Literature-is the art of written

works-came from the Latin

word “littera”-which literally mean

acquaintance with letters

Oral Literature-refers to oral

traditions, which include epics, ballads, legends and folktales, among others

The Medium of Literature

Ano sa tingin

niyo???

Kung ang iskultor ay gumagamit ng bato, kahoy o tanso, ang manunulat naman ay gumagamit ng _________.

Language!Lenggwahe

!Wika!

Kung walang language,

walang literature!!!

Literary Types or Genre

Poetry-is literature in metrical measure.-short story, essay, novel, drama-but it can also be free verse

Poetry can be:Narrative like The IliadLyric like I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

Dramatic like Romeo and Juliet

The Elements of Poetry

Connotation-refers to the emotional

meanings of words used in poems

Sound and Rhythm

Figurative Language-words used to mean

something other than what they ordinarily mean.

Imagery-pertains to mental

images the poet wants the readers to see.

Fiction-presents a narration of imaginative events in an imaginative character’s life, such as in novels and short stories

Elements of Fiction

Character-an imaginary person

represented in a work of fiction

Plot-sequence of events in a

narrative

Setting-refers to the time and

location of the actionTheme

-universal idea of the fundamental issue that is presented in fiction

Language and Style-refers to the words use

in the material and how the writer makes use of these words

Point of View-is the vantage point from

which the events, actions and characters are seen

Drama-intended for stage

performance by actors.-the playwright writes

dialogues for the actors or actresses

Elements of DramaPlot

-refers to sequence of events-exposition, inciting incident,

rising action, turning point, falling action and denouement or resolution

Character-imaginary person presented in a

drama

Conflict-the dispute or clash

between charactersDiscovery, Reversal, Dramatic Irony

-discovery carries out audience’s expectations, reversals give them surprises, dramatic irony builds up tension and suspense.

Language and Idea-language refers to the words

used and the ideas pertain to what he wants the audience to think about.

Essay-is an analytic or interpretive composition that deals with a single topic.

-is subjective in nature as it attempts to express the opinion of the writer about something.

Elements of Essay

Theme-pertains to the underlying idea of the essay

Style-is the way the writer expresses himself in his composition

Form and Structure-refers to the way parts of

the essay are arranged and connected to one another to achieve a desired effect.

Important Periods for Literature

Ancient Greek/ArchaicHomer became famous for The Iliad and The Odyssey.

The dominant literary expression was that of the verse sung to the music of lyre.

Hellenic AgeAeschylus wrote The Persians and Agamemnon.

Tragedy as a dramatic form reached its perfection.

HellenisticMenander wrote The Woman from Samos.

A genre called New Comedy was developed.

The New Comedy presented satirical scenes from middle- class life.

Roman Divided into three periods: First, Second and Third Literary Period.

Cicero wrote The Dream of Scipio.

Vergil wrote The Aeneid.Literary works are usually patriotic.

MedievalDante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy.

Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales.

Literary works mostly consisted of epic, ballad, romance and lyric.

RenaissanceMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra

wrote Don Quixote.William Shakespeare wrote

Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and Midsummer Night’s Dream.

There was a shift of emphasis from religion and salvation to disciplined living.

Age of Enlightenment/BaroqueJohn Milton wrote Paradise Lost.

Literature saw a transformation by the rule of reason, poetry having been the most affected.

RomanticWilliam Wordsworth wrote Daffodils.

Edgar Allan Poe wrote The Raven and Annabel Lee.

Victor Hugo wrote Les Miserables.

Literature during this period focused on the worth of the individual.

It valued feeling and intuition over reasoning.

RealismHenry James wrote The Portrait of a Lady.

Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Literary works were a faithful presentation of life.

ModernLeo Tolstoy wrote Anna Karenina.

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby.

Literary works showed a strongly realistic quality.

Asian LiteratureThe Chinese Classics: Book of

Changes, Book of History, Book of Rites, Book of Odes, Spring and Autumn Annals.

India: Ramayana and Mahabharata

Japan: Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters), Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan)

Philippine Literature

Spanish PeriodDoctrina Christian en lengua Española y Tagala.

Awit like Florante at Laura, Corrido like Ibong Adarna.

Moro- moro

Nationalistic PeriodNoli Me Tangere and El

Filibusterismo by Jose Rizal.

La SolidaridadPag- ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Andres Bonifacio.

American OccupationJose Garcia Villa-

Footnote to YouthZoilo Galang- Child of Sorrow

NVM Gonzales

Japanese OccupationMacario Pineda- Suyuan sa Tubigan

Liwayway Arceo- Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa

Alejandro Abadilla- Ako ang Daigdig

Pre- Spanish PeriodOral literature handed

down by the elders to the next generation.

Epics like Biag ni Lam- ang, Bantugan and Hudhud at Alim.

Contemporary PeriodF. Sionil Jose- WaywayaMaximo Ramos- Creatures of Midnight

Edith Tiempo- Lament for the Littlest Fellow

BOOM TAPOS NA!! XD