humanitarian assistance in peacekeeping operations roy brennen center of excellence...
TRANSCRIPT
Humanitarian Assistance in Peacekeeping Operations
Roy Brennen
Center of Excellence
Objectives• Provide overview of the “NGO
community”
• Provide insight into NGO planning process and program cycles.
• Identify selected coordination mechanisms.
Basic UN-Sanctioned Mission Structure
UNAdministration
Component
HumanitarianComponent
UN CivilAffairs and/or
ElectoralComponent
UN MilitaryObserver
Component
UN CivilianPolice
Component
Deputy SRSG
Special Representative of the
Secretary-General (SRSG)
UN HumanRights
Component
Multi-NationalForce
MNFNational
Authorities
The “NGO Community”
1 Source: The Commonwealth Foundation, February,1996
• Broad Definition:• Every organization in society which is not part
of government, and which operates in civil society1
• Diversity:• Size• Operating Styles• Geographic Focus• Religious background• Programmatic Orientation2
• UN Agencies and the Red Cross are not NGOs!2 Source: Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, 1998
Guiding Humanitarian Principles
• Voluntary• IMPARTIALITY: Aid is given regardless of
race, creed or nationality• NEUTRALITY: Aid will not be used to
further a particular political or religious standpoint
• INDEPENDENCE: • Humanity• Unity• Universality
The growth of NGOs
• In 1909 were just 176 international NGOs worldwide. In 1996…the number was 38,243.
• Since US Foreign Assistance Act (1974), the number of international NGOs has increased 515%
• In the single decade 1986-1996, the number of NGOs increased by 78%.
Source: The Nonprofit Piece of the Global Puzzle, Susan Raymond, Ph.D., 10/15/01
NGO Program Planning Cycle & Timeframe
• On-set or escalation of humanitarian concern• Initial response and assessment• Assessment analysis & proposal development• Shopping
– Donors – internal or external & the color of money– Materials – internal or external– Staff – internal or external
• Implementation• Re-assessment
NGO funding sourcesRestricted Funding• Government Donors: Give with humanitarian objectives
in mind but may be constrained by other political/policy issues
• AusAID, ECHO, JICA, USAID, Bi-lateral, etc• View NGOs as critical partners in aid delivery• Identify gaps in humanitarian response and target aid to fill gaps• Will have some form of accountability mechanism
• Implementing partners of UN Agencies• Foundations
Unrestricted Funding• Individuals/general publicEffect of donor fatigue and/or lack of strategic interest on
NGO operations?
NGO Coordination• Will typically have their own structure separate from UN
coordination– Strategic level coordination
• IASC, Interaction, ICVA, ACFOA, VOICE, etc.
– Country level
• Region/country specific coordination bodies (ACBAR, BAAG)
– Operational/tactical level, typically coordinate around sectoral or functional areas, i.e.
• Health, Wat/San, Food/Nutrition, Non-food, Shelter, etc.
• Some by policy will not collaborate with uniformed/armed military
• VOLUNTARY, CONSENSUS BASED and often PERSONALITY DRIVEN
Sectoral Coordination• Humanitarian Assistance address people’s
most basic needs and is delivered according to universal humanitarian principles:
– Health Services: medical care, medicine, training & education
– Food: Food distribution and food security– Non-Food Items: pots, pans, soap, blankets, tarpaulins– Shelter: tents, site planning, collective centers– Water & Sanitation: facility repair & construction– Education: buildings, textbooks, desks, teacher training– Infrastructure repair: buildings, road, bridges
UN Civil-Military Coordination:• Military support to humanitarian actors are
managed through special Civil-Military Coordination (CMCoord) mechanisms established for this purpose.
• Guidelines for the use of Military Civil Defense Assets (MCDA):
• Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets during Natural Disasters (1994 Oslo Guidelines)
• Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies (2003)
• Afghan-specific (2001)
• Iraq-specific (2003, more comprehensive)
Types of Military Support
• Direct Assistance is the face-to-face distribution of goods and services.
• Indirect Assistance is at least one step removed from the population and involves such activities as transporting relief goods or relief personnel.
• Infrastructure Support involves providing general services, such as road repair, airspace management and power generation that facilitate relief, but are not necessarily visible to or solely for the benefit of the affected population.
Security, Security, SecurityGuidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies (2003)
Military Civic Actionand support to
Civilian Humanitarian Operations
NGONGO
ICRCICRC
Affected Country Requirements
THE FOG OF RELIEF:THE FOG OF RELIEF:International Relationships During DisastersInternational Relationships During Disasters
DonorDonor
DONORDONOR
NGONGO
DONORDONOR
NGNGOO
NGONGO
NGONGO
UNHCRUNHCR
WFPWFP
Red Cross/Red Cross/CrescentCrescent
UNICEFUNICEF
Private Private DonorsDonors
NGONGOUN Coordination: UN Coordination: HOC, OSOCC, etc.HOC, OSOCC, etc.
INT’L
MIL
ITARY FORCES
CIMIC
, CM
OC, etc)
CACA
Non-Non-Coalition Coalition MilitaryMilitary
CFLCCCFLCCCENTCOMCENTCOM
J-4J-4
J-5J-5
LRPELRPE
CCCCCC
J-2J-2
J-3J-3
J5-CMOJ5-CMO
J5-CMOJ5-CMO
CFACCCFACC
DIRMOBFORDIRMOBFOR
COALITION or UN COALITION or UN MILITARY FORCESMILITARY FORCES
THE FOG OF RESPONSIBILTY:THE FOG OF RESPONSIBILTY:A Civilian PerspectiveA Civilian Perspective
CIMIC/CMOC CIMIC/CMOC CJCMOTF/CHLCCJCMOTF/CHLC
CIVIL
IAN O
RGANIZATIO
NS
“plu
g in”
Selected humanitarian info web sitesAfghanistan Information Management Service
www.aims.org.pk
Humanitarian Information Center for Iraq
www.humanitarianinfo.org/iraq
UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
www.monuc.org
RELIEF WEB (managed by OCHA)
www.reliefweb.int
UN Joint Logistics Centers
www.unjlc.org
Selected UN System web sitesUnited Nations
www.un.org
UN System Locatorwww.unsystem.org
UN Children’s Fundwww.unicef.org
UN Development Programmewww.undp.org
UN High Commissioner for Human Rightswww.unhchr.ch
UN High Commissioner for Refugeeswww.unhcr.ch
World Bankwww.worldbank.org
World Food Programmewww.wfp.org
Selected IO/NGO/Donor web sitesInternational Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA)
www.icva.ch
InterActionwww.interaction.org
Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies (VOICE)www.oneworld.org/voice
Australian Council for Overseas Aid (ACFOA)www.acfoa.asn.au
The Sphere Projectwww.sphereproject.org
International Committee of the Red Crosswww.icrc.org
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
US Agency for Int’l Development/Office of Foreign Disaster Assistancewww.usaid.gov/ofda
European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO)www.europa.eu.int/comm/echo
Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program (AUSAID)www.ausaid.gov.au
QUESTIONS