Human Systems:Muscular System

Muscle • Muscle cells have contractile proteins• Contract and relax• Help in movement• Heart muscles- helps in the pumping of

heart

Types of muscles• 3 types of muscles– Smooth muscles (digestive tract, walls of blood

vessels)– Cardiac muscle ( heart)– Skeletal muscle (attached to bones)

• Muscle action could be voluntary or involuntary– Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary– Skeletal muscles could be voluntary or

involuntary (e.g. blinking of eyes)

Types of muscles

Movement • Muscles are attached to bones through

tendons• When muscle shortens (contracts), the bones

are pulled closer• When muscle relaxes, bones move away

• Musculoskeletal system - movement

Movement • Muscles work in pairs• Flexor - bends a part of the body• Extensor – straightens a part of the body

Bicep is flexorTricep is extensor

Muscle and exercise• Resistance exercise (increases muscle strength)

• Aerobic exercise (strengthens heart)

Muscle injury and problems• Strain – muscle or tendon over stretched or torn

• Tendinitis – inflammation of tendons

• Anabolic steroids – can be helpful in increasing muscle strength but may be associated with causing other problems

• Muscle fatigue and lactic acid (due to insufficient O2)

Disorders and imbalance• Insulin and diabetes mellitus

• Pituitary gland and growth hormone

Human Systems:Urinary System

Excretary System

Urinary System• Plays role in excretion of wastes

(CO2 and ammonia as a result of chemical activities).

• Kidneys–Organs of filtration–Filter around 2000 L of blood each day- Kidney contains nephrons- Nephrons are microscopic filters in the kidney that remove wastes from the blood. Nephrons remove many harmful substances. One of the most important substances removed by nephrons is urea.

• Movement of water– Sweat, thirst and urination

• The following two hormones regulate the amount of water in your body:

Antidiuretic hormoneDiuretics

Antidiuretic hormoneWhen you get thirsty, other parts of your body react to the water shortage, too. A hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH, is released. ADH signals the kidneys to take water from the nephrons. The nephrons return the water to the bloodstream. Thus, the kidneys make less urine. When your blood has too much water, small amounts of ADH are released. The kidneys react by allowing more water to stay in the nephrons and leave the body as urine.

Diuretics hormoneSome beverages contain caffeine, which is a diuretic. Diuretics cause the kidneys to make more urine, which decreases the amount of water in the blood. When you drink a beverage that contains water and caffeine, the caffeine increases fluid loss. So, your body gets to use less of the water from the caffeinated beverage than from a glass of water.

Disorders Bacterial Infections

Bacteria can get into the bladder and ureters through the urethra and cause painful infections. Infections should be treated early, before they spread to the kidneys. Infections in the kidneys can permanently damage the nephrons. Kidney Stones Sometimes, salts and other wastes collect inside the kidneys and form kidney stones. Some kidney stones interfere with urine flow and cause pain. Kidney Disease

Damage to nephrons can prevent normal kidney functioning and can lead to kidney disease. If a person's kidneys do not function properly, a kidney machine can be used to filter waste from the blood- dialysis