huns and turks-1000 bc.to.1000 ad

8/13/2019 Huns and Turks-1000 BC.to.1000 AD

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Illustration Index

Illustration 1: Huns 1000 !.....................................................5Illustration 2: Huns 210 !.......................................................5Illustration 3: "omponius #ela $ca. %0 A&'...............................(Illustration %: "tolem)*s Huns+E.Europian tri,es scheme..........(Illustration 5: HunsAt the ,e-innin- o e Era.......................Illustration (: )an,i a-anate 155+325 A&.............................

Illustration : E.T4rks* ana,asis 2(5 %(5 A&.........................

Illustration 6: 7est Huns 5th c. A&..........................................Illustration 9: 8uans+ushans+Hephtalitesca A& 500...............Illustration 10: ushan (th c. A&.............................................Illustration 11: okt4rk umile; ethnical lines (th c. A&.... .. ..Illustration 12: 7. okt4rk a-anate th c. A&.........................Illustration 13: ha not necessaril) limited to less educated> proponents o theHun*s non+T4rkic ori-in> is that the T4rks did not e?ist ,eore the (th c. A&> hen the) assem,led theiron state that as lar-el) con-ruous ith> and o;erlapped the state o the Huns. That ar-ument isreuted ,) the knon act that names e;ol;e and chan-e> and the same people in dierent periods areknon under dierent names: a -ood e?ample are the ) aka @omans> aka reeks> akaIonians> aka #acedonians> ho could not ha;e ,een possi,l) called ) their lan-ua-e is indisputa,l) reek> and their ethnolo-icaldistinctions are indisputa,l) reek> e;en so at the time hen the) ere called #acedonians. I in the

toda)*s nomenclature the lin-uistic amil) and the ethnos are called T4rkic> in other periods the) erecalled Hunnic> c)thian> Tatar> etc. #ore than that> the main ,od) o the T4rkic people consisted o Teletri,es> and the main ,od) o the Hun people consisted o i-ur tri,es> and it is a Buirk o the ate thatthe modern descendents o the Tele people are called T4rks> and not somethin- like Telen-uts>Tele-u Teleuts> and that the modern name o the Huns is not i-urs.

Another o,ser;ation a,out the Huns> T4rks> and c)thians is the ama hen literac) as limitedto the #iddle Eastern area o the inha,ited orld> e learn that the same people> called an-> let theirootprint in the space spannin- rom the #iddle Asia to the #iddle East. A millennium later> in the histo+rical period> e ha;e c)thians> ho rom their states in outh i,eria and Tu;a ;entured to esta,lishtheir states in the #iddle East and ."ontic> soon ater the a;e o the literac) reached the Car East. In

the later historical period> e ha;e Huns ho esta,lished their state co;erin- outh i,eria and Tu;a>reachin- rom the #iddle Asia to the Car East> and e;entuall) esta,lishin- a state in the Eastern and!entral Europe. A e centuries later> in the same place e see the T4rks> ho stretched their state romthe !entral Asia to the Eastern Europe. All these e?pansions> in addition to the temporal s)mmetr)>ha;e a common denominator: these people ere horse+mounted arriors> the) produced ;ast herds ohorses> the) ;alued trade opportunities> the) e?panded rom a steppe pasture area to a steppe pasturearea> and the) settled in suita,le areas.

Histor) let us traces o these e;ents. I the ethnon)m T4rk came ater a leader under that name>it happened man) centuries ,eore the name T4rk ,ecame an ethnon)m> and still more centuries ,eorethe name T4rk ,ecame a politon)m. The irst knon records o the T4rks are millenniums older then themodern notions o the lin-uistic amil) and the ethnos termed T4rkic. DIn the mid+irst centur) A& $i.e.>

,eore 50 A&'> Turkae DTurksD are mentioned there $li;in- in the orests north o the ea o A DEmpires o the ilk @oadD> p.115> .! DCrom eastto 7estD'> ".olden $1992> DIntroduction to the histor) o the Turkic peopleD'F. In the mid+irst centur) A&the ."ontic steppes ere occupied ,) armatians> the con-lomerate o the European tri,es ereheaded ,) armatians> ho ruled man) tri,es> and amon- these man) tri,es alread) ere the tri,es oTurkae DTurksD. The Turkae DTurksD Dare also mentioned in the atural Histor) o "lin) the Elder $i.e>,eore A&'> spelled T)rkae DT4rksD. !.eckith $2009> I,id'> p.115> &.inor $1990> D!am,rid-eHistor) o Earl) Inner AsiaD'> p. 265FD. These Gatin classical reerences to the T4rks are direct and o;ert>and should ,e amiliar to an) proponent o an) Eurasian ethnolin-uistic theor)> the) should ,e comple+mented ,) the topon)mic terms that are still mistreated as unknon pro;enance. In the #iddle Asia> atthe same !lassical AntiBue time are minted coins that use the ord DT4rkD as an adecti;al s)non)m othe ord DstateD A. #ukhamadie; $1995> DGin-uoethnohistor) o the Tatar people'F. Cor the same time
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"tolem) does not mention the ."ontic T4rks per se> ,ut instead places Huns and Ases in or around thepresent #oldo;a> places the Hunno+ul-arian patentl) T4rkic tri,e a;ars ri-ht in the ."ontic se;enri;ers area in the headaters o &on and e;er $a;ar' &onets> and places A-ath)rs around the !arpat+hian mountains conti-uous ith a;ars. These acts reute the ar-ument that the T4rks did not e?ist,eore the (th c. A&> e;en i the non+e?istence ar-ument as not otherise patentl) ault). These actsnot onl) do not contradict the other acts o the Huns> a,irs> Ases li;in- north o the literate Indians ornorth o the literate !hinese> the) demonstrate once a-ain that pastoral tri,es can split and o;ercome-reat distances to -ro their herds ith a reasona,le pro?imit) to the tradin- markets. The) also lead

us to ,etter understandin- h)> in dire times> the ,ulk o population mo;ed across ;ast distances to re+oin their kinolk> an eect o,ser;ed o;er and o;er a-ain or an) historicall) documented catacl)sm inthe lie o the pastoral T4rks. nlike the sedentar) T4rks> the pastoral T4rks melt aa) in unknondirection> onl) to reappear a-ain in a ne location aa) rom rom the dan-er. E?amples are plethora:Tochars+Ases mo;in- aa) rom the Huns> Huns mo;in- aa) rom the #on-ols and !hinese> T4rksmo;in- aa) rom the i-urs and !hinese> i-urs mo;in- aa) rom the ir-i and soon> all that in addition to the all instances that escaped a record o histor).

ima ian stated> on the e;idence o the precedin- !hinese records $am,oo Annals'> that theJion-nu*s rulin- clan ere descendants o !hunei $D!hun tri,es> another orm o codin- the ordHun'> possi,l) a son o 8ie> the inal ruler o the le-endar) Jia &)nast) $ca. 200+1(00 !'. 5F ut thearri;al o the pastoral nomads en-a-ed in horse hus,andr) in the East Asian steppes is dated to no

earlier that the 12th c. !. The oldest phoneti in Lhou period $10%5M25( !' the) ere called H)an+)un> startin- rom the in period$ 221+20( !' the !hinese annalists called them ith a derisi;e Hunnu $!h. Jion-nu> Dmalicious sla;eD'>as as stated ,) ima ian. (FF That the D+)ui/+)un/+unD portion as a tri,al name compo+nent is areBuent reerence in the !hinese annals> a most knon and direct e?ample as illustrated ,) 7an-#an-*s chan-e in the 15 !E o the Hun*s state seal le-end Drom Dnon+semanticall) meanin-ulDhiero-l)ph DshanD ith identicall) soundin- hiero-l)ph DshanD meanin- Dkind> -oodD. Ater thechan-e o the hiero-l)ph> the title $ han)u' assumed a meanin- Dind KuiD or Dood KuiD .D 6F $romJion-nu !han)u Ji/Hunnu !han)u eal to Jin Hun-nu !han)u Lhan-/e Hunnu ood Ku ad-eNanother chan-e as rom OerociousO to OrespectulO N an) rendition that does not displa) these chan-es

is non+authentic translation rom !lassic?al !hinese to modern !hinese' D7an- uoei... came to aconclusion that the tri,al names ound in the sources> uian> Hun+i> 4n+)ui $H4n+)ui'> )an+)un $H)an+)un'> 8un $8un-'> &i> and Hu desi-nated one and the same people> hich later entered histor) under aname 4nnu $Hunnu'D 9F

eore the ad;ent o the Imperial period in the !hinese histor)> the relations ,eteen nomadicpastoralists and settled a-riculturists ere Buite amica,le. ima ian recorded that in (3( !E> D#u+-)un> a "rince o the 8in principalit)> enticed Kuiui tri,e> and ei-ht possessions o the 7estern 8uns tosu,mit ;oluntar) to the House o 8in: or this reason rom the Gun estard ere located -enerationsun+chu $Hun tri,es'> uan+8un- $uan Huns'> &i+an $&i tri,es> apparentl) a reduced iniied orm oTele'> rom the i and G)an mountains> rom the ri;ers in+shui and i+shui to the north ere located8un-s o the -enerations Ikui $To is'> &ali $reat Gi'> ch+) $Three tri,es> apparentl) arluks'> and ui

)an $ui tri,e'N rom the 8in principalit) to the north ere located 8un-s o the -enerations Ginhu andGeuanN rom the Kan principalit) to the north ere located -enerations &un+Hu $#on-ols' and han+8un$#ountain Huns'. All these -enerations li;ed dispersed in the mountain ;alle)s> had their on so;erei-nand elders> reBuentl) -athered in a lar-e num,er o clans> ,ut could not unite.D 10F11F The alliancesere reinorced ,) mutual matrimonial unions that produced hal+,reed osprin-s> and ere ,eneicialto the principalities> as the) -ained instantaneous reinorcement ,) the ca;alr) troops.

The record o (3( ! si-niied a milestone in the T4rkic+!hinese relationsN the pre;ious s)m,ioticrelations are alluded to in the annals> ,ut are not speciic. Crom the (3( ! on> the process o mutuallin-uistic enrichment lasted until ell into the #odern A-e. A num,er o philolo-ical orks addressed thsu,ect> a most prominent o hich as the cardinal ork o #.8.Hashimoto DAltaici hich ,rou-ht a solid oundation under man) prior o,ser;ations.


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nder the name &i> the Tele tri,es appeared on the pa-es o histor) in the 6th c. ! in theterritor) o the a state> and rom that time on the) are acti;e participants in the !hinese histor)>numerous times culminatin- in their on ri-ht as creators o their on states in the territor) o themodern !hina: !hen- Han $303+3%'> Cormer in $351+39%'> Gater Gian- $36(+%03'> i,ir $(05+(10'>e)anto $(31+(%(' a-anatesN and imak $%3+1050' a-anate in the #iddle Asia outside o !hinesed)nastic pur;ieN as decisi;e orce in the ates o man) !hinese and Hunnish/T4rkic/i-ur T4rkic states>and a main participant in the #iddle A-e Eastern European ipchak state $10(0+1230' and #on-ol

Empire. In the !hinese annalistic records> the Tele tri,es appear as a poerul orce used as mercenarieor allies or centuries> in;aria,l) re+appearin- ater an) calamit) under a sle o dierent names ,eoreand ater codiication o the !hinese annalistic script> and in;a+ria,l) ith their distinct nomadic culture.The a and hu de;eloped their on ritin- s)stems> one picto-raphic and to possi,l) phoneticscripts> still undeciphered. The ancient histor) o the Tele ended ith their inclusion in Hun state> hendirect reerences to them appeared onl) in the descriptions o the conlicts ,eteen the Tele and Huns.

!hinese chronicles carr) numerous statements on the lin-uistic and ethnolo-ical closeness oridentit) o the man) Hunnic tri,es. Amon- them are direct statements:

+ 7eishu $102: 22(6' and eishi $9: 3219+3220' sa) that the customs and lan-ua-e o DKue,anJion-nu ere the same ith the aoche $P !hile> Tiele Q Tele Turkic conederationN Kue,an Q Deak

Huns> i.e. a lesser splinter o Hun massi;e'.

+ eishi $96: 320+321' -i;es the ancestr) le-end o the the aoche hich link them ith theJion-nu .

++ Lhoushu $50: 90' and eishi $99: 3265' state that the Tuue $T4rks> Rk T4rks' ere a separate,ranch o the Jion-nu $Huns'.

+ uishu $6%: 169' states that the ancestors o Tiele $P !hile> Tiele> Tele' ere descendents o Jion-nu$Huns'.

+ Jin Tan-shu $21: (111' sa)s that the ancestors o Huihe $iSurs' are the Jion-nu $Huns'.

All Turkic scholars kno the ,asics> are acBuainted ith A,u+l a and kno the Huns as their ancestors. The list o the past non+Turkic eminent scholars hoacknoled-e that the Huns ere Turkic co;ers the hole alpha,et: Altheim> a ernshtam>!ha;annes> !lauson> de ui-nes> E,erhard> Cranke> rousset> umile;> Haussi-> Hirth> Hoorth>laproth> rouse> Gin an> Gouer> #arBuart> #a Lhanshan> #co;ern> emeth> "arker> "elliot> "ricak$"ritsak'> @adlo> @emusat> @ou?> amolin> i-urs> Tele> andtheir man) kins spoke T4rkicN that phrase as uttered in 311 A&> centuries ,eore the tri,e called T4rk-ained u,iBuitous ame> ,eore the Huns -ained omnipresent ame in Europe> and millennia ,eore the;er) concept o the T4rkic lan-ua-es had ormed. =ne must tr) hard to ,e an o;erl) Bualiied philolo-ist

ith ma-ical sli-ht o hands to su,teru-e the o,;ious:

!hinese En-lishTranscription

!)rillicTranscription

#odern T4rkic T4rkic in!)rillic

Translation UVUWXY

4Z) tili-an>"u-u*B4itudan/tudar

[\]^_`__b>b*fg\`Y/`YV

4Z) dile-an>"u-u*)u tutar

[\]^_Y_Ub>b*\ `V

Arm) head*dtake o>7ould capture"u-u

VjUUfXYU`>W`_`b


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ot onl) all the ords ha;e T4rkic roots> ,ut the a--lutinati;e -rammar is the same too> +Z)>+-)u/)u> +-an> +dan are all listed in the #.ash-ari dictionar) ith the same unction. The last consonantin the phrase could ,e ,oth +n> and +r transcri,ed in !hinese as +nN the modern =-u< conditional ai? +)uas supposed to sound +-)u in =-ur. The !hinese chroniclers should ,e -i;en ample credit or accurac)o the phonetical rendition> the T4rkic lan-ua-e must ,e -i;en credit or sta,ilit) o the a--lutinati;elan-ua-e> so ininitel) contrastin- ith the le?i;e En-lish or "ersian. The pro,a,ilit) that a random 2%+phoneme phrase in one lan-ua-e ould match e?actl)> phoneticall) and semanticall)> a 2%+phonemephrase in unrelated lan-ua-e can ,e calculated ,) an) hi-h school -raduate> and it ould reBuire

printed 9*s to ill e;er) scrap o paper on this Earth.

The Eastern and 7estern Huns ,elon-ed to the =-ur lin-uistic amil)> toda) it is modestl) calledarluk -roup. In the AntiBue "eriod> the =-ur amil) as much more ;isi,le then the =-u< amil)> due totheir pro?imit) to the literate southern populations. Crom the ethnon)ms and recorded relicts o thelan-ua-e> the =-ur -roup included> in addition to the Huns> the Tochars> an-ars> i-urs> arluks>ul-ars> ha a,irs> A-ath)rs> A;ars> and tentati;el) e;er) other ethnicall) distinct population thatends its name on +ar/+er/+ir/+ur. !on;ersel)> the =-u< amil) should include the tri,es ith the ethnon)mendin- on +a carr)in- titles and ethnon)ms e?pressed in the =-ur ;ernacular> Huchi and !huki>and Ichits)> and 8icho> and !hilur> and Cuchulei> and Kuechies> and Kun+!hun> and in the name o theie Kanch)> Da,tiD> that relects the T4rkic/i-ur term or a ie> DattiD. i-urs> ho ,elon-ed to the Teltri,es> ere o the =-ur -roup> or us that at irst si-ni) that the Tele tri,es ere not necessaril) all=-u and secondl) that o all the Tele tri,es the =-ur Huns sin-led out the Tele =-ur tri,e o i-ursor a matrimonial union. The T4rks> and other =-u< tri,es> in the 2nd c. ! remain outside o the =-urpoer structure> to the detriment o the =-ur tri,es. 7hen the !hinese polic) o corruptin- and di;idin-their most poerul ad;ersar) ,ore ruit> the =-u< Tele tri,es rose in re;olt> and completed the demiseo the Huns* dominance. 7ith the poer structure o the Hun*s state se;erel) inured> the Hun tri,es and

the tri,es closel) associated ith Huns ,ecame luidi and loed to saet). A small part o the Hunsoined their ,rethren ho kept occup)in- the parts o the Huns historical domains anne?ed ,) !hina>these Hun tri,es continued their autonomous e?istence under dominion o !hina> and the) remained apoerul ma-net or ;arious Hunnic tri,es durin- discord times in the olloin- millennia. A ;er) si-nii+cant part> num,erin- hal a million population> oined their )an,i #on-olic ad;ersaries> chan-in- theiralle-iance> ,ut -enerall) remainin- intact in their pre;ious areas. Another si-niicant part leapro--edtheir northern Tele oes> and esta,lished a ne domain in the estern #iddle Asia> e?tendin- rom the.!aucasus to alkhash. The initial Gate AntiBue Huns* domains included the tri,es o ul-ars> u;ars$a;ars'> E and an-ars. 7ith time the no 7estern Hun conederation included Alans> A-ath)rs>c)thians> armatians> ."ontic T4rks> European Huns> Ases> a part o the ermanic tri,es> and -rian#a-)ars. part o the altic tri,es as destined to ,ecome la;ic tri,es> rom the Turkic Os4l4O +OspeakO. 7hen applied to the name o the la;ic peoples> the term shos that in the ,e-innin- it as


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e?oethnon)m or those alts $and pro,a,l) not onl) alts' ho ere alto+Turkic ,ilin-ual> and su,se+Buentl) it ,ecame their on non+dierentiated ethnon)m> hich coe?isted ith the prior ethnon)ms>and hich su,seBuentl) di;ided a-ain into separate historical and ne ethnon)ms $s4l4 Dslo;oD QDord> speakD la;> lo;ak> lo;ene> etc.'.

The Asian T4rks> ho ere a separate ,ranch o the Eastern Huns> ,ecame prominent mem,erso the )an,i conederation> 155+235 A&. The T4rks* kinolks> Ta,-aches $!h. To,a'> ,ecame a rulin-tri,e in the )an,i conederation. In 2(5 the T4rks e;acuated rom =tuken and =rdos to Hesi> and in %(5

the) e;acuated rom the Hesi to the Altai mountains. &urin- the dominance o the 8uan Eastern Huna-anate> %(0+5%5> the Asian T4rks and other =-u< tri,es ere in;oluntar) mem,ers o the 8uan a-a+nate. In 552> the Asian T4rks replaced 8uan Huns rom the dominatin- position> and took o;er the leadership o the a-anate> no knon as the T4rkic a-anate> and Buickl) e?panded its control o;er thehole o the !entral and #iddle Asia> a,sor,in- the !aucasian Huns and ."ontic ul-ars. Thus theT4rk*s Dseparate ,ranchD o the Huns restored the Hun*s state o #ode> and e;en e?tended its ,ounda+ries. Gin-uisticall)> the tri,es o the T4rks ,elon-ed to the =-u< amil) o the T4rkic lin-uistic tree> hichas directl) documented in the epitaphs ritten in the o-dian and T4rkic runiorm scripts.

Illustration 1: Huns 1000 ! Illustration 2: Huns 210 !


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Illustration 3: "omponius #ela $ca. %0 A&'

Illustration %: "tolem)*s Huns+E.Europian tri,es scheme


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Illustration 5: HunsAt the ,e-innin- o e Era

Illustration (: )an,i a-anate 155+325 A& Illustration : E.T4rks* ana,asis 2(5 %(5 A&


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Illustration 6: 7est Huns 5th c. A& Illustration 9: 8uans+ushans+Hephtalitesca A& 500

Illustration 10: ushan (th c. A& Illustration 11: okt4rk umile; ethnical lines (th c. A&


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=ther reerences

.ichurin Hunnu> =ihors> etc.Taskin Eastern Huns 3 c. ! + 2 c. A&.Taskin Eastern Huns 3 c. A& + 5 c. A&.Taskin i)an Huns 3 c. A& + 5 c. A&

Ku.Lue; Ethnic Histor) o sunsKu.Lue; Earl) T4rks: Essa)s o histor)

Ku.Lue; The tron-est Tri,e + E

huns and turks-1000 bc.to.1000 ad

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