human smoke questions us
TRANSCRIPT
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II .,c.
2
HUM N SMOKE
ReadingQuestions:
Selectthreepassagesyoufind interesting,thought-
provoking,
or
raisequestion
s.
Write responses foreach
passage-
What
dotheyremindyouof?What
further
questionsdothey
prompt
Whydidyoufindthem
interesting
or
moving?
Theexcerptsarefrom the periodbeforethe warstarted.
To
what
extentwasthe UnitedStatesinvolvedbefore
the
outbreakof thewar?Citethe passagesthat pertain.
Based ontheexcerpts,should
the
UnitedStateshave
beenmoreinvolvedbefore
the war
started. If
so,
how?If
not,whynot?
Nicholson
aker
,
Hitlerbegan
sp,ea1cing;
inhis odd, croaldngvoice,.
He
.isted
off
themisdeeds
aJ?d
corruptions
of
the'Weimarregime.Hewept
,overthewoes of
the
p e o p l ~ - : : - t w o
fists iIi theair andtearspour
ingdowneachsideof his
f i a ~ b y
lllose/'LilianMowrerwrote,Then
he excoriated the JewS andthesbcialists,alidhepromised lower .
;taxes,higherwages,more'jobs,betterhousing,and cheaperfertil- .
I . , " ' . .
; izer.Mowrer was not swept away, "Hitlerwas tal1cip.g nonsense,.
,making'thegrossest'mis-staternents,garblinghistoryinavoice .that .
was
r a u c o u ~ a ~ d s ~ g g e s t ~ d
theparadegrourtd,andwith e s t U ~ e s un
couthand
n c o n v i n c i ~ g ' ' ' s h e thoU:ght.
Yetwhensheiookedaround \
.atthe audience; she sawnotjust
:;l.ssent
but ecstacy:'ayoung girl )'
with,ipsparted,eyesfixedonhtfr leader;anoldmannodding;the
.
\
. . .
sixty-year-old
-yv oinan
nexttoher, saying"Richtig!RichtigF' after
. promiseHitlermade:
( j ~
; ; - F - ~ ~ ~ I : I T W A N G ~ R ,
thepopularGennanilOvelist,gaveatalk
at theHotelCommodore ihNew Yorl(.
t
was
F ~ b r u a r Y 8,
1933.
There'were 450,000 jews'in
G e ~ a r i y , F e u c h t w ~ n g e ~
~ a i d , ina
.couiltryof sixty-fivemillionpeople.
And
yet every day, eighteev
million:copiesof
n t i ~ S e m i t i c
paperswerepublis'hed:_
F o r t y
c o p i e ~
>
foranaverageJewper.day,"hesaid.
InMarch,whileFeuchtwangerwasinSwitzerland,BrQwnshirts
raidedhishouseinBerlin . Theytookhiswife's
Cal
andthemanu
s'cript of ahalf-finishednovel. They
tOle
'up a pOliraitof Eleanor
Roosevelt.,
"I
believeitwas i;heir :iriteptionto shootme,
b ~ t
tilis.
failedowingtomy absence,"Feuchtwci.ngersaid. "The
U11fortunate -\
;thing is that these
p ~ o p l
havetakenthe formerwIldspeechesof )
:Hitlertoo literally.'; . .
3
-
\. . THE REICHSTAG cC\.ughtfire:ItwasFebruary27,
93Y
AyoungDutch-bornbricldayer,Marinusvander Lubl:?e; apro
fessed corhmuriist;was found
s h i i i l e s ~ '
onthe sceneand illTested.
Hitlerwentinthemiddleof thenighttotheofficesof the olkischer
B e ~ b a c h t ~ r ,
wherean
as
sistanttoldhim
to
come
back
duringbusi
.nesshours:
A i ~
'youmad?"saidHitler.
"Don't r e a l i ~ e
that'an
eyeht
of
incalculableimportance 'isactuallynowtakingplace?" I-Ie
alldGoebbels worlced.therest of the 'nightgettingthenextissue
ready, -, .
.
.-CiJt.i
-i
rigntsinGennanywere suspended: "Goering-letloosehis
hordes,andat orie
b l o ~
all
u s t i c ~
Gerinanywassmashed:"wrote
StephanZweig.
w
JAMES
G. M c D O N L D .
chairman
of
the'Foreigit"Policy As- '
.
~ c i a t i o n
of
the
United States, had dinner'in B e r l i n ~ i t h '
Emst
Hanfstaengel,Hitler's'friend.It wasApril1, 1933,McD'Onaldtold
Hanfstaengelthathe'djust hada n e e t i n g with
Hitld,
inwhichhe'd
saidthatHitler'santi-Semitjc 'policieswerei n j ~ i n g GemianY.J:Iif
. hadsaid;"Theworld
;et
1hank
us
fo rteaching t h ~ w deal .)
WIth
theJews," . . ' .
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Han(staengel sipped his wine. He was an ardent booster of
.
. .
. .
Aryanism,buthe wasadark-hairedman, rtotparticularly
N ~ r d i c -
loolcing-
exceptthat, as
he
hadbeen heardto say, his underarm
hairwasquiteblond. "Doyouknow,"hesaidto McDonald,"that
.
we
have arrangedtowipe outthe entireJewishpopUlationin
the'
Reich?EachJewhasaStormTrooperassignedto him.Everything
is readyandcanbedone
ina
singlenight."
.McDonaldwalked back'through'the Tiergarten
to
his
~ 6 t e l .
Loversweresittingonparkbenches. "I felt as if 1'dhadanight-,.
.
mare,"he.wrote.:
r;
--
Kaufhaus des e s t e p s ~ a d e p a r t m ~ n t store;Mowrei-:-shciwing hef
Americanpassport, p u s h ~ ~ pastthelinkedarms of thestormtroop
ers.Theplacewasalmostempty.-Theonlycustomerswereforeign-:
ersprotestingtheboycott."Thesalesfolkstood.around,silentand
miserable.I wantedtobuyup everything in sight,"shesaid. "All
morningIshoppedinJewishplaces ."
It
wasApril1933.
.
. '.
.
How'
could
thisbehappening?shewondered.Thecountrywas
calm.Thestreetswereclean.Thetrafficflowedsmoothly. .
~ ' G e r n 1 a n s
areamong the mostiikab1e people in Europe and
'.
,
.
.
surelyaverage no greaternumberof bulliesand s'adists than any
othernation,"shewrote."ThedifferencewasthatHitler's 'regime
wasbuiltonsadistsandbullies,from
thetop
down."
p
G O E E L S S T O O D
a t ~
swastika-bedeckedrostrumontheUnter
.
,
v
denLinden;awide,tree-linedstreetinBerlinrunningpasttheUni
versityandthe StateOperaHouse.He said: "Theageof extreme
Jewish
i n t e l 1 e c ~ a l i s : i n
h a s n o w
ended."He threw abook into a
fire.
"It
was like burning s o m ~ t h i n g alive," Lilian MOwrer said.
T h ~ n students followed with whole a r m f u l s ~ f books, w h i i ~
schoolbOYS screamed into the microphone theircondemnation'of
thIS ~ d thatauthor,
ap d
eachnamewasmentionedthecrowd
booedand
h i s s e d . ~
r
,, -
" .
I
..,..,
'
, L )
"1
:
. .
.
.
A M E ~ G.
McDONALD
o f ~ b e Foreign Policy s s o c i a t i ~ n , gave
aspeech attheChatauquafestival.Areporter thereforThe New
York
T i m e ~
and c b v ~ r e d
it.
ItwasJuly lO 1933.McDonald didn t
. 'saywhatliitler'and ,flanfstaengelbadtbldhim abouttheir'planfor
(' theJews.But,he didsaythat h e a t t e ~ p t s onthepartofNaziapolo
(
, giststo denY thdtJewswerebeingcroellytreated.were.an"insultto.
, ' I
theintelligence,'!"T.beNazisbe.liwethemythonhe supremacyof
theArvanrace,andaredetermined'tocrushJewi;heconomic 'life,"
'
h said.Hitlerhad e x p l o i t ; d p r e j u d i c ~ s andpostwar i l i a t i o f i s :
T ~ e war,theVersaillestreatyandthetreatment of Germanysince
thewarhavemadeGermansfumto newleaders,"he said."Hitler
ism IS in avery real sensea,gift'
of
theAllies and the United
$tates."
,
In
NUREMBERG,
starn trooperstookanlneteen-year-old .girltoa
,cabaret.Th"eycutoffher 'hair; shaved
het
head,andtiedaplacard .
aroundherneck."Ihaveoffered .myselfto aJew/' saidtheplacard.
-ItwasAugust
13;,1933.
A group of touristswhowitnessed the s c e n ~ wrotealetterto
the authorities in which they said that while theyhad no desire
to interfereinthe municeipal.affairsofthecity,incidentsof thatkind
couldnotbutbedisgustingto allforeignvisiior's."Somew e e l ( s l a t ~ r ,
,thegirlwaspronounced.mentally
iI I
andtakento anasylum:
.
JOSEPH/
STALIN; thele,aderof Russia; ordered o p e r a t i v e s re-.
: . I
moveallthestoresof foodfromfarming,townsintheU1aaine.Mil .
lionsof peoplehadno
bread-
theyate.fieldmice,insects, h u s k s ~
anddeadchildren. It was
1933
: :;
ARussian-bornAmerican couplevisiteq a: Ukrainianvillage.
. We ~ r e all ~ y i n g of starvation,"avillager:toldthern."Theywant
us; to
,die.,It is"anotganized'faIIline. Thereneverhas'beenabetter
.harvest;hut
if
wewerecaughtcutting 'a'fewearsof
com
wewould
.
.
beshotorputinprisonandstarved to death."
It
wasAugust 1 9 ~ 3 .
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13
ERNST UDET, the
German
pilot, was
i n ~ ~ t f u ~ ~
N - ~ ~ Y ~ ~ k , shop
REINHARD
HEYDRICH',
hean-of
the intelligence branch of the
. ping for,dive-bombers.
He
told t h ~ sales mallager CUrtiss-Wrigbt
German secret police, read a p o ~ i t i o n p a p e r p r e p a r e d
f ~ l
him con
that
he
.
wasn't
sure
he could
afford to buy a Hawk II. ~ B u t Mr.
cerning Jewish poiicy.
Itwas
May
24,
1934.
"The aim of Jewish policy must be the emigration
of
all Jews,'"
U det,'.' said. the sales
manager,
"the money has already
been
lodged
. he paper said.
~ w i s h
"assimilatlOriists"-those who wanted to l i v ~
with
our banle."
\
their Jives as Germans within qermany--should be discourage
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If
of Hitler.Califanofainted.Aneighborfoundhimunconsciousbut '
alive,hangingfromthepipe. He wastakentoahospitaLHe'd been
p'hinning onexhiqitinghis paintingsattheWorldJewishCongress.
,
'
TEN THOUSAND'PEOPLE marchedupFifthAvenuefromy,rash-
, ,
ington Square
Park. They
carriedsigns
that
said:
NO NATION CAN
AFFORD BOTH WAR AND CIVILIZATION andPROMOTE JAPANESE FRIEND-
SHIP. The W o ~ e n s International L e ~ g u e for PeaceandFreedom
formeda"[(larchingwar
cemetery,"and
therewasasortoffioat:a
, ,
turf
graveyard'
of
whitecrosses'with
two
mourners,amother and
,child,and
a
sign h a ~ said,WHAT PRICE GLORY?
Among
those leading
the'
march were two famous religious
leader$-:-JohnHaynesHolmes of theCommuriio/Church(the
ad-'
mirer
of
Gandhi)andRabbi
S t ~ p h e n
Wise
of
theFreeSynagogue- ,
, l o n g ~ i t h leadersof otherdenominations,agroupof Quakers,and
somesocialists carryingredbanners.Adogworea signthatsaid, ,
I'M
NOT GOING TO
BE
AWAR DOG:
The crowdturnedontoTwenty-sixthStreet, thenwent down.
MadisonAvenuetoUnion Square,wherethreehundredpolicemen
stoodin lines keepingorder. Socialist CharlesSolomon to.1d the
crowd
thatcapitalism.breeds imperialism,"which is theparentof
those internationalfrictionsthatcause war."JohnHaynes
HolITles
promisedthatthejailswouldoverflow if
war
came,andheledthe
crowdinapledge:
. ,
Ifwar
comesIwillnotfight.
Ifwar
comesIwillnotenlist.
Ifwar
comes
I
willnotbeconscripted.
Ifwar
comesIwilldonothingtosupport
it.
If warcomesI willdoeverythingto'opposeit.
Sohelp
:me
God.
ItwasMay 18,
1935.
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