ies

of lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent

stru

ctu

res,

as

wel

l as

civi

l soc

iety

-com

plem

enta

rity

of

pro -

gram

min

g an

d fu

ndi

ng:

G

over

nm

ent

reco

very

eff

orts

in

hou

sin

g an

d re

patr

iati

on

wer

e co

mpl

emen

ted

by p

ro-

vidi

ng

publ

ic s

ervi

ces,

infr

a -st

ruct

ure

, an

d re

con

cilia

tion

ac

tivi

ties

in c

omm

un

itie

s of

re

turn

; CP

B p

rior

itie

s th

at

cou

ld n

ot b

e fu

nde

d u

nde

r th

e T

FHS

wer

e fu

nde

d


34

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

- co

mpr

ehen

sive

app

roac

h:

agri

cult

ure

, com

mer

ce, a

nd

hea

lth

vi

a ot

her

sou

rces

un

der

the

Nor

th M

alu

ku a

nd

Mal

uku

R

ecov

ery

Pro

gram

me

-Tra

nsi

tion

al a

ppro

ach

allo

ws

for

flex

ible

pro

gram

min

g ba

sed

on lo

cal r

ealit

ies:

Som

e “e

mer

gen

cy”

typ

es o

f ac

-ti

viti

es m

ay b

e im

plem

ente

d w

her

e m

ost

nee

ded

wh

ile

reco

very

an

d de

velo

pmen

t ac

tivi

ties

are

sim

ult

aneo

usl

y im

plem

ente

d in

oth

er p

arts

of

th

e ta

rget

are

a.

Ap

pro

ach

co

mm

un

ity

emp

ow

erm

ent

-hel

p ea

ch v

illag

er u

nde

rsta

nd

that

th

e pr

ojec

t ai

ms

not

to

prov

ide

them

wit

h fo

od b

ut

to a

ssis

t th

em in

str

engt

hen

-in

g th

eir

own

cap

acit

y of

fo

od p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

inco

me

gen

erat

ion

.-U

N a

ssig

ns

each

com

mu

nit

y a

villa

ge fa

cilit

ator

, wh

o as

sist

s in

com

mu

nic

atio

n b

etw

een

th

e pr

ojec

t co

ordi

nat

or u

nit

an

d vi

llage

rs, a

nd

exte

nsi

on

faci

litat

ors,

wh

o pr

omot

e ad

opti

on a

nd

un

ders

tan

din

g of

new

tech

nol

ogie

s. V

illag

e fa

cilit

ator

s w

ere

trai

ned

by

ext

ensi

on fa

cilit

ator

s (n

atio

nal

) w

ho

wer

e in

tu

rn

trai

ned

by

inte

rnat

ion

al

tech

nic

al a

ssis

tan

ts.

-hel

p th

e p

eopl

e in

th

e co

mm

un

ity

un

ders

tan

d in

sura

nce

co

nce

pts,

su

ch a

s pr

e-pa

ymen

t, ri

sk p

oolin

g,

cost

sh

arin

g, a

nd

capi

tati

on p

aym

ent,

to

enab

le t

hem

to t

ackl

e w

ith

th

eir

own

hea

lth

th

reat

s in

th

e fu

ture

-fac

ilita

te t

he

resi

den

ts

deci

din

g th

e pr

iori

ty o

f th

eir

prob

lem

s an

d co

llabo

rati

ng

to o

verc

ome

them

-rec

ogn

ize

mec

han

ism

s ex

ist -

ing

in t

he

com

mu

nit

y th

at

faci

ltat

e co

oper

atio

n a

nd

part

icip

atio

n-p

rovi

de c

omm

un

ity

mem

bers

w

ith

ski

lls to

par

tici

pate

in

the

form

ula

tion

, im

plem

en-

tati

on, a

nd

mon

itor

ing

of

com

mu

nit

y de

velo

pmen

t ac

tivi

ties

-en

sure

th

at t

he

maj

orit

y of

th

e co

mm

un

ity

(not

on

ly t

he

com

mu

nit

y le

ader

s) h

as a

vo

ice

in t

he

deci

sion

-mak

ing

proc

ess

-med

iate

in t

he

rela

tion

ship

be

twee

n t

he

com

mu

nit

y an

d

-not

on

ly e

duca

te t

hos

e at

ris

k of

tra

ffick

ing

(ch

ildre

n a

nd

you

ng

wom

en)

but

wh

ole

com

mu

nit

ies

that

hav

e fa

m-

ily m

embe

rs in

ris

k gr

oups

. E

duca

tion

is c

ombi

ned

wit

h

prov

isio

n o

f sk

ills

trai

nin

g fo

r fo

od s

ecu

rity

an

d in

com

e ge

ner

atio

n.

VD

C w

ill p

lay

a ke

y ro

le in

rai

sin

g aw

aren

ess,

m

obili

zin

g th

e co

mm

u-

nit

y, a

nd

gen

erat

ing

inco

me

alte

rnat

ives

.

Est

ablis

hm

ent

of C

PB

an

d bu

ildin

g it

s ca

paci

ties

hav

e en

able

d se

vera

l dev

elop

men

ts:

-A b

road

ened

sen

se o

f co

mm

un

ity

own

ersh

ip o

f st

abili

zati

on a

nd

reco

nci

lia-

tion

pro

cess

es;

-Bro

aden

ed, m

ore

equ

itab

le

acce

ss to

rep

rese

nta

tion

in

“col

labo

rati

ve”

deci

sion

-m

akin

g m

ech

anis

ms

-Dir

ect

part

icip

atio

n in

en

suri

ng

acco

un

tabi

lity

and

tran

spar

ency

in d

istr

ibu

tion

of

res

ourc

es fo

r re

cove

ry, a

s w

ell a

s sh

ared

res

pon

sibi

l -it

y fo

r en

suri

ng

the

qual

ity

of a

ssis

tan

ce a

nd

serv

ices

de

liver

ed.

35


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

lo

cal g

over

nm

ents

to e

nsu

re

a fa

ir p

artn

erh

sip

betw

een

th

em-i

den

tify

mec

han

ism

s fo

r th

e lo

ng-

term

su

stai

nab

ility

of

the

proc

ess

* T

here

are

dif

fere

nces

bet

wee

n co

untr

ies/

loca

tion

s a

nd it

is

nece

ssar

y to

ada

pt a

nd u

nder

-st

and

the

proc

ess

of e

mpo

wer

-m

ent w

ithi

n th

e co

ntex

t in

whi

ch th

e co

mm

unit

y ex

ists

. T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

fact

ors

that

aff

ect t

he p

roce

ss o

f em

pow

erm

ent.

For

exam

ple,

in

Ind

ones

ia, t

here

is v

ery

littl

e re

cogn

itio

n of

the

spec

ial n

eeds

an

d ca

pabi

litie

s of

peo

ple

wit

h di

sabi

litie

s. I

n V

ietn

am, t

here

ar

e a

num

ber

of v

ery

hier

ar-

chic

al fo

rmal

and

info

rmal

as

soci

atio

ns th

at s

et th

e lim

its

to w

hich

a c

omm

unit

y ca

n be

“e

mpo

wer

ed.”

6) A

cto

rs in

volv

ed

-Th

e P

roje

ct C

oord

inat

ion

U

nit

(E

ast

Tim

ores

e co

ordi

-n

ator

, ass

ista

nt

coor

din

ator

, an

d 3

inte

rnat

ion

al te

chn

ical

as

sist

ants

) co

ordi

nat

es t

he

wh

ole

proj

ect.

Ain

aro:

ID

CJ:

pro

vide

s pr

ojec

t m

an-

agem

ent

trai

nin

g Fa

rmer

s’ g

rou

ps, w

omen

’s

-In

bot

h c

oun

trie

s, p

art -

ner

ship

s w

ere

sou

ght

wit

h e

xist

ing

publ

ic

agen

cies

an

d pu

blic

h

ealt

h c

are

prov

ider

s.V

ietn

am: V

ietn

am

Soci

al S

ecu

rity

Age

ncy

, H

anoi

Hea

lth

In

sura

nce

D

epar

tmen

t, So

c So

n

Com

mu

ne

Peop

le’s

Loca

l cou

nte

rpar

t, ce

ntr

al a

nd

loca

l gov

ern

men

ts, c

omm

un

i -ti

es.

* D

epen

ding

on

the

situ

atio

n,

othe

r ac

tors

may

be

invo

lved

su

ch a

s ac

adem

ia in

Pha

se I

an

d ot

her

orga

niza

tion

s su

ch

as y

outh

vol

unte

ers

in L

aos.

Cam

bodi

a: M

inis

try

of S

ocia

l A

ffai

rs, L

abou

r, V

ocat

ion

al

Trai

nin

g an

d Yo

uth

Reh

abili

ta-

tion

at

cen

tral

, pro

vin

cial

an

d di

stri

ct le

vels

; th

e H

ealt

hca

re

Cen

tre

for

Ch

ildre

n, a

loca

l N

GO

; an

d th

e C

ambo

-di

an C

ente

r fo

r P

rote

ctio

n o

f C

hild

ren’

s R

igh

ts (

CC

PC

R),

al

so a

loca

l NG

O

-UN

ICE

F: p

rovi

din

g ed

uca

-ti

onal

kit

-Dis

tric

t an

d su

b-di

stri

ct li

ne

agen

cies

, par

ticu

larl

y th

ose

mos

t in

volv

ed p

rior

to t

he

con

flic

t in

loca

l eco

nom

ic

deve

lopm

ent,

man

agem

ent

of n

atu

ral r

esou

rces

, rec

on-

stru

ctio

n a

nd

publ

ic w

orks

, an

d ca

paci

ty b

uild

ing


36

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

grou

ps,

Gov

ern

men

tal a

gen

cies

(ce

n-

tral

, di

stri

ct, v

illag

e)M

anat

uto

:H

alar

ae (

loca

l NG

O),

farm

ers’

gr

oups

, wom

en’s

gro

ups

,G

over

nm

enta

l age

nci

es (

cen

-tr

al, d

istr

ict,

villa

ge)

* In

this

pro

ject

, wom

en’s

part

icip

atio

n ha

s be

en

emph

asiz

ed.

Com

mit

tee,

farm

ers’

u

nio

n, w

omen

’s u

nio

n,

part

y co

mm

itte

e, h

ealt

h

cen

ter

Laos

: Min

istr

y of

Hea

lth

, di

stri

ct a

dmin

istr

atio

ns,

di

stri

ct h

ospi

tal,

refe

rral

h

ospi

tal,

villa

ge le

ader

s,

and

loca

l pop

ula

tion

Vie

tnam

: Min

istr

y of

Lab

our,

Inva

lids,

an

d So

cial

Aff

airs

at

cen

tral

, pro

vin

cial

an

d di

stri

ct

leve

ls; V

ietn

ames

e W

omen

’s

Un

ion

; th

e C

omm

itte

e fo

r Po

pula

tion

, Fam

ily a

nd

Ch

il -dr

en; a

nd

ILO

-Loc

al p

ubl

ic u

tilit

y co

mpa

nie

s-W

orld

Vis

ion

In

don

esia

-Rel

igio

us

and

trad

itio

nal

(A

dat)

lead

ers;

Pad

amar

a Po

lyte

chn

ic I

nst

itu

te; l

ocal

n

onpr

ofit

radi

o an

d n

ews -

pap

er; y

outh

org

aniz

atio

ns;

w

omen

’s g

rou

ps

Invo

lvem

ent

of l

oca

l gov

ern

men

t

-Eve

n in

th

e pr

oces

s of

dra

ft-

ing

the

proj

ect,

the

Min

istr

y of

Agr

icu

ltu

re, F

ores

try

and

Fish

ery

was

invo

lved

su

bsta

nti

ally

.-T

hro

ugh

th

e st

eeri

ng

com

-m

itte

e at

th

e n

atio

nal

an

d di

stri

ct le

vel,

this

pro

ject

has

in

volv

ed lo

cal g

over

nm

ents

in

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g pr

o -ce

sses

, an

d t

hey

hav

e a

sen

se

of o

wn

ersh

ip o

f th

e pr

ojec

t.

-In

bot

h c

oun

trie

s, lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

wer

e th

e re

spon

sibl

e pa

rtn

ers.

W

ith

out

thei

r su

ppor

t, n

o pr

ojec

ts c

ould

hav

e be

en im

plem

ente

d.

Th

ey e

ndo

rse

and

prot

ect

the

proj

ect.

-In

sura

nce

sch

emes

are

a

nat

ion

al is

sue;

th

ere -

fore

, th

e in

volv

emen

t of

loca

l gov

ern

men

ts is

of

cri

tica

l im

port

ance

. Ev

en if

pro

ject

s to

ok

a co

mm

un

ity-

base

d ap

proa

ch, t

he

less

ons

are

exp

ecte

d to

be

in-

tegr

ated

into

nat

ion

al

insu

ran

ce p

olic

y.

-In

Vie

tnam

, loc

al

gove

rnm

ent

hel

ped

m

obili

ze v

ario

us

acto

rs

Ph

ase

I: T

he

Urb

an

Com

mu

nit

y D

evel

opm

ent

Offi

ce (

UC

DO

) w

as t

he

core

pa

rtn

er fo

r id

enti

fyin

g ta

rget

s an

d im

plem

enti

ng

proj

ects

. U

CD

O w

as s

et u

p by

th

e go

vern

men

t of

Th

aila

nd

in

1992

to r

efor

m t

he

hou

sin

g co

ndi

tion

s of

th

e po

or w

ith

a

revo

lvin

g fu

nd

(US$

50

mill

ion

). I

n 2

001,

UC

DO

in

tegr

ated

wit

h t

he

Ru

ral

Dev

elop

men

t Fu

nd

to fo

rm

the

Com

mu

nit

y O

rgan

izat

ion

s D

evel

opm

ent

Inst

itu

te w

ith

fu

ndi

ng

(US$

77 m

illio

n)

un

der

the

Min

istr

y of

Fin

ance

. H

owev

er, i

t is

adm

inis

tere

d by

an

inde

pen

den

t bo

ard.

Cu

rren

t P

has

es:

Cam

bodi

a: L

ocal

gov

ern

men

t

-Pre

ven

tion

of

traf

fick

ing

requ

ires

a m

ult

i-la

yere

d re

spon

se, w

hic

h r

equ

ires

in

volv

emen

t of

var

iou

s m

inis

trie

s su

ch a

s la

bor,

edu

cati

on, a

gric

ult

ure

, an

d ru

ral d

evel

opm

ent.

* M

eani

ngfu

l coo

rdin

atio

n am

ong

the

line-

min

istr

ies

is

alw

ays

a ch

alle

nge.

-Wh

en t

he

loca

l gov

ern

men

t de

velo

ps a

nd

impl

emen

ts

nat

ion

al p

olic

y an

d le

gal

fram

ewor

ks a

gain

st t

raffi

ck-

ing

(e.g

. th

e N

atio

nal

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

n a

gain

st T

raffi

ckin

g),

gove

rnm

ent

nee

ds to

inte

-gr

ate

the

mu

ltip

le r

esp

onse

ap

proa

ch w

ith

a b

uilt

-in

co

mp

onen

t of

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uat

ion

mec

han

ism

s fo

r u

sin

g in

form

atio

n fr

om

-In

itia

l con

sult

atio

n w

as d

one

wit

h t

he

cen

tral

gov

ern

men

t. T

hey

did

not

wan

t to

acc

ept

that

th

ere

was

con

flic

t w

ith

in

the

cou

ntr

y, s

o U

ND

P d

id

not

use

“co

nfl

ict”

bu

t “ar

ea

reco

very

” in

th

e pr

ojec

t ti

tle.

-As

dece

ntr

iliza

tion

has

pro

-ce

eded

, mos

t pr

ocu

rem

ents

h

ave

been

don

e in

col

labo

ra-

tion

wit

h lo

cal g

over

nm

ents

.-L

ocal

gov

ern

men

ts a

re

invo

lved

in t

he

Com

mu

nit

y P

rogr

amm

e B

oard

.

37


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

an

d ag

enci

es, d

is-

sem

inat

e an

d ex

plan

e n

ew id

eas,

en

cou

rage

p

eopl

e to

join

th

e h

ealt

h in

sura

nc -

esch

eme,

par

tici

pate

in

fee

colle

ctio

n a

nd

mon

itor

ing,

con

vey

feed

back

s to

hea

lth

se

rvic

e an

d h

ealt

h

insu

ran

ce s

yste

m, a

nd

hel

p to

impr

ove

the

per

form

ance

of

thos

e sy

stem

s.-

In L

aos,

th

e lo

cal a

u-

thor

itie

s h

elp

man

age

the

insu

ran

ce s

chem

e (d

istr

ict

gove

rnor

: 2

hou

rs p

er m

onth

as

chai

r of

th

e M

anag

e -m

ent

Com

mit

tee

for

CB

HI)

. Loc

al g

over

n-

men

ts’ a

ccep

tan

ce

of C

BH

I sc

hem

e is

pr

omot

ed t

hro

ugh

se

min

ars

and

per

sua -

sion

of

the

cen

tral

gov

-er

nm

ent.

Th

ey b

elie

ve

in s

ocia

l ben

efits

for

the

popu

lati

on.

supp

orts

th

e pr

oces

s an

d pr

ovid

es s

ome

of t

he

tech

nic

al

assi

stan

ce (

eval

uat

ing

qual

ity

of r

oad

wor

k) I

ndo

nes

ia: L

ocal

go

vern

men

t of

fici

als

invo

lved

in

impl

emen

tati

on o

f pr

ojec

t an

d fo

rmu

lati

on o

f fo

llow

-up

acti

viti

es

Laos

: Dis

tric

t La

bou

r an

d So

cial

Wel

fare

offi

cers

are

m

embe

rs o

f th

e pr

ojec

t co

mm

itte

es

Th

aila

nd:

Loc

al h

ealt

h o

ffice

rs

are

mem

bers

of

proj

ect

com

mit

tee

Vie

tnam

: Loc

al a

uth

orit

ies

are

mem

bers

of

proj

ect

com

mit

tee

* T

he m

ain

obst

acle

to p

rom

ot-

ing

unde

rsta

ndin

g is

the

gene

ral p

erce

ptio

n by

loca

l of

ficia

ls th

at p

eopl

e ar

e po

or

beca

use

they

don

't w

ork

hard

en

ough

or

they

use

dru

gs

or

are

not h

ones

t. H

owev

er, t

here

ar

e di

ffer

ent l

evel

s of

und

er-

stan

ding

. Int

eres

ting

ly e

noug

h,

in s

ome

plac

es o

ffici

als

are

sym

path

etic

to th

is a

ppro

ach

but d

o no

t kno

w h

ow to

impl

e -m

ent i

t and

wha

t it e

ntai

ls.

The

mos

t dif

ficul

t sit

uati

on

conc

erni

ng lo

cal o

ffici

als

the

ILO

pro

ject

of

wh

atw

orks

w

ell a

nd

wh

at d

oes

not

at

a

com

mu

nit

y le

vel.


38

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

oc

curs

in C

ambo

dia

whe

re

the

rela

tion

bet

wee

n lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

and

com

mun

itie

s ha

s be

en c

onfli

ctiv

e fo

r a

very

lo

ng t

ime;

ther

efor

e, th

ere

is a

re

sist

ance

to c

omm

unit

y-ba

sed

init

iati

ves.

Invo

lvem

ent

of N

GO

s an

d C

SOs

-ID

CJ

prov

ided

th

e P

roje

ct

Coo

rdin

ator

Un

it in

Ain

aro

wit

h p

roje

ct m

anag

emen

t tr

ain

ing.

-H

alar

ae, a

loca

l NG

O, w

as

sele

cted

as

impl

emen

tor

of M

anat

uto

pro

ject

s af

ter

publ

ic r

ecru

itm

ent

thro

ugh

th

e lo

cal n

ewsp

aper

. Bec

ause

th

ey h

ad li

ttle

exp

erie

nce

m

anag

ing

such

a b

ig p

roje

ct,

the

Nat

ion

al S

teer

ing

Com

-m

itte

e de

cide

d to

pro

vide

th

em w

ith

tra

inin

g su

ppor

t fr

om a

Ban

glad

esh

i NG

O.

Vie

tnam

-Mas

s or

gan

izat

ion

s su

ch a

s th

e w

omen

’s

un

ion

an

d fa

rm-

ers’

un

ion

pla

yed

an

impo

rtan

t ro

le in

br

idgi

ng

the

peo

ple

and

gove

rnm

ent.

Th

ey s

omet

imes

vi

site

d h

ouse

hol

ds a

nd

expl

ain

ed t

he

con

cept

of

insu

ran

ce.

Laos

- M

ass

orga

niz

atio

ns

hav

e h

elp

ed to

org

a -n

ize

disc

uss

ion

s w

ith

th

e po

pula

tion

. Loc

al

reso

urc

e p

erso

ns

assi

stin

g th

e h

ealt

h in

-su

ran

ce p

roje

ct te

am

ofte

n c

ome

from

mas

s or

gan

izat

ion

s.

Ph

ase

I -

Th

aila

nd:

U

CD

O (

Urb

an C

omm

un

ity

Dev

elop

men

t O

rgan

izat

ion

, cu

rren

tly

CO

DI:

Com

mu

nit

y O

rgan

izat

ion

Dev

elop

men

t In

stit

ute

)

Cu

rren

t P

has

es:

Cam

bodi

a: C

ambo

dian

V

olu

nte

ers

for

Com

mu

nit

y D

evel

opm

ent

Laos

: Vill

age

Focu

s In

tern

atio

nal

Indo

nes

ia: D

ri M

ann

un

ggal

(I

nst

itu

te o

f R

esea

rch

, E

mpo

wer

men

t an

d D

evel

opm

ent

for

Peop

le w

ith

D

iffe

ren

t Abi

litie

s)T

hai

lan

d: H

ein

rich

Bol

l Fo

un

dati

on, S

ust

ain

able

A

lter

nat

ive

Dev

elop

men

t A

ssoc

iati

on a

nd

Th

ai N

etw

ork

of P

eopl

e Li

vin

g w

ith

HIV

V

ietn

am: E

nvir

onm

ent

and

Dev

elop

men

t in

Act

ion

-In

Cam

bodi

a, w

her

e th

ere

are

seve

ral a

ctiv

e lo

cal N

GO

s,

they

hav

e be

en id

enti

fied

an

d se

lect

ed a

s im

plem

enti

ng

agen

cies

for

the

com

mu

-n

ity-

base

d pr

ogra

m, b

ased

on

tech

nic

al a

nd

fin

anci

al

crit

eria

su

ch a

s re

puta

tion

, tr

ack

reco

rd, c

apac

ity

to

abso

rb t

he

ILO

pro

ject

into

th

eir

curr

ent

wor

kloa

d, a

nd

fin

anci

al r

elia

bilit

y. T

hey

will

co

oper

ate

wit

h lo

cal g

over

n-

men

t at

th

e pr

ovin

cial

an

d di

stri

ct le

vels

.-I

n V

ietn

am, w

her

e th

ere

are

no

loca

l NG

Os,

som

e m

ass

orga

niz

atio

ns

(su

ch

as t

he

Vie

tnam

ese

Wom

en’s

U

nio

n)

hav

e be

en s

elec

ted

as im

plem

enti

ng

agen

cies

in

clos

e co

oper

atio

n w

ith

loca

l go

vern

men

t at

th

e pr

ovin

cial

an

d di

stri

ct le

vels

. -T

he

impl

emen

tin

g ag

enci

es

will

be

clos

ely

supp

rted

by

cou

ntr

y pr

ojec

t co

ordi

nat

ors

[Loc

al N

GO

s]Lo

cal N

GO

s ha

ve li

ttle

exp

erti

se

in p

ost-

confl

ict s

itua

tion

s.-F

ew lo

cal N

GO

s ex

iste

d in

N

orth

Hal

mah

era

prio

r to

th

e co

nfl

ict.

On

ly o

ne,

Sar

o N

ifer

o, is

cu

rren

tly

acti

ve

and

colla

bora

tin

g w

ith

th

e pr

ogra

m.

- P

BH

I, a

lega

l adv

ocac

y N

GO

, is

a p

roje

ct im

plem

enti

ng

part

ner

, bu

ildin

g th

e ca

paci

-ti

es o

f th

e di

stri

ct c

ourt

in

the

targ

et a

rea.

[Int

erna

tion

al N

GO

s]-

Wor

ld V

isio

n In

done

sia

(im

plem

enti

ng p

artn

er fo

r U

NIC

EF’

s E

nhan

cing

Tea

cher

s’ C

apac

ity

in P

eace

Edu

cati

on,

teac

her

trai

ning

, and

pea

ce-

build

ing

activ

itie

s in

sch

ools

)*T

hey

have

alr

eady

bee

n im

plem

enti

ng N

orth

Mal

uku

Emer

genc

y R

espo

nse

sinc

e 20

00 a

nd N

orth

Mal

uku

Peac

e an

d R

ehab

ilita

tion

39


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

fo

r sm

ooth

impl

emen

tati

on

and

coor

din

atio

n a

nd

shar

-in

g am

ong

them

.

P

rogr

am s

ince

200

1. T

he E

n -ha

ncin

g Te

ache

rs’ C

apac

ity

in

Peac

e E

duca

tion

is a

dapt

ing

UN

ICE

F’s

met

hodo

logy

for

“Act

ive

Joyf

ul, a

nd E

ffec

tive

Le

arni

ng.”

Invo

lvem

ent

of J

apan

ese

Emb

assy

-MO

FA w

as in

volv

ed d

irec

tly

in t

he

proc

ess

of t

arge

t id

en-

tifi

cati

on a

nd

desi

gn.

(Th

e Ja

pan

ese

Em

bass

y in

Eas

t T

imor

just

op

ened

in J

anu

ary

2004

.)

Th

ere

was

no

invo

lve -

men

t by

th

e Ja

pan

ese

Em

bass

y in

Man

ila. T

he

proj

ect

desi

gner

s w

ere

in d

irec

t co

nta

ct w

ith

M

OFA

in T

okyo

.

-Jap

anes

e E

mba

ssy

urg

ed E

S -C

AP

to a

pply

to t

he

TFH

S.*

Thi

s pr

ojec

t was

the

first

one

fu

nded

by

TFH

S.-A

t th

e Ja

pan

ese

Em

bass

y in

B

angk

ok, t

he

per

man

ent

repr

esen

tati

ve o

f Ja

pan

to

ESC

AP

is in

ch

arge

of

TFH

S pr

ojec

ts. E

mba

ssy

staf

f co

nsu

lted

init

ially

wit

h U

N

agen

cies

abo

ut

the

poss

ibili

ty

of u

tiliz

atio

n o

f th

e T

FHS.

T

her

e is

no

coor

din

atio

n

wit

h t

he

Eco

nom

ic D

ivis

ion

w

hic

h is

in c

har

ge o

f G

rass

-ro

ots

Gra

nts

for

Hu

man

Se

curi

ty.

-Th

e Ja

pan

ese

emba

ssy

in b

oth

lo

cati

ons

is c

oop

erat

ive

and

show

ed a

ppre

ciat

ion

for

tim

ely

rep

orti

ng

(su

ch a

s ke

y ev

ents

) bu

t in

dica

ted

to

the

proj

ect

team

th

at r

egu

lar

rep

orti

ng

wou

ld n

ot b

e ob

ligat

ory

.

-Aft

er g

ain

ing

appr

oval

from

M

OFA

an

d th

e C

ontr

olle

rs

Offi

ce, U

ND

P s

taff

mad

e co

nta

ct w

ith

rep

rese

nta

-ti

ves

at t

he

em

bass

y an

d go

t co

nst

ruct

ive

advi

ce a

nd

supp

ort.

- A

t th

e Ja

pan

ese

Em

bass

y in

Jak

arta

, th

e E

con

omic

D

ivis

ion

is in

ch

arge

of

the

TFH

S an

d G

rass

root

s G

ran

ts

for

Hu

man

Sec

uri

ty. T

he

UN

-led

Offi

ce fo

r C

oor -

din

atio

n o

f H

um

anit

aria

n

Aff

airs

(O

CH

A)

mon

thly

m

eeti

ng

seem

s to

be

a go

od

opp

ortu

nit

y fo

r U

N a

gen

cies

, em

bass

ies,

gov

ern

men

t, an

d in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

to

exch

ange

info

rmat

ion

an

d se

arch

for

poss

ibili

ties

for

colla

bora

tion

. -

Th

e E

con

omic

Div

isio

n a

lso

faci

litat

es c

onta

cts

betw

een

U

ND

P a

nd

the

gove

rnm

ent

of J

apan

, as

wel

l as

wit

h

oth

er r

elev

ant

acto

rs.


40

AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

Ro

les

of U

N s

taff

- Lo

cal U

N s

taff

(U

ND

P a

nd

UN

OP

S) a

re d

eepl

y co

m-

mit

ted

to a

ssis

tin

g in

pro

ject

m

anag

emen

t. T

hey

vis

it t

he

proj

ect

site

s at

leas

t on

ce a

m

onth

.

UN

DP

: ove

rall

coor

din

atio

nU

NO

PS:

a fu

ll-ti

me

proj

ect

man

agem

ent

staf

f h

as b

een

as -

sign

ed to

su

ppor

t man

agem

ent

of a

ctiv

itie

s in

Ain

aro

and

Man

atu

to. S

he

com

mu

nic

ates

w

ith

th

e pr

ojec

t co

ordi

nat

ors

and

faci

litat

es c

omm

un

icat

ion

w

ith

th

e gr

oup

(vill

age)

lead

-er

s as

wel

l.

-pro

vidi

ng

tech

nic

al a

s -si

stan

ce to

th

e n

atio

nal

pu

blic

offi

cers

faci

litat

ion

an

d co

mm

un

ica -

tion

-pro

visi

on o

f tr

ain

ing

-med

iati

on b

etw

een

loca

l gov

-er

nm

ents

an

d co

mm

un

itie

s-a

dvis

ing

on m

anag

eria

l an

d -

tech

nic

al is

sues

. For

exa

mpl

e,

in I

ndo

nes

ia, t

he

stru

ctu

re o

f th

e re

volv

ing

fun

d fo

r bu

si-

nes

s in

itia

ted

by p

eopl

e w

ith

di

sabi

litie

s w

as fo

rmu

late

d by

th

e E

SCA

P s

taff

; in

Cam

-bo

dia

the

proc

edu

re fo

r th

e es

tabl

ish

men

t of

com

mu

nit

y en

terp

rise

s w

as a

lso

form

u-

late

d by

ESC

AP

sta

ff.

- IL

O-I

PE

C B

angk

ok: t

otal

co

ordi

nat

ion

- In

eac

h c

oun

try:

on

e pr

ojec

t co

ordi

nat

or a

nd

one

secr

etar

y

[Fie

ld L

evel

]1)

Th

e A

rea-

Bas

ed P

ro-

gram

me’

s fi

eld

offi

ce in

To

belo

-Gal

ela

deve

lops

pro

ject

co

nce

pts

reco

mm

ende

d by

th

e C

PB

; pro

vide

s on

goin

g te

chn

ical

su

ppor

t to

pr

ojec

t pa

rtn

ers;

su

per

vise

s an

d m

onit

ors

proj

ects

’ pro

g -re

ss a

nd

deliv

ery;

su

ppor

ts

mis

sion

s, e

xter

nal

con

sult

ants

, an

d pr

ovin

cial

-lev

el p

rogr

am

acti

viti

es; r

ecom

men

ds a

d -di

tion

al a

ssis

tan

ce in

puts

to

UN

DP

for

con

side

rati

on;

adm

inis

ters

oth

er p

roje

cts

un

der

the

NM

MR

Pro

gram

me;

an

d fe

eds

exp

erie

nce

into

fu

ture

pro

gram

-wid

e le

arn

ing

proc

esse

s. (

22 s

taff

, in

clu

din

g te

chn

ical

, pro

gram

mat

ic, a

nd

oper

atio

nal

/su

ppor

t)2)

Pro

vin

cial

Pro

gram

me

fiel

d of

fice

in T

ern

ate

(pro

vin

cial

ca

pita

l) p

rovi

des

supp

ort

(5

staf

f).

[Cou

ntr

y Le

vel]

Cri

sis

Pre

ven

tion

an

d R

ecov

ery

Un

it p

rovi

des

prog

ram

mat

ic,

adm

inis

trat

ive,

an

d te

chn

ical

su

ppor

t.

41


AM

CA

PSo

cial

Saf

ety

Net

Hu

man

Dig

nit

yTr

affi

ckin

gTo

bel

o-G

alel

a

7) U

nd

erst

and

ing

of H

S

UN

staf

f: T

hey

do n

ot u

se th

e te

rm h

uman

se

curi

ty, b

ut th

ey th

ink

the

conc

ept o

f em

pow

erin

g th

e co

m-

mun

ity is

refle

cted

in th

e po

vert

y re

duct

ion

proj

ects

of U

ND

P.Pr

ojec

t Coo

rdin

ator

Uni

t: H

uman

secu

rity

mea

ns th

at th

e in

tern

atio

nal c

omm

unity

pay

s at

tent

ion

to th

e pe

ople

of c

om-

mun

ities

all

over

the

wor

ld.

Min

iste

r of

Agr

icul

ture

, For

estr

y an

d Fi

sher

y:H

uman

secu

rity

mea

ns to

redu

ce

pove

rty

and

prom

ote

food

secu

-ri

ty. I

t is i

mpo

rtan

t to

invo

lve

the

com

mun

ity a

nd

fost

er a

sens

e of

resp

onsi

bilit

y.

loca

l dep

uty

adm

inis

trat

or:

He

has n

ever

hea

rd th

e te

rm

hum

an se

curi

ty. T

he m

ost

impo

rtan

t thi

ng fo

r hi

m is

not

to

hea

r an

y co

mpl

aint

s fro

m th

e pe

ople

.

grou

p le

ader

s:T

hey

have

nev

er h

eard

of h

uman

se

curi

ty T

he m

ajor

uni

que

aspe

ct

of A

MC

AP

is th

at it

enc

oura

ges

com

mun

ities

to ta

ke re

spon

-si

bilit

y to

impr

ove

thei

r ow

n st

anda

rd o

f liv

ing.

WH

O H

eadq

uar

ters

:-S

ocia

l pro

tect

ion

, elim

i -n

atio

n o

f fi

nan

cial

ba

rrie

rs to

see

kin

g h

ealt

h c

are

lead

ing

to e

arlie

r tr

eatm

ent,

and

prot

ecti

on a

gain

st

cata

stro

phic

exp

endi

-tu

re fo

r h

ealt

h w

hic

h

is a

com

mon

cau

se o

f po

vert

y-D

irec

tin

g co

ntr

ibu

tion

re

ven

ue

to t

he

exis

tin

g pu

blic

hea

lth

ser

vice

s in

ord

er to

impr

ove

qual

ity

and

ensu

re

peo

ple’

s co

nti

nu

ed

abili

ty to

pro

vide

n

eces

sary

ser

vice

s; a

m

ech

anis

m o

f se

cu-

rity

of

esse

nti

al s

ocia

l se

rvic

es

Loca

l offi

ce:

- es

tabl

ish

men

t of

soc

ial

insu

ran

ce s

yste

m it

self

pr

omot

es h

um

an

secu

rity

-Hu

man

sec

uri

ty is

free

dom

fr

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Appendices

Key InformantsTokyo Workshop (Agenda & Participants)

List of Key Informants

United Nations Headquarters, New York

Mr. Chris Kirkcaldy, Financial Management officer, UN Office of the Controller

Ms. Laura Skolnik, former Social Affairs Officer, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Mr. Kazuo Tase, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations

The Advisory Board on Human Security

Members of the Advisory Board on Human Security Mr. François Fouinat, Executive Director, Advisory Board on Human

SecurityMs. Mernaz Mostafavi, Programme Officer, Advisory Board on Human

Security

Japan

Ms. Mitsuko Horiuchi, Director and Special Regional Adviser on Gender Issues, International Labour Organization

Mr. Yasumitsu Doken, Programme Manager, United Nations Development Programme

Mr. Stephano T. Tsukamoto, Director, Humanitarian and Development Assistance Division, International Development Center of Japan

Mr. Kazushito Takase, Director, International Programs, World Vision Japan


46

Mr. Ryo Nakamura, Deputy Director, United Nations Administration Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Mr. Jun Yamada, United Nations Administration Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Thailand (November 23−26, 2003)

The Human Dignity Initiative

Prof. Somsook Boonyabancha, President, Community Organization De-velopment Institute

Mr. Jorge Carrillo-Rodriguez, Human Settlements Officer, Poverty Re-duction Section, Poverty and Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Ms. Mayuri Hirata, Special Assistant to the Permanent Representative of Japan to ESCAP, Embassy of Japan

Ms. Nanda Krairiksh, Chief, Programme Management Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Prof. Saikaew Thipakorn, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn Uni-versity

Mr. Jiro Usui, Counsellor and Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan to ESCAP, Embassy of Japan

Mr. Tim Westbury, Programme Management Officer, Programme Man-agement Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Prevention of Trafficking in Children and Women at Community Level in Cambodia and Vietnam

Ms. Eriko Kiuchi, International Programme Officer, International Labour Organization International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour Mekong Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women: Trafficking

47


Vietnam (November 27−29, 2003)

Development of Social Safety Nets for Health in Laos and Vietnam

Mr. Afsar Akal, Technical Officer on Health Financing and Insurance, World Health Organization, Hanoi

Ms. Pascale Brudon, Representative, World Health OrganizationDr. Doan Tuong Van, International Cooperation Department, Vietnam

Social Security Head OfficeMr. Hai, Policy and Regimes Department, Vietnam Social Security Head

OfficeMr. Le Hun Tuan, Deputy Secretary of Communist Party, Soc Son Dis-

trictMr. Ngo Minh, Chairman of the Fatherland Front Committee, Soc Son

DistrictMr. Nguyen Chi Dung, Head of Division of Voluntary Health Insurance,

Hanoi Social Insurance BureauDr. Nguyen Minh Thao, Vice Director of Hanoi Social Security Bureau

(former Director of Hanoi Health Insurance Bureau), Hanoi Social Insurance Bureau

Mr. Nguyen Thanh Tung, International Cooperation Department, Vietnam Social Security Head Office

Mrs. Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong, Public Health Officer, World Health Or-ganization

Mrs. Nguyen Thi Thuy, Vice Director of Social Security Office of Soc Son District

Mr. Nguyen Van Tan, Director of Social Security Office of Soc Son Dis-trict

Indonesia (November 30−December 3, 2003)

Tobelo-Galela Area Recovery Initiative in Indonesia

Mr. Siddharth Chatterjee, Chief, Emergency Section, United Nations Children’s Fund

Mr. George Conway, Programme Specialist, Conflict Prevention and Re-covery Unit, United Nations Development Programme


48

Mr. Allen Harder, Peace Building Senior Advisor, World Vision IndonesiaMs. Karen Janjua, Area Projects Manager, North Maluku & Maluku Recov-

ery Programme, United Nations Development ProgrammeMs. Haryanti Kadir, National UN Volunteer for income generating projectsMs. Hj. Maja Matulac-Suhud, Programme Officer, North Maluku & Maluku

Recovery Programme, United Nations Development ProgrammeMs. Lakhsmi Nuswantari Subandi, Programme Officer for Peace Building,

World Vision IndonesiaMr. Erasmus Ray Ray, coconut oil producerMr. Fredy Salama, Official, Trade and Industry Section, North HalmaheraMr. Kristanto Sinandang, Senior Programme Officer, North Maluku &

Maluku Recovery Programme, United Nations Development Pro-gramme

Mr. Patrick Sweeting, Head, Conflict Prevention and Recovery Unit, United Nations Development Programme

Mr. Takehiro Wakabayashi, Third Secretary, Economic Division, Japanese Embassy

East Timor (December 4−12, 2003)

Ainaro and Manatuto Community Activation Project (AMCAP)

Mr. Hideaki Asahi, Chargé d’Affaires of the Embassy of JapanMs. Anna Barros, Project Coordinator for AMCAP, United Nations Office

for Project ServicesMr. Lawry Bee Tin Yeo, Head, United Nations Office for Project ServicesMr. Roberto da Costa Magno, Assistant Project Coordinator, AMCAPMr. Estanislau A. da Silva, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesDr. Hiroshi Endo, Extension Mentor, United Nations Office for Project

ServicesDr. Muhamamad Mia Abu Sayeed, Extension Mentor, United Nations Of-

fice for Project ServicesMr. Jan Meeuwissen, Senior Human Settlements Officer, United Nations

Human Settlements Programme Mr. Manuel Pereira, Deputy District Administrator, AinaroDr. Karunaratne Rasnayake, Extension Mentor, United Nations Office for

Project Services

49


Mr. Estanislau Salshinha Martins, Project Coordinator, AMCAP Mr. Masayoshi Takehara, Assistant Resident Representative, Japan Inter-

national Cooperation Agency Mr. Naoki Takyo, Assistant Resident Representative and Chief of Poverty

Reduction & Community Development Unit, United Nations Develop-ment Programme

Mr. Toshiaki Tanaka, Resident Representative, Japan International Coop-eration Agency

Mr. Antonio Victor, Program Officer, Poverty Reduction & Community Development Unit, United Nations Development Programme

Mr. Xu Haoliang, Country Manager and Senior Deputy Resident Repre-sentative, United Nations Development Programme

Staff of Halarae, an East Timorese NGOGroup leaders of farmers’ organizations

* The titles were those at the time of the interviews.


50

Tokyo Workshop on Human Security in the United Nations

Agenda

Friday February 27, 2004 [International House]

09:00–09:20 Introduction to Project and Workshop Tadashi Yamamoto, President, Japan Center for International

Exchange (JCIE)

09:20–12:30 Session 1: Human Security in Action: Cases of Projects Funded by the Trust Fund for Human Security

09:20–10:45 Presentation of Five Projects Ainaro and Manatuto Community Activation Project (AMCAP) in East Timor:

Estanislau Salsinha Martins, Project Coordinator, AMCAP

Development of Social Safety Nets for Health in Laos and Vietnam:

Laos: Filip de Loop, World Health Organization (WHO), LaosVietnam: Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong, Public Health Officer, WHO,

Hanoi

The Human Dignity Initiative:Jorge Carrillo-Rodriguez, Human Settlements Officer, United

Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Thailand

Prevention of Trafficking in Children and Women at a Community Level in Cambodia and Vietnam:

Mitsuko Horiuchi, Director, International Labour Organization Office in Japan

Tobelo-Galela Area Recovery Initiative in Indonesia: Kristanto Sinandang, Senior Programme Officer, United Nations

Development Programme, Indonesia

11:00−11:45 Presentation on Common Elements of the ProjectsSusan Hubbard, Program Director for East Asia, Center for Inter-

national Conflict Resolution, Columbia UniversityTomoko Suzuki, Program Officer, JCIE

51


13:30–15:00 Session 2: Exploring Essential Requirements for Successful Hu-man Security ProjectsModerator: Tadashi Yamamoto

15:15–16:45 Session 3: Effective Partnership for Implementing Human Security ProjectsModerator: Tadashi Yamamoto

Saturday February 28, 2004 [JCIE]

09:00–09:15 Overview and Impressions of the first day and Introduction to the second day Tadashi Yamamoto, President, Japan Center for International

Exchange (JCIE)

09:15–11:00 Session 1: Challenges for Management of the Trust Fund for Hu-man Security

09:15–09:45 Presentation on Common Threads in Utilization of Trust Fund for Human SecuritySusan Hubbard, Program Director for East Asia, Center for Inter-

national Conflict Resolution, Columbia University

09:45–11:00 Discussion

11:15–12:30 Session 2: Planning for Next Steps


52

Tokyo Workshop on Human Security in the United Nations

Participants

Amjad ABBASHAR Humanitarian Affairs Officer, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York

ACHARYA Amitav Professor, Deputy Director & Head of Research, Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Jorge CARRILLO- Human Settlements Officer, United Nations RODRIGUEZ Economic and Socal Commission for Asia and

the Pacific, BangkokFilip DE LOOF Officer, World Health Organization (WHO),

VientianeYasumitsu DOKEN Programme Manager, United Nations Develop-

ment Programme (UNDP), TokyoBernard DOYLE Centre Coordinator, United Nations High Com-

missioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Regional Office for Japan and the Republic of Korea, Tokyo

François FOUINAT Executive Director, Advisory Board on Human Security, New York

Yoshitaro FUWA Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Management, Hosei University, Tokyo

Mitsuko HORIUCHI Director, International Labour Organization, Tokyo

Susan HUBBARD Program Director for East Asia, Center for In-ternational Conflict Resolution, Columbia University, New York

Yasushi KATSUMA Programme Coordinator, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Tokyo

Hideko KATSUMATA Managing Director and Executive Secretary, Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE), Tokyo

53


Jacobus KOEN Program Manager for the North Maluku Reha-bilitation Project, World Vision Indonesia, Ternate

Yoshihiko KONO Executive Advisor, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, Tokyo

Koji MAKINO Deputy Director and Senior Economist, Planning and Coordination Division, Planning and Evaluation Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo

Hiroshi MINAMI Director, United Nations Administration Divi-sion, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo

Mehrnaz MOSTAFAVI Programme Officer, Advisory Board on Human Security, New York

Edward NEWMAN Academic Officer, Peace and Governance Pro-gramme, United Nations University, Tokyo

NGUYEN THI KIM Public Health Officer, WHO, Representative Of- Phuong fice in HanoiAkio NOMURA Director, United Nations Information Centre,

TokyoYukie OSA Advisor, Japan Platform, TokyoMasaharu SAITO Officer, Program Unit, Peace-Winds JapanEstanislau SALSINHA Project Coordinator, United Nations Develop- MARTINS ment Programme/United Nations Office

for Project Services (UNDP/UNOPS), East Timor

Shoji SATO Senior Assistant, United Nations Administration Division, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo

Masato SEKO Associate Program Officer, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, Tokyo

Fatima SHERIF-NOR UNHCR-JICA Exchange Officer, Donor Coor-dination Division, Planning and Evaluation Department, JICA, Tokyo

Kristanto SINANDANG Senior Programme Officer, UNDP, JakartaTomoko SUZUKI Program Officer, JCIEKeizo TAKEMI Member of the House of Coucillors, TokyoKazuo TASE First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Japan to

the United Nations, New York


54

Naruo UEHARA Professor, Division of International Health, To-hoku University School of Medicine, Sendai

Yoshiteru URAMOTO Director, UNICEF, Tokyo Hideki WAKABAYASHI Member of the House of Councillors, TokyoSusumu YAMAKAGE Professor, University of Tokyo, TokyoTadashi YAMAMOTO President, JCIE, TokyoFumihiko YOSHIDA Editorial Writer, The Asahi Shimbun, TokyoYukio YOSHIMURA Vice President and Special Representative, World

Bank, Tokyo

Project Team Members

Tadashi YAMAMOTO President, Japan Center for International Ex-change (JCIE)

Susan HUBBARD Program Director for East Asia, Center for In-ternational Conflict Resolution, Columbia University

Tomoko SUZUKI Program Officer, JCIEAkiko HORIBA Associate, JCIE

The Japan Center for International Exchange

Founded in 1970, the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) is an independent, nonprofit, and nonpartisan organization dedicated to strengthening Japan’s role in international affairs. JCIE believes that Japan faces a major challenge in augmenting its positive contributions to the international community, in keeping with its position as one of the world’s largest industrial democracies. Operating in a country where policy making has traditionally been dominated by the government bureaucracy, JCIE has played an important role in broadening debate on Japan’s international responsibilities by conducting international and cross-sectional programs of exchange, research, and discussion.

JCIE creates opportunities for informed policy discussions; it does not take policy positions. JCIE programs are carried out with the collaboration and cosponsorship of many organizations. The contacts developed through these working relationships are crucial to JCIE’s efforts to increase the number of Japanese from the private sector engaged in meaningful policy research and dialogue with overseas counterparts.

JCIE receives no government subsidies; rather, funding comes from private foundation grants, corporate contributions, and contracts.

human security in the united nations - jcie undertook this project on human security in the united...

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