huntsman metalworking brochure - renumbered library/a... · amines for the metalworking industry 6...
TRANSCRIPT
Performance Products
Metalworking ChemicalsProduct Information
Table of Contents Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Huntsman Capabilities
Huntsman Products
Amines for the Metalworking Industry . . . . . . . . . .4
Comparison of Important Properties
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Bis-(hydroxyethyl) methyl amine (BHEMA)
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine
XTA-771
Ethanolamines
Other Amines
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry . . . . . .29
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Alcohol Alkoxylates
EO/PO Block Copolymers
Alcohol Ethoxylates
Fatty Acid and Castor Oil Ethoxylates
Phosphate Esters
Formulated Emulsifiers
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry . . .45
Alkylate H-230L
JEFFOX® WL-series Functional Fluids
Glycols
Regional Product Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
1
Huntsman Metalworking Chemicals
DEHSCOFIX®, DGA®, DIGLYCOLAMINE®, EMPICOL®, EMPILAN®, EMPIPHOS®, JEFFAMINE®, JEFFOX®,LAUREX®, POGOL®, SURFOL®, SURFONAMINE®, and SURFONIC® are registered trademarks ofHuntsman Corporation or an affiliate thereof in one or more, but not all, countries.
DMDGA™ is a trademark of Huntsman Corporation of an affiliate thereof in one or more, but not all, countries.
CORFREE® is a trademark of Invista North America.
TEFLON® is a trademark of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company.
VITON® is a trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC.
Huntsman CapabilitiesHuntsman is committed to producing a broad range of
the highest quality amines, surfactants and related
chemicals for the metalworking industry, and is the
logical choice to be your key supplier for the formulation
of your metalworking fluids.
Huntsman is an integrated supplier, producing not only
the finished amines and surfactants but many of the
basic raw materials used to manufacture those products.
Huntsman is a global supplier, manufacturing
products for the metalworking industry in the United
States, Australia, and multiple European countries.
Our skilled and knowledgeable sales force markets
our products worldwide, assisted by an extensive
distributor network.
Huntsman is an innovative supplier. With the support
of state of the art research, development and pilot
facilities we will work closely with you to help
formulate products that meet your exacting needs.
Huntsman ProductsHuntsman manufactures a broad range of amines,
surfactants, and related products essential in
formulating metalworking fluids. Table 1.1 lists
primary application areas for each of the product
types. Similar tables including trademarked product
names by region can be found in Section 5.
Introduction
2
SECTION 1
3
Introduction
Table 1.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry
Product
Primary Amines
Tertiary Amines
Polyetheramines
Linear Alcohols
Alcohol Ethoxylates
Alcohol Alkoxylates
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Fatty Acid Ethoxylates
Castor Oil Ethoxylates
EO/PO Block and Reverse Block Copolymers
Phosphate Esters
Sodium Isethionate
Functional Fluids
Glycols
Glycol Ethers
Alk
alin
ity C
ont
rol
Co
rro
sio
n In
hib
itors
Em
ulsi
fiers
Lub
rici
ty A
dd
itive
s
Co
uplin
g A
gen
ts
Ant
i-F
oam
ants
Met
al C
lean
ing
Aid
s
Har
d W
ater
To
lera
nce
Aid
s
Ant
i-m
ist
Ad
diti
ves
Inte
rmed
iate
s
Huntsman is a major integrated supplier of amines,
many of which have application in the metalworking
industry. We have developed and continue to support
our amine process technologies in fully equipped
laboratories and pilot facilities in the United States
and Europe. This section demonstrates our ongoing
commitment to our amine customers in the
metalworking industry.
Included in Section 2 is information on various
amines commonly used in the metalworking industry.
The first part of this section contains comparison
data for these amines while the last part of this
section individually discusses several Huntsman
amines used in the metalworking industry. These
products include DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent, bis-
(hydroxyethyl) methyl amine (BHEMA), SURFON-
AMINE® MW-781 amine, triethanolamine (TEA),
diethanolamine (DEA), and others.
Comparison of Important Properties
A list of amines commonly used in metalworking is
given in Table 2.1, with Huntsman product offerings
highlighted. Table 2.2 further discusses commonly
used amines in metalworking, listing the CAS
numbers, as well as regulatory information.
Volatility is an important consideration in metalworking
applications where misting is a concern. Data
included in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.1 illustrate the low
volatility of Huntsman products, such as
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent, monoethanolamine (MEA),
DEA, TEA and BHEMA, relative to other amines
commonly used in metalworking applications.
Cobalt leaching is another important factor in
metalworking. A comparison of cobalt leaching by
commonly used metalworking amines is plotted in
Figure 2.2.
The pH measurements on solutions of various amines at
several different concentrations in water are given in Table
2.4. These data are indicative of the relative efficiency of
the amines as alkalinity control agents. Generally,
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is less alkaline than MEA and
MIPA. It is somewhat more alkaline than either DEA or
DIPA (diispropanolamine).
Titration curves are presented for several of the more
common metalworking amines with some of the more
common metalworking acids in Figures 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5.
Boric acid is a well-known component of metalworking
fluids, which imparts both corrosion resistance and
enhanced biostability. Both salts and condensates of
boric acid with a variety of amines have been employed.
Data in the literature suggest that the boric acid adduct of
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is quite effective in maintaining
pH and resisting biodegradation (Table 2.5).
Published information (Table 2.6) comparing the tendency
to form N-nitrosoamines in prototype synthetic and semi-
synthetic cutting fluids shows a pronounced tendency to
form these carcinogenic materials from secondary amines
like DEA and diisopropanolamine (DIPA). Primary amines,
like DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent, do not show this tendency.
Another important aspect in metalworking is corrosion.
Aluminum staining/corrosion data is compared in Tables
2.7, 2.8, and 2.9. Figure 2.6 compares magnesium
staining by various amines.
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
4
SECTION 2
5
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.1 - Amines for Metalworking
Physical Properties DGA® Agent MEA AMP MIPA DEA DIPA TEA BHEMA APM
Amine Type Primary Primary Primary Primary Secondary* Secondary* Tertiary Tertiary Prim/Tert
Appearance Clear and free of suspended material
Color, Pt-Co <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15
Equivalent Weight 105 61 94 75 105 133 149 119 144**
pKa, 20°C 9.45 10.03 9.82 9.40 8.88 8.70 7.76 8.59 10.04
pH, 5% aqueous solution 11.30 11.56 11.46 11.40 10.98 10.84 10.38 10.79 11.59
Boiling Point, °C, 760 mmHg 223 171 165 158 268 246 340 247 224
Vapor Pressure, 20°C, mmHg 0.004 0.4 0.7 0.6 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <1
Freezing Point, °C -12.5 10 30 (dry) 25 28 44 21 -21 <-45
Flash Point, °C 124 95 78 71 149 260 202 126 86
Viscosity, cSt, 30°C 20 18.9 90 23 352 870 429 56
Environmental, Health &Safety Concerns
Dermal LD50, mg/kg >3000 1025 >2000 1600 >3000 >3000
Oral LD50, mg/kg 2560 2100 2900 2700 1410 >2000
Acute Fish LC50, mg/l 460 >500 331 220-460 0.1 >450
Acute Daphnia EC50, mg/l 190 >100 193 108 55 1530
Acute Algae IC50, mg/l 160 7.5–75 520 23 >10 169
Mutagenic No No No No (*) (*) No No
Dermal Sensitizer No No No No No No No No
WGK Classification 1 1 — 1 1 1 1 1
* Secondary amines prone to N-nitrosamine formation**Equivalent weight is for primary amine function only
Data sources: Huntsman, literatureHuntsman products in bold type.
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
6
SECTION 2
Table 2.2 - Common Amine Components of Metalworking Fluid Formulations
European U.S. DOT Packing ExposureCAS# Classification Classification Group Limits Authority
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol 929-06-6 Corrosive Corrosive III None —
MIPA Isopropanolamine 78-96-6 Corrosive Corrosive II None —
AMP amino methyl propanol alternative 124-68-5 Irritant None — None —
BHEMA Bis-(hydroxyethyl)methylamine 105-59-9 Irritant None — None —
TEA Triethanolamine 102-71-6 None None — 5 mg/m3 TWA ACGIH TLV
DEA Diethanolamine 111-42-2 Irritant None — 15 mg/m3 TWA ACGIH TLV
MEA Monoethanolamine 141-43-5 Harmful Corrosive III 6 mg/m3 TWA OSHA PEL
7
Table 2.3 - Relative Volatility of Selected Amines Used in Metalworking
Vapor Pressure, mmHg Boiling Point,°C, Flash Point,20°C 100°C 150°C 760 mmHg °C
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent 0.004 5.5 68.5 223 124
MEA 0.2 48.2 387 171 95
MIPA 0.5 79.8 560 158 71
AMP 0.7 59 457 165 —
Am
ine in V
apor
Phase
(W
t%)
Figure 2.1 - Volatility of Some Common Metalworking Amine Solutions*
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
*Plots correspond to a 10 wt% aqueous amine sample and were constructed using data obtained in vapor-liquid equilibrium determinations.
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
8
SECTION 2
Figure 2.2 - Cobalt Leaching by Commonly Used Metalworking Amines*
*Samples are 1 wt% aqueous solutions of amine containing 1500 ppm cobalt powder. The pH of each solution is adjusted to the desired pH level with aceticacid. Dissolved cobalt is measured after 21 days.
9
Table 2.4 - pH of Metalworking Amines as a Function of Concentration at 25°C1
Amine Concentrate (wt%) 5 10 15 20
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol 11.30 11.57 11.74 11.86
MEA Monoethanolamine 11.56 11.79 11.94 12.03
JEFFAMINE®
D-400 Polyetheramine 11.00 11.19 11.27 11.35
AMP amino methyl propanol alternative 11.40 11.69 11.84 11.95
MIPA Monoisopropanolamine 11.40 11.66 11.81 11.95
DEA Diethanolamine 10.98 11.18 11.31 11.38
DIPA Diisopropanolamine 10.84 10.90 10.97 11.02
TEA Triethanolamine 10.38 10.61 10.73 10.80
BHEMA Bis-(hydroxyethyl)methylamine 10.79 10.97 11.07 11.13
DMDGATM AminoalcoholN,N-dimethyl-2-(2-aminoethoxy)-ethanol 11.12 11.87 11.47 11.58
APM Aminopropylmorpholine 11.59 11.87 12.05 12.23
1 pH data was determined using a pre-calibrated Beckman 12pH Meter and Cole Parmer sealed combination electrode with a silver/silver chloride referenceelectrode. Solutions were allowed to equilibrate 10 minutes prior to measurement.
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
10
SECTION 2
Figure 2.3 - Titration Curves of Various Metalworking Amines with Decanoic Acid
Figure 2.4 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines with Isononaoic Acid
11
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
mL of 5% amine solution
Figure 2.5 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines with CORFREE® M1 Corrosion Inhibitor
Table 2.5 - pH Stability of Boric Acid Derivative of Aminoalcohols1
pHInitial 6 days 12 days 18 days 30 days % Change
Adduct with DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent Odor 10.20 10.18 10.08 10.05 10.01 -1.9none none none none none
Adduct with MEA Odor 10.0 9.98 9.80 9.70 9.60 -10.0none none none weak weak
Adduct with DEA Odor 10.41 10.36 10.21 10.07 9.99 -4.0none none none none none
Adduct with TEA Odor 10.10 10.08 10.05 10.02 9.80 -2.2none none none none none
1 “Antimicrobial Properties of the Products from the Reaction of Various Aminoalcohols and Boric Anhydride”S. Wantanabe, T. Fujita, M. Sakamoto, and W. Aono
Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 19 (1988), pp 191-195
12
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.6 - Nitrosoamine Formation in Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Cutting Fluids
Semi-synthetic Cutting Fluid1 ppb Nitrosoamine
Secondary AmineDEA 336Diisopropanol Amine 414
Primary AmineMEA 14Monoisopropanol Amine 18DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent 24
Tertiary AmineTEA 113
Control 9
Synthetic Cutting Fluid2 ppb Nitrosoamine
Secondary AmineDEA 609,000
Primary AmineMEA None detectedDIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent None detected
1 Conditions: 5% emulsion, 50 ppm Na nitrite, 60°C, 1 week Reference: J. Hübner in T + S Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik, 3, 1996
2 Literature: R.N. Loeppky, T.J. Hansen, and L.K. Keefter, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 21, 607-613, 1993Nitrite-free cutting fluid after exposure to nitric oxide in air for three hours
Table 2.7 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion Summary of Results
• Aluminum staining/corrosion is pH dependent• Aluminum staining/corrosion is also dependent on the presence of other common additives (such as fatty acids)• Tests run at pH=8.8 suggest that DGA® Agent may provide an advantage over other amines• Solutions of TEA showed much more significant staining/corrosion than any other amines tested• Test time was 24 hours at ambient temperature• Corrosion documented by weighing the test coupons before and after the test; dissolved Al in solution measured by ICP
13
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.8 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion
Dissolved Al (ppm)Amine* Al 7075 Al 6061 Al 2024 Al 390
DGA® Agent 5 5.5 7.6 9
AMP 9 7.9 12 11.5
TEA 155 195 235 215
XTA-771 11 9.3 14 14
BHEMA 7.2 4.8 8.6 9
DEA 7.9 9.3 10 11
MEA — — — 10
Blank <1 <1 <1 <1
* 2.5 weight % aqueous solution of amine; pH adjusted with acetic acid
14
Table 2.9 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion with Fatty Acid
Amine Dissolved Al (ppm)Isononanoic acid salt* Al 7075 Al 6061 Al 2024 Al 390
DGA® Agent 2.6 3.4 5 3.9
AMP 3.6 3.4 3.7 2.2
TEA 10 30 3.7 2.2
XTA-771 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.2
BHEMA 2.2 3.0 <1 <1
DEA 2.5 <1 1.2 <1
MEA 1.9 <1 2.6 <1
Blank 4.1 <1 6.7 6.0
* 2.5 weight % aqueous solution of salt (1:1); pH adjusted with KOH
Figure 2.6 - Effect of Amines on Magnesium % Wt Loss From Coupons
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
15
Table 2.10 - Features and Benefits of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent in Metalworking
Features Benefits
• Primary Amine • DEA free• Isomeric with DEA • Reacts readily with acids to form amides and salts• Inventory listed (TSCA, EINECS, MITI, DSL, AICS) • Stoichiometrically equivalent to DEA• Used commercially in U.S. and Europe as DEA replacement • Readily available globally• Huntsman manufactures in U.S. and Europe • Minimal disposal problems• Low toxicity profile • Reduced volatility and respiratory concerns; Good cold weather handling • Non-mutagenic • Similar to DEA in providing buffering capacity• Non-dermal sensitizer • Amides provide lubricity, emulsification, hard water stability• Lower volatility, higher boiling and flash points than other DEA substitutes• Lower freezing points than other DEA substitutes• Provides buffering and corrosion protection• Lime-tolerant• Readily forms amides
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is an essentially colorless,
slightly viscous liquid. The product is a non-volatile
primary amine with a low tendency to leach cobalt,
aluminum, or copper. Features and benefits of DGA®
Agent are listed in Table 2.10.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent has an excellent toxicity
profile as summarized in Table 2.11. Numerous physical
properties of DGA® Agent are listed in Table 2.12.
Table 2.13 lists the countries with DIGLYCOLAMINE®
Agent registrations. Table 2.14 lists TSCA registrations
for amides and salts of DGA® Agent.
A comparison of hard water tolerance of salts of
neodecanoic acid with either DGA® agent or DEA is
presented in Table 2.15.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
16
Table 2.11 - DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent Toxicity Profile
Mammalian Toxicity
Oral LD50 2.56 g/kg in rats; considered slightly toxic by ingestion (1991).
Dermal LD50 Greater than 3.0 g/kg in rabbits; considered practically non-toxic by dermal absorption (1990).
Dermal Irritation Draize dermal irritation score in rabbits is 8.0 of 8.0; considered to be a dermal corrosive (1992).
Ocular Irritation Due to dermal corrosivity, an ocular irritation study is considered to be inappropriate and has not been performed. Draizeocular irritation score (rabbit) is estimated to be 50 to 80/100; considered to be severely irritating/corrosive to the eyes.
Dermal Sensitization Not a sensitizer in guinea pigs when induced and challenged at 105 using the Beuhler study protocol (1991).
Genetic Toxicity
Ames Assay Negative with and without metabolic activation in a plate incorporation assay, using concentrations up to 10,000 ug/plate inSalmonella tester strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 (1982).
UDS Assay Negative at culture concentrations up to 1% in DMSO. This concentration was the maximum non-cytotoxic dosage under thetest protocol (1982).
Cell Transformation Test Negative at culture concentration up to 1563 nl/ml. This concentration was the maximum non-cytotoxic dosage under the testprotocol (1982).
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
17
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.12 - Physical Properties of DIGYCOLAMINE® Agent
Boiling point, °C , 760 mmHg 221
Critical constants*Critical temperature, °C 401.40Critical pressure, psi 42.98Critical density, g/cc 0.322
Density, g/ml60°F 1.058577°F 1.0508
Flash point, °F, PMCC 255
Freezing point, °C -12.5
Heat of vaporization, 760 mmHg, Btu/lb 219.14
Ionization constant, 25°C, KD 3.6 x 10-5
Refractive index, nD, 20°C 1.4598
Specific gravity, 20/20°C 1.0560
Specific heat of liquid, Btu/lb/°F60°F 0.571180°F 0.623
Thermal conductivity, 68°F, Btu/hr, sq ft, °F/ft 0.121
Vapor pressure, 68°F, mmHg 0.004*
Viscosity, 60°F, cp 40
Weight, 60°F, lb/gal 8.8
* calculated
Table 2.13 - DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent Registrations
Country Inventory CAS#
United States TSCA 929-06-6Europe EINECS 213-195-5Canada DSL 929-06-6Australia AICS 929-06-6Japan MITI (2)-3202Korea ECL 2-709
18
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.14 - DIGLYCOLAMINE® Amide and Salt Registrations
Inventory PMN# Amides CAS#
TSCA 99-350 DGA® Amide of Neodecanoic acid 212335-62-1
TSCA 99-351 DGA® Amide of Coco Fatty acid 212335-59-6
TSCA 99-352 DGA® Amide of Dodecanoic acid 20138-28-7
TSCA 99-353 DGA® Amide of Decanoic acid 158948-13-1
TSCA 99-358 DGA® Amide of Castor-oil Fatty acid 212335-58-5
Testing Required 99-354 DGA® Amide of Tall Oil Fatty acid 213702-37-5
Testing Required 99-355 DGA® Amide of Octadecanoic acid 32425-87-9
Testing Required 99-356 DGA® Amide of Isooctadecanoic acid 212335-61-0
Testing Required 99-357 DGA® Amide of Soya Fatty acid 212335-57-4
Salts
TSCA 99-544 DGA® Salt of Tall Oil Fatty acid 216593-48-5
TSCA 99-545 DGA® Salt of Octadecanoic acid 216583-60-7
TSCA 99-546 DGA® Salt of Isooctadecanoic acid 216583-91-4
TSCA 99-547 DGA® Salt of Soya Fatty acid 216593-49-6
TSCA 99-548 DGA® Salt of Castor-oil Fatty acid 216593-54-3
TSCA 99-583 DGA® Salt of Coco Fatty acid 216593-55-4
TSCA 99-584 DGA® Salt of Dodecanoic acid 78543-39-2
TSCA 99-585 DGA® Salt of Neodecanoic acid 216853-95-8
TSCA 99-586 DGA® Salt of Decanoic acid 216583-94-7
TSCA 99-587 DGA® Salt of Nonanoic acid 216583-66-3
TSCA 99-588 DGA® Salt of Boric acid 124756-59-8
TSCA 01-308 DGA® Salt of Dodecanedioic acid 292601-80-0
TSCA 01-309 DGA® Salt of Undecanedioic acid 292601-81-1
TSCA 01-310 DGA® Salt of Decanedioic acid 292601-82-2
TSCA 01-307 DGA® Salt of CORFREE® M1 inhibitor 292849-36-6
TSCA 01-311 DGA® Salt of 3,5,5-Trimethyl-hexanoic acid 292601-83-3
19
Table 2.15 - Hard Water Tolerance of Neodecanoic Acid Salts of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent vs. DEA
Hardness, ppm0 114 342 1000
Temperature, 25°CDIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent C C C CDEA C C SH SH
Temperature, 60°CDIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent C C C CDEA C SH SH SH
Notes: Salts used at 1% levelAcid type influences hard water toleranceC = ClearSH = Slight Haze
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
20
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Data comparing the physical properties of DGA®
Agent and another commonly used metalworking
amine are given in Table 2.16. Both products are
relatively strong amines with about the same
equivalent weight. The boiling point, flash point, and
vapor pressure of DGA® Agent indicate DGA® Agent
is a less volatile amine. This could be an important
factor where misting and odor are concerns. Both
amines have similar toxicity profiles.
Table 2.16 - DGA® Agent Physical Properties
Physical Properties DGA® Agent AMP
Amine type Primary Primary
Equivalent weight 105 93.7
Boiling point, °C, 760 mmHg 223 165
Vapor Pressure, 20°C, mmHg 0.004 0.08
Freezing Point, °C -12.5 -2
Viscosity, cSt, 10°C 63 56125°C 27 147
pH, 5% aqueous solution 11.3 11.4
Flash point, °C 124 78
Environmental, Health, and Safety
Dermal LD50, mg/kg >3000 >2000
Oral LD50, mg/kg 2560 2900
Acute fish LC50, mg/l 460 331
Acute daphnia EC50, mg/l 190 193
Acute algae IC50, mg/l 160 520
Mutagenic No No
Dermal Sensitizer No No
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
21
Because AMP is a slightly stronger amine than DGA®
Agent, it gives a directionally higher pH in solution
(Table 2.17). When these amines are used to provide
reserve alkalinity (buffering), we recommend the
inclusion of a weaker amine like TEA (Triethanolamine).
Reserve alkalinity is a function of the amount of amine
present. With strong amines, less amine is required to
reach a given pH target, hence reducing the amount
available for buffering. Inclusion of TEA will increase
the amount of amine present without appreciably
increasing the pH. The effect of blending TEA with
either DGA® Agent or AMP on pH and alkalinity of 5%
aqueous solutions is given in Table 2.17. The data
indicate AMP is a more basic amine giving a
directionally lower reserve alkalinity with TEA than
DGA® Agent with TEA.
Table 2.17 - pH and Reserve Alkalinity of 5% Aqueous Amine Solutions
pH Reserve Alkalinity 1
TEA 10.4 —
DGA® Agent 11.3 17.8
AMP 11.4 16.8
DGA® Agent/TEA (2.5%/2.5%) 11.1 21.6
AMP/TEA (2.5%/2.5%) 11.3 20.6
1 As neodecanoic acid salt (ASTM D1121)
The breakpoints obtained from iron chip corrosion tests
on borate salts of DGA® Agent and AMP are provided
in Table 2.18. DGA® Agent and AMP are seen to be
equivalent in their effect on corrosion of cast iron chips
as defined by the ASTM D4627 test.
The test solutions were made up of 1:1 amine/boric acid, at
1.5M concentration. This corresponds to 15.75 weight %
DGA® Agent, 13.35 weight % AMP, and 9.27 weight %
boric acid. The pH of all solutions was 10.1. The tests
were run according to ASTM D4627-92, utilizing 10
dilutions of the test solutions in calcium chloride water. A
second set of tests were also performed by making the
dilutions using calcium chloride water containing 10 times
the standard method concentration. There was no
observable effect on the breakpoints.
Table 2.18 - Amine Borate Chip Rust Test Results
Amine Breakpoint Breakpoint (10X)
DGA® Agent/Borate 4.0 4.0
DGA® Agent/Borate - repeat 4.0 4.0
AMP/Borate 4.0 4.0
AMP/Borate - repeat 4.0 4.0
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
22
DGA® Agent and AMP have a similar cobalt leaching
profile, while DGA® Agent is better toward copper
(Table 2.19). Foam properties, as measured on 1%
solutions of the neodecanoic acid salts of both amines,
are essentially equivalent.
Electrochemical tests1 were performed to measure the
corrosion rate of aluminum and carbon steel in amine-
borate solutions. The corrosion rate of aluminum in the
presence of only the amine borates or amine borates
and KOH, used to adjust to a constant pH, was
moderate, in the range of 2.4 to 6.0 mpy. There was
essentially no difference among the three amines.
Corrosion of carbon steel was very low, at an average
of 0.05 mpy. The data are given in the table below. We
conclude on the basis of this testing there are no
difference in the corrosion protection for aluminum and
steel provided by the amine borates prepared from
DGA® Agent, DEA, and AMP.
Table 2.19* - Cobalt and Copper Leaching Comparison
Co Cu
DI water (control) 11.0 0
DGA® Agent 24.4 107.5
AMP 17.8 207.5
*Angus Chemical Company data
Table 2.20 - Aluminum Corrosion Rates
Amine Salt pH Aluminum (mpy) Steel (mpy)
DGA® Agent Borate 9.6 4.9 ± 0.3 0.040 ± 0.012
DEA Borate 9.3 2.7 ± 0.3 0.060 ± 0.016
AMP Borate 9.8 5.4 ± 0.6 0.040 ± 0.0006
DGA® Agent Borate 10.1 3.2 ± 0.9 Not determined
DEA Borate 10.1 5.8 ± 1.9 Not determined
AMP Borate 10.1 3.8 ± 1.2 Not determined
1 The amines were prepared as 1:1 mole ratio salts with boric acid at a concentration of 0.1M. The solutions were tested at the as-prepared pH (shown in Table 2.20)and also at a pH value of 10.1, adjusted using KOH. The corrosion rates were measured using electrochemical polarization resistance over a four-hour period.Aluminum alloy 7075 (UNS A97075) and 1020 carbon steel were freshly polished before each test. All tests were performed at room temperature (22°C) undercontinuous aeration and with moderate stirring.
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
23
General
The handling and storage of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
present no unusual problems. Huntsman Corporation’s
Technical Services team is available to assist those
persons desiring additional information.
Maintaining Specifications
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is hygroscopic and will
absorb water vapor when exposed to a moist
atmosphere. If water content is to be minimized, a dry
inert gas pad under a few ounces of pressure should be
used on the storage tanks. A gas pad should also be
used if low color is important, since absorbed
atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide will cause
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent to develop color. Since
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is basic, it will react with
acidic gases; hence carbon dioxide and natural gas
containing acidic sulfur compounds cannot be used.
Nitrogen is quite suitable.
The solvent properties and alkaline nature of
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent should also be considered
when installing handling and storage facilities.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent may react with copper to
form complex salts. The use of copper and alloys
containing copper should be avoided in equipment that
will contact DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent or its aqueous
solutions. Carbon steel storage tanks constructed
according to a recognized code are generally
satisfactory. In cases where low color is important,
stainless steel is preferred.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is not compatible with
phenolic resin linings. Steam coils with sufficient surface
area to heat the tank contents using low-pressure steam
should be built into the tank about six inches above the
floor. The coils should be constructed in such a manner
as to allow the condensate to drain. Stainless steel coils
are preferred, particularly when low color
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is important. If steam heat is
to be used continuously to prevent high viscosities or
freezing, a temperature regulator that throttles either the
steam or condensate should be installed.
In situations where the ambient temperature is low, tank
insulation is desirable. Asphalt-cork or urethane foam
insulation sprayed onto the outer wall is satisfactory. If
a nitrogen pad is used, pressure relief and vacuum relief
valves of a suitable capacity should be installed. The
system may consist of a cylinder of nitrogen, a pressure
reducing valve, a pressure relief valve, and a line to the
top of the storage tank. Tankage should be diked and
electrically bonded and grouped.
Transfer Lines
Carbon steel transfer lines at least two inches in diameter
and joined by welds or flanges are suitable. Screwed
joints are subject to failure unless back-welded because
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent will leach conventional pipe
dopes. U.S. Rubber 899 gasket material, polypropylene,
Teflon® elastomer, or their equivalents are satisfactory for
use with flanged connections in DIGLYCOLAMINE®
Agent service. Avoid the use of nitrile rubbers such as
neoprene, Buna-N or Viton® rubber.
If the ambient temperature is below 20°F, the transfer
line for the pure product should be steam traced and
insulated. Steam tracing can be accomplished by
affixing copper tubing of approximately 3/8-inch
Handling, Storage and Shipping of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
diameter to the underside of the line, insulating the tube
to the line, and using low-pressure steam in the tubing.
For flexible connections, stainless steel hose is preferred
to rubber since rubber will generally deteriorate in
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent service and increase the
color of the product with time and temperature.
Systems that are insulated and steam traced should
be preheated in cool weather before being put into
service. Normally, 15 to 30 minutes of applying steam
to the tubing will adequately warm, but not overheat,
the system.
Transfer piping and pumps may be equipped with a
nitrogen padding system so the DIGLYCOLAMINE®
Agent can be pressured out of the lines when an
extended idle period is contemplated. This practice
will help losses and color increases that would result if
the DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent were allowed to remain
in the lines.
Shipping Information
Delivery of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent can be made in
10,000 and 20,000-gallon tank cars. These cars are
constructed of welded carbon steel and have bottom-
unloading fittings and steam coils.
Deliveries can also be made in insulated, stainless steel,
full or compartmented tank wagons with steam coils. If
requested, tank wagons can be equipped with
unloading pumps and hoses.
Drums of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent can be shipped in
truckload or less-than-truckload quantities. The net
weight of a drum is 480 pounds; the gross weight is
approximately 519 pounds per drum. Drums are
UN1A1 or UN1H1, nonreturnable.
Under U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and
Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG)
regulations, the proper shipping name for
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is “2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol”,
identification number UN 3055. This product is considered
a corrosive material (TDG hazard class 8) and requires a
“CORROSIVE” label for shipping.
For further information, please refer to the Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
24
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
25
BHEMA is a low-volatility tertiary amine which may
be useful as an alternative to TEA. It has low acute
toxicity, and low nitrosamine potential. These
features, as well as other features of BHEMA are
summarized in Table 2.21. Toxicity and
environmental profiles are presented in Tables 2.22
and 2.23. Registration information for salts of
BHEMA are listed in Table 2.24.
Table 2.21 - Features and Benefits of BHEMA
Features Benefits
• Alternative to TEA • Low volatility, which reduces airborne exposure• Low mammalian and aquatic toxicity • Not classified as corrosive under DOT• Low potential for nitrosamine formation • Shows lower tendency to stain than TEA• Effective in single amine formulations • Slightly stronger base and lower molecular weight than TEA, so less
amine is required for pH development• Good reserve alkalinity• Good copper and cobalt leaching characteristics
Table 2.22 - BHEMA Toxicity Profile
Test Result Interpretation
Dermal LD50 - Rabbit >2000 mg/kg Practically nontoxic
Dermal Irritation - Rabbit None -> slightly irritating
Eye Irritation - Rabbit Irritating BHEMA is alkaline.
90-day subchronic dermal study - rat LOAEL: 250 mg/kg/d Effects limited to skin effects from irritationNOAEL: 100 mg/kg/d
Genotoxicity Negative In-vivo and in-vitro studies
Data Source: IUCLID monograph
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
BHEMA
26
Table 2.23 - BHEMA Environmental Profile
Test Value Interpretation
Octanol:water partition coefficient (log Kow) -1.08 Very water soluble; low bioaccumulation potential
Fish Toxicity3 species LC50 760-2000 mg/l Practically nontoxic
Invertabrate Toxicity(Daphnia) EC50 230 mg/l Practically nontoxic
Algal Tox EC50 26-45 mg/l EPA slightly toxic
Data Source: IUCLID monograph
Table 2.24 - BHEMA Salt Registrations TSCA, DSL and EINECS Registrations Pending
Inventory PMN# Salts CAS#
TSCA P-05-782 BHEMA Salt of CORFREE® M1 inhibitor 843644-84-8
TSCA P-05-787 BHEMA Salt of Tall Oil Fatty Acids 843644-82-6
TSCA P-05-789 BHEMA Salt of Neodecanoic Acid 842129-84-4
TSCA P-05-786 BHEMA Salt of Nonanoic Acid 842126-27-6
TSCA P-05-788 BHEMA Salt of Decanoic Acid 842126-13-0
Data Source: IUCLID monograph
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
27
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 amine is butoxypropyl
amine. It is a water white liquid with a low viscosity
and very low molecular weight. More features and
benefits are discussed in Table 2.25. Figure 2.7
displays the physical properties for SURFONAMINE®
MW-781 amine.
Table 2.25 - Features and Benefits of SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine
Features Benefits
• Strong primary amine (7.6 meq/g total amine) • Multipurpose additive for synthetic and semi-synthetic formulations• Possible candidate for Borate production • Viscosity is 2 cSt; Melting point is -47oC• Very low molecular weight (131 g/mol) • Has surfactant properties; coupling agent/solubilizer (somewhat foamy • Inventory listed (TSCA, ENICS, NDSL) if neutralized to a low pH)
• Possible vapor-phase corrosion inhibitor
Figure 2.7 - SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine Physical Properties
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine
28
The ethanolamines used for metalworking are MEA
(Monoethanolamine), DEA (Diethanolamine), and TEA
(Triethanolamine). DEA has been used for a number of
years in metalworking applications. MEA and TEA are
often used in combination with each other. MEA has a
high pH and TEA has a low pH.
Some other metalworking amines that can be used
include XTA-771, JEFFAMINE® D-2000
polyoxypropylenediamine, JEFFAMINE® D-230
polyoxypropylenediamine, JEFFAMINE® D-400
polyoxypropylenediamine, and JEFFAMINE® T-403
polyetheramine.
XTA-771 is a polyoxyalkylene amine with three
primary amine groups per molecule. The features
and benefits are listed in Table 2.26.
XTA-771
Table 2.26 - Features and Benefits of XTA-771
• Low tendency to leach cobalt from tooling• Low tendency to leach copper• Provides added lubricity• Three primary amine groups per molecule
JEFFAMINE® D-2000 polyoxypropylenediamine acts as
a defoamer in metalworking applications. The features
and benefits are listed in Table 2.27.
JEFFAMINE® D-2000 Polyoxypropylenediamine
Table 2.27 - Features and Benefits of JEFFAMINE® D-2000 Amine
• Hydrophobic amine• Gives defoaming performance in semi-synthetic, but especially synthetic formulations• Fatty acids amides of JEFFAMINE® D-2000 amine may work even better
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Ethanolamines
Other Amines
29
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
The main area of application in metalworking fluids for
the SURFONIC N series surfactants is in the
emulsification of oils. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs)
are highly effective materials for formulating soluble
oil, semisynthetic and metal cleaning compounds.
These surfactants have excellent emulsification
properties when used with naphthenic and paraffinic
oils. In general two or three ethoxylates of different
Hydrophile/Lipophile Balance (HLB) are blended in
order to get the best emulsification, especially when
formulating products for high hard water tolerance.
Higher HLB products will improve hard water
tolerance and hinder soft water tolerance.
Combinations of NPEs such as SURFONIC products
N-95 with N-40 or N-102 with N-60 are excellent
starting points for formulation work. The nonylphenol
ethoxylates tend to have lower foam and lower pour
points than the equivalent alkyl alcohol ethoxylates. The
SURFONIC N series products are biodegradable and
are compatible with sulfonates, fatty acid salts and
most other metalworking additives. To complete a
formulation, products such as an amide based on
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent for corrosion control and
lubricity, PEG esters for lubricity, phosphate esters for
extreme pressure (EP) enhancement and amines for
alkalinity enhancement can be added.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates are also widely used in metal
cleaning compounds, where they act to scavenge
residual fluids, to enhance wetting and rinsing of parts,
and to disperse swarf left on parts. Formulations based
on NPEs can be used to clean parts from stamping and
forming operations where they help to disperse waxy
carriers left from the lubricant.
The wetting performance of the SURFONIC N series
products as a function of ethylene oxide (EO) content is
illustrated in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. The maximum wetting
performance of the water-soluble SURFONIC N series
products is seen with products containing 8.5 - 9.5
moles of EO per mole of nonylphenol. (Fig. 3.1)
Products containing 15 or more moles of EO are useful
as dispersants for graphite, metal cuttings and the like.
Many cleaning formulations use caustic additives to
help saponify fatty materials on the substrate. In
order to make NPEs soluble in potassium hydroxide
(KOH), for instance, a phosphate ester can be used.
Figure 3.2 shows the effectiveness of a phosphate
ester at solubilizing SURFONIC N-95 surfactant in
KOH solutions.
The physical and surfactant properties of the
SURFONIC N series products are shown in Table 3.1.
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Nonylphenol Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® N Series Surfactants
30
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
Table 3.1 - SURFONIC® N-Series Nonylphenol Ethoxylates
Pour Specific Wetting Ross Miles SolubilitySURFONIC® Appearance Point, Gravity, Viscosity, Cloud Time1, CMC, Foam2, 100 SUS 100 SUS
Product at 25°C HLB °C 25/25°C cPs, 25°C Point seconds ppm mm, Initial Naphthenic Paraffinic Water Function
N-31.5 Clear liquid 7.7 -4 1.01 294 243 8 S S I Emulsifier for soluble oils andsemisynthetics
N-40 Clear liquid 8.9 -7 1.026 255 343 10 S S I Emulsifier for soluble oils andsemisynthetics
N-60 Clear liquid 10.9 -7 1.041 239 843 12 S I D Emulsifier for soluble oils andsemisynthetics
N-85 Clear liquid 12.6 10 1.056 251 444 6.3 47 14 I I S Emulsifier for soluble oils andsemisynthetics
N-95 Clear liquid 13.1 4 1.061 293 544 6.4 48 80 I I S Emulsifier for solubleoils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-100 Clear liquid 13.3 3 1.064 250 654 7.9 50 85 I I S Emulsifier for solubleoils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-102 Clear liquid 13.5 6 1.065 290 714 10.5 54 85 I I S Emulsifier for solubleoils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-120 Clear liquid 14.1 3 1.070 308 525 17.1 57 110 I I S Emulsifier for solubleoils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-150 White semisolid 15 23 1.065 306 655 52 100 120 I I S Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil
and semisynthetics
NB-307 Clear liquid 17.1 2 1.02 785 500 I I S Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil
and semisynthetics
NB-407 Clear liquid 17.8 5 1.022 765 I I S Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil
and semisynthetics
1 0.1% solution, 25°C 2 0.1% solution, 120°F 3 Water titration, mls H2O to cloud 4 °C, 1% aqueous solution 5 °C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
31
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 3.1 - Draves Wetting Times for Water-Soluble SURFONIC® N Series Products
Figure 3.2 - Effect of Phosphate Ester on Solubility of SURFONIC® N-95 surfactant KOH Solutions
4% SURFONIC® N-95 surfactantin KOH solutions
32
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
The SURFONIC OP series surfactants are ethoxylates of
octylphenol. The properties of octylphenol ethoxylates
(OPEs) are similar to those of nonylphenol ethoxylates
of similar HLB.
Three main application areas exist in metalworking for
OPEs: acid-based cleaners, emulsifiers for soluble oils,
and semisynthetic formulations. The SURFONIC OP
series products are stable in dilute hydrochloric and
phosphoric acids. This characteristic suggests usefulness
in acid cleaning, pickling and phosphating formulations.
The physical and surfactant properties of the SURFONIC
OP series products are shown in Table 3.2.
Octylphenol Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® OP Series Surfactants
Table 3.2 - SURFONIC® OP Series Octylphenol Ethoxylates
Pour Specific Wetting SolubilitySURFONIC® Appearance Point, Gravity, Viscosity, Cloud Time1, CMC, 100 SUS 100 SUS
Product at 25°C HLB °C 25/25°C cPs, 25°C Point seconds ppm Naphthenic Paraffinic Water Function
OP-15 Liquid 5.1 -9 0.985 790 152 S S I Oil soluble couplerand defoamer for
semisynthetic and solubleoil formulations
OP-35 Liquid 8.6 -23 1.023 370 242 S S I Emulsifier for solubleoil formulations
OP-70 Liquid 12.0 -26 1.054 260 233 3.5 90 S S S Emulsifier forsemisynthetic formulations
OP-100 Liquid 13.6 2 1.065 240 663 3.6 200 I I S Emulsifier for semisynthetic formulations. Wetting agent
for phosphoric andhydrochloric acids
OP-120 Liquid 14.4 16 1.071 330 584 250 I I S Improves hard watertolerance of soluble
oil and semisyntheticformulations
1 0.1% solution, 25°C 2 Water titration, mls H2O to cloud 3 °C, 1% aqueous solution 4 °C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
33
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
The SURFONIC® LF and P product families are made
up of ethoxylated, propoxylated linear alcohols. The
choice of alcohol and the addition patterns for ethylene
oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) give the
alkoxylated products their unique properties.
The alcohol alkoxylates are ideally suited for
metalworking operations. They tend to have low foam
generation characteristics and some products can act
as defoamers in water-based systems. All of the
surfactants in this group will solubilize the components
of carboxylate-based corrosion inhibitors in water.
These surfactants are best suited to synthetic and
semisynthetic formulations. Several products such as
SURFONIC P1 surfactant are also used in soluble oil
formulations. SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant is useful in
low-foam semisynthetic cutting fluids.
SURFONIC P5 surfactant is used in some acid cleaners
and in rinse aid applications. Several of the SURFONIC
LF series products, particularly SURFONIC LF-37 and
LF-18 surfactants are useful as rinse aid and cleaning
actives in metal cleaning operations.
SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant is used in the production
of low-foaming, highly effective microemulsion cleaners
using d-Limonene as the solvent phase. Formulations of
this type can be used to remove a variety of
metalworking compounds from metal parts. The
formulations have very low foam and can be used in
spray applications.
The SURFONIC LF and P series products offer a boost
in lubricity, making them multifunctional in semisynthetic
and synthetic formulations. Falex wear data are offered
on a simple formulation containing several of these
products. When the formulation is changed to include a
phosphate ester (SURFONIC PE-2258 surfactant),
dramatically improved Falex wear performance is
observed. The synergy between the alkoxylated
nonionic surfactant and the anionic phosphate ester is
also observed with the SURFONIC POA block
copolymer surfactants. By careful selection of the
phosphate ester and the SURFONIC LF or P series
product, it is possible to get emulsification,
solubilization, lubricity, extreme pressure characteristics
and corrosion protection in one pair of surfactants. The
multifunctional nature of these products makes them
ideal candidates for many metalworking formulations.
SURFONIC® JL-80X surfactant is used in some metal
cleaning operations. The unique structure of this
product eliminates the gel phase common to alcohol
ethoxylates in aqueous solutions. This characteristic
allows the formulator to blend the surfactant into a
formulation without regard to any gelling problems.
The physical and surfactant properties of the
SURFONIC LF and P series products are shown in
Table 3.3.
A comparison of the dynamic surface tension
characteristics of the SURFONIC alcohol alkoxylates is
presented in Figure 3.3.
Alcohol Alkoxylates – SURFONIC® LF, P and JL Series Surfactants
34
Table 3.3 - SURFONIC® LF, P and JL Series Alcohol Alkoxylates
Falex Wear, 875 poundsPour Specific Cloud Wetting Formulation A Formulation B Ross Miles Solubility
SURFONIC®
Appearance Point, Gravity, Viscosity, Point, °C Time1, Teeth Wear (T)Teeth Wear
CMC, Foam Height2, 100 SUS 100 SUSProduct at 25°C HLB °C 25/25°C cPs, 25°C 1% aq. seconds Torque in-lbs (IP) ppm mm, Initial/ 5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic Water Function
LF-17 Clear liquid -12 0.998 96 34 4.8 65 T 6.6 6/0 I I D Wetting agent for15 IP acid cleaning
operations, low foamemulsifier/rinse aid
LF-18 Clear liquid -6 1.013 240 17 22 T 63 5 0/0 I I D Low foam additive for 21 IP semisynthetic and
synthetic formulations,active defoamer in metal
cleaning operations
LF-37 Clear to -12 0.9904 96 17 18 26 T 82 30 0/0 S I S Low foam emulsifierhazy liquid at 100°F 29 IP for semisynthetic and
synthetic formulations
LF-41 Clear to 1.0343 260 37 9.3 75 T 66 34.2 0/0 I I Shazy liquid 17 IP
P1 Clear to 7.0 -30 0.975 90 25 26.9 19 T 89 4.8 0/0 S S S Solubilizer/emulsifierhazy liquid 19 IP for semisynthetic
formulations. Emulsifier/rinse aid for metal
cleaners. Low foam.Wetting agent in
dilute acid.
P3 Clear to 9.0 -30 0.973 56 35 13.7 13 T 125 4.5 66/11 S I S Rinse aid for cleaners/hazy liquid 22 IP secondary emulsifier
for semisynthetic, wetting agent in
dilute acid.
P5 Clear to 10.0 -26 0.985 85 45 15.7 16 T 55 6.2 75/5 S I S Hydrophilic emulsifiehazy liquid 20 IP for semisynthetic,
soluble in dilute acid
P6 Clear to 4 1.018 353 26.8 31 T 61 4.9 0/0 I I D Low foam additive for hazy liquid 15 IP semisynthetic and
synthetic formulations,active defoamer
in metalcleaning operations.
L4-29X Solid 37 1.018 596 75 10 T 84 3.9 I I S High molecularat 100°F 15 IP weight emulsifier
for semisyntheticand soluble oils,
offers some thickening
JL-80X Clear liquid -5 1.003 51 59 9.8 18 T 83 75/70 I I S Prime surfactant in 22 IP cleaners
1 0.1% solution, 25°C 2 0.1% solution, 120°F 3 °C, 10% in 25% butyl diglycol
Formulation A: 1% TEA, 1% SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester, 1% SURFONIC surfactant, 97% water.Formulation B: 0.17% TEA. 0.15% CORFREE® M-1 inhibitor, 0.07% DGA® Agent, 0.6% SURFONIC surfactant, 99% water.
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
35
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Bubble rate, bubbles/second
Sur
face
Ten
sio
n, m
N/m
Figure 3.3 - Dynamic Surface Tension of SURFONIC® Alcohol Alkoxylates
36
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
The SURFONIC® POA block copolymers are very useful
in a variety of metalworking operations. These products
are made by the sequential addition of ethylene oxide
and propylene oxide. The functional attributes of these
products — defoaming, wetting, lubricity, solubilization,
emulsification, thickening and dispersion — all depend
on the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide, the
molecular weight of the product and the blocking
pattern of the molecule. Properties of the SURFONIC
POA products are given in Table 3.4.
Soluble Oils
Small amounts of low HLB products such as
SURFONIC POA-L101 and POA-L61 surfactants can
be used in soluble oils to promote solubilization of the
oil in the concentrate. Under actual use conditions,
these products can act as defoamers and can boost
lubricity, especially in the presence of a phosphate
ester. Higher HLB products will improve removal of the
soluble oil formulation from parts and equipment.
Semisynthetic Formulations
SURFONIC POA-25R2 surfactant is an excellent choice
for use in semisynthetic formulations. It will tend to
lower the foam of the system, promote good lubricity,
and help to solubilize naphthenic oil and carboxylate
corrosion inhibitors. If fine particles are present in the
system, POA-25R2 can form a weak association with
the particles and produce a thickening effect, which can
lead to reduced misting and “sling.”
In semisynthetic formulations, SURFONIC POA-L61 and
POA-L101 surfactants offer reduced foam and
improved lubricity. SURFONIC POA-L62 surfactant
helps with wetting of metal parts.
Synthetic Formulations
Synthetic formulations depend on products like the
SURFONIC POA block copolymers for low-foam
characteristics, enhanced solubilization of the corrosion
inhibitor salts, and a major part of the system lubricity.
The SURFONIC POA products have an inverse solubility
coefficient, which means that at some temperature,
known as the cloud point, the nonionic surfactant will
come out of solution and act as an oil. When the
temperature drops below the cloud point, the surfactant
becomes soluble again and redissolves into the water.
The lubricity offered by many nonionic surfactants is
partly due to the “oiling out” phenomenon. The
SURFONIC LF and P series products also show
lubricity effects above the cloud point. Careful selection
of SURFONIC POA surfactants for a particular
application can give formulations with low foam, high
lubricity and high stability.
Forming Lubricants
In many forming operations it is possible to replace an
oil-based lubricant with a simple synthetic formulation.
This formulation might contain a SURFONIC POA
copolymer, a phosphate ester for extreme pressure
activity and corrosion protection, and water. This type of
formulation offers several advantages: the number of
parts that can be formed between die service is
increased, the parts have better surface finish and the
formed parts are easier to clean. Many metalworking
operations using oil-based fluids can benefit from
substitution with water-based synthetic formulations
using the SURFONIC POA series of materials.
EO/PO Block Copolymers – SURFONIC® POA Series Surfactants
37
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Table 3.4 - SURFONIC® POA Series Block Copolymers
Falex Wear, 875 poundsPour Specific Cloud Wetting Formulation A Formulation B Ross Miles Solubility
SURFONIC® Appearance Point, Gravity, Viscosity, Point, °C Time1, Teeth Wear (T)Teeth Wear
Foam Height2, 100 SUS 100 SUSProduct at 25°C HLB °C 25/25°C cPs, 25°C 1% aq. seconds Torque in-lbs (IP) mm, Initial/5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic Water Function
POA-L61 Liquid 3 -30 1.017 360 24 10 T 6/0 I I D Defoamer for synthetic22 IP and semisynthetic fluids.
Lubricity enhancement.
POA-L62 Liquid 7 -4 1.04 150 32 60.7 11 T 138 40/10 I I S Active for cleaners.24 IP Lubricity enhancement.
POA-L62LF Liquid 6.6 -10 1.04 460 28 27.7 11 T 43/5.5 I I S Defoamer and lubricant22 IP additive.
POA-L101 Liquid 1 -23 1.02 800 15 12 T 0/0 I I S Solubilizer for semisynthetic24 IP and synthetic fluids.
POA-17R2 Liquid 1.03 2053 35
POA-25R2 Liquid 6.3 -5 1.02 570 30 117 15 T 57 0/0 I I S Lubricant in synthetic22 IP fluids and solubilizer in
semisynthetic fluids.
1 0.1% solution, 25°C 2 0.1% solution, 120°F 3 37.8°C
Formulation A: 1% TEA, 1% SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester, 1% SURFONIC POA surfactant, 97% Water.Formulation B: 0.17% TEA, 0.15% CORFREE® M-1 inhibitor, 0.07% DGA® Agent, 0.6% SURFONIC POA surfactant, 99% Water.
38
The SURFONIC® L series linear alcohol ethoxylates are
biodegradable, nonionic surfactants produced by the
addition of ethylene oxide to linear, primary alcohols.
Their physical appearance at room temperature varies
from clear liquids to white waxy solids, depending on the
alcohol used and the degree of ethoxylation. The
Huntsman line of linear alcohol ethoxylates is made from
alcohols containing only even carbon numbers in the
alkyl groups; the structure of these alcohols closely
matches that of alcohols from natural sources.
Ethoxylates are made from a blend of the alcohol
homologues. It is possible to deduce the product
composition from the product name; for instance,
SURFONIC L24-3 surfactant is a blend of C12, C14 and
C16 linear alcohols reacted with three moles of ethylene
oxide. Properties of the SURFONIC L series products are
listed in Table 3.5.
The SURFONIC L series linear alcohol ethoxylates are
widely used as emulsifiers, cleaners, penetrants and
wetting agents in metalworking formulations. Appropriate
selection of the alcohol chain length and degree of
ethoxylation can provide the surfactant properties
required for a particular application.
Products with a short alcohol chain and low degree of
ethoxylation, such as SURFONIC L12-3 surfactant, are
good solubilization agents. In microemulsion cleaners and
semisynthetic cutting fluids, they help to dissolve or
“couple” oily materials into the water-based formulation.
In some applications they can serve the same function as
a glycol ether with the added advantage of having low
vapor pressure. In metal cleaning operations, low-mole
alcohol ethoxylates are often blended with higher-mole
ethoxylates to give a formulated product with enhanced
oil removal, dispersant and emulsification properties.
Alcohol ethoxylates with 10-12 or 12-14 carbons and
about 6 EO units are prime cleaning agents for
metalworking operations. Products in this range, like
SURFONIC L12-6 surfactant, have the fastest surface
dynamics; their nature allows them to migrate to and
stabilize new surfaces quickly. This property is illustrated
by the dynamic surface tension measurement (Figure
3.4).
Alcohol ethoxylates with 12-14 carbons and 7-12 moles
of EO are used in soluble oil and semisynthetic cutting
fluids, particularly in paraffinic systems. Typically two
alcohol ethoxylates are used in a formulation to give a
wide range of good emulsification performance. Certain
pairs of surfactants compliment each other well in
emulsification applications. A blend of SURFONIC L24-
9 and SURFONIC L24-4 surfactants in a 1:2 ratio is
often an optimal system. Higher EO products like
SURFONIC L24-22 surfactant can be used to improve
the hard water tolerance of a formulation and can
improve the dispersibility of graphite or other particles in
a metal cleaning formulation.
At certain water/surfactant ratios, approximately in the
30-70% surfactant range, the alcohol ethoxylates
exhibit a gel phase. In this range, an aqueous surfactant
system will be a gel at room temperature but will
become an isotropic solution at temperatures above the
gel temperature. Glycol ethers, ethanolamines and
some anionic materials can be added to the system to
reduce the gel phase.
When formulating with alcohol ethoxylates, one can
avoid extended mixing times by selecting an
appropriate order of addition (add surfactant to water)
and by using heat during blending.
Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® L Series Surfactants
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
39
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Table 3.5 - SURFONIC® L Series Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates
Pour Specific Wetting Ross Miles SolubilitySURFONIC® Appearance Point, Gravity, Viscosity, Cloud Time1, CMC, Foam Height2, 100 SUS 100 SUS
Product at 25°C HLB °C 25/25°C cPs, 25°C Point seconds ppm mm, Initial/5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic Water Function
L12-3 Clear to 9.0 -9 0.932 35 453 S S Ihazy liquid
L12-6 Clear to 12.4 10 0.9820 43 505 4.0 91 111/9 S I S Prime wetting agenthazy liquid for water-based
metal cleaners.
L12-8 Clear to 13.6 18 1.004 98 805 8.4 118/8 I I S Prime wetting agenthazy liquid in metal cleaners.
L24-2 Clear to 6.2 10 0.903 25 S S I Oil soluble additivehazy liquid for water-based cleaners.
Additive for rolling oils.
L24-3 Clear to 8.0 4.4 0.9239 25 453 S S I Oil soluble additivehazy liquid for water-based cleaners
and hydrophobic esters.
L24-4 Clear to 9.4 4.4 0.9432 31 813 S S I Oil soluble additivehazy liquid for water-based cleaners
and hydrophobic esters.
L24-5 Clear to 10.6 10 0.9626 44 734 S S D Emulsifier forhazy liquid soluble oils.
L24-7 Clear to slightly 11.9 15.6 0.9824 47 505 8.7 16 98/15 S S S Emulsifier forturbid liquid soluble oils.
L24-9 White 13 21 0.9935 61 755 13.9 25 104/10 S I S Emulsifier for semisolid semisynthetic
formulations.
L24-12 Waxy solid 14.4 29.4 1.0075 47 686 35.1 29 113/11 I I S Improves hardat 100°F at 140°F water tolerance
of soluble oils.
L24-22 Waxy solid 16.6 39 1.0309 46 I I S Improves hard waterat 140°F at 140°F tolerance of soluble oils.
Good dispersing.
L46-7 White 11.6 21.1 0.979 63 505 20.6 12 76/25 S S Ssemisolid
1 0.1% solution, 25°C 2 0.1% solution, 120°F 3 Water titration, mls H20 to cloud 4 °C, 10% in 25% butyl diglycol 5 °C, 1% aqueous solution6 °C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
40
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
Figure 3.4 - Dynamic Surface Tension of SURFONIC® L Series Alcohol Ethoxylates
41
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
The SURFONIC® E series fatty acid ethoxylates and the
SURFONIC CO® series castor oil ethoxylates produced
by Huntsman are important groups of products in the
formulation of metalworking lubricants.
The SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates are
excellent emulsifiers for many oils used in metalworking.
The large size of the castor oil hydrophobe helps the
ethoxylated castor oil stay partially in the oil phase even
when highly ethoxylated or used in formulations with high
water/oil ratios. The castor oil ethoxylates are generally
low foaming.
Typically, PEG esters offer lower staining potential on
aluminum than straight fatty acids. The PEG esters
(especially the dioleates) generally are soluble in the
kerosene-type cuts used in traditional cold rolling
lubricants. The PEG esters are also stable in the fatty
alcohol products used in the same application. Excellent
aluminum rolling oils can be produced using blends of
PEG diesters, castor oil ethoxylates, fatty alcohols such
as SURFOL® 1416 alcohol and phosphate esters like
SURFONIC PE-2258 surfactant with alkanolamines such
as DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent.
Properties of the SURFONIC E series PEG ester and the
SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates are shown in
Table 3.6.
Fatty Acid Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® E Series Surfactants
Castor Oil Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® CO Series Surfactants
Table 3.5 - SURFONIC® E Series Fatty Acid EthoxylatesSURFONIC® CO Series Castor Oil Ethoxylates
Falex Wear1, Ross MilesSpecific # teeth at Foam Height2, Solubility
SURFONIC® Appearance Gravity, Viscosity, 875 lbs mm, Initial/ 100 SUS 100 SUSProduct at 25°C HLB 25/25°C cPs, 25°C direct load 5 minute Naphthenic Paraffinic Water Function
E400-MO Liquid 11.8 1.013 40 5/0 I I D Emulsifier and lubricity additive.
CO-15 Liquid 8.2 1.04 59 64 2.5/2 I S I Emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
CO-25 Liquid 10.7 1.03 66 55 4.4/3 I S I Emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
CO-30 Liquid 11.7 1.04 71 80 5.1/3 I S I Hydrophilic emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
1 Formulation: 3% surfactant, 1% TEA-99 in water2 0.1% solution, 120°F
42
Phosphate esters provide extreme pressure properties
to water-based and semisynthetic formulations.
Additionally they provide lubricity and emulsification of
other actives in metalworking formulations and they
solubilize nonionic surfactants into caustic- or silicate-
containing metal cleaning formulations. Many of the
phosphate esters also offer some cleaning activity in
metal cleaning operations. The phosphate esters in the
SURFONIC® PE product family also provide corrosion
resistance in many formulations.
Properties of the SURFONIC PE series products are
given in Table 3.7.
SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester gives excellent
extreme pressure (EP) performance. Micrographs
showing actual Falex pin-and-vee blocks from several EP
tests are presented in Figures 3.5a and 3.5b.
SURFONIC PE-1218 phosphate ester is able to solubilize
nonionic surfactants in high electrolyte solutions such as
those containing sodium silicate; this is particularly useful
in cleaner formulations where the silicate is added to
increase alkalinity and to provide corrosion inhibition.
Phosphate Esters – SURFONIC® PE Series Surfactants
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
Table 3.7 - SURFONIC® PE Series Phosphate Esters
Foam Height2, Falex EP in 100 SUS Foam Height1, mm, Initial/5 Falex EP in water Naphthenic Oilmm, Initial/5 min., 114 PPM (1.5% Surfactant (2% Surfactant in 100
min., Hardness 2% TEA-99) SUS Naphthenic Oil)SURFONIC® Acid # at Acid # at 114 PPM (response to Max Load Torque at Max Load1, Torque at
Product Hydrophobe pH 5-5.5 pH 9-9 Hardness nonionic) Carried, psi 4500 psi Carried, psi 4500 psi Function
PE-1198 Aromatic 68 103 80/40 85/32 4700 41 750 59 at 750 psi Hydrotrope in cleaners, EP in water-based systems
PE-2258 Aliphatic 83 135 97/53 91/53 4700 61 4700 48 Solubilizer in semisynthetics,offers mild EP, good lubricity
PE-1218 Aromatic 115 220 98/53 95/52 2700 90 750 19 at 750 psi Hydrotrope for cleaners
PE-1265 Aliphatic 76 135
PE-2852 Aliphatic 97 142
PE-533 Aliphatic 65 100
PE-BP2 Aliphatic 310
PE-2200 Aliphatic Neutralized Neutralized
1 Formulation for foam height test: Phosphate ester (1.5%), TEA-99 (3.0%), Water 114 ppm hardness (94.5%). 2 Formulation for foam height test for response to nonionic: Phosphate ester (1.5%), TEA-99 (3.0%), SURFONIC® LF-18 surfactant (1.5%), Water (94%).
43
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 3.5a - Micrograph of Vee Block from Pin-and-Vee Test with SURFONIC®
PE-2258 Phosphate Esters
Figure 3.5b - Micrograph of Pin from Pin-and-Vee Test with SURFONIC PE-2258 Phosphate Esters
44
SURFONIC® MW-100 additive is a single-component
emulsifier for vegetable oil. This emulsifier is designed to
enhance the metalworking properties of vegetable oil-
based lubricants.
Formulated Emulsifiers – SURFONIC® MW-100 Additive
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 3
Table 3.8 - Features and Benefits of SURFONIC® MW-100 Additive
• Inherently low-foaming• Compatible with phosphate esters for extreme pressure service• Useful in formulating stable macro- or microemulsions• Low pour point (-2°C) for easy handling• Low toxicity
45
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 4
Huntsman produces a number of other chemicals
useful in the metalworking industry, from chemical
intermediates to functional fluids to various glycols.
Linear Alkylbenzene Highboiler for Sulfonation Feedstock – Alkylate H-230L
Alkylate H-230L, a synthetic sulfonation feedstock widely
used in the metalworking industry to augment natural
sodium petroleum sulfonate, is produced by the
alkylation of benzene with olefins using an HF-catalyzed
process. The product is a blend of alkyl tetralins, dialkyl
benzenes, and alkyl naphthalenes and diphenyl alkanes.
The carbon number distribution peaks at C23.
The structures for the important constituents of this
product are shown in Figure 4.1. The typical carbon
distribution of the dialkylbenzenes, tetralins, and
diphenylalkanes is shown in Table 4.1; structures are
illustrated in Figure 4.2.
The actual level of each chemical species depends on
the alkylation feedstock. The average molecular weight of
Alkylate H-230L varies from 315-320, giving average
sulfonic acid molecular weights of 413-418 g/mole.
Sulfonation can be accomplished using air/SO3 or oleum.
The actual reaction conditions will vary according to the
desired product and process used for sulfonation.
Table 4.1 - Distribution of Chemical Types in Alkylate H-230L
Component Percent
Alkyl- and Dialkylbenzenes 74.2
Tetralins/Indanes 10.3
Dihydronaphthalenes/Indenes 1.8
Alkylnaphthalenes 3.9
Diphenylalkanes 6.5
Diphenylalkenes 3.2
Anthracenes 0.2
46
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 4
Figure 4.1 - Carbon Number Distribution of Alkylate H-230L
47
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 4.2 - Alkylate H-230 L Constituents
Alkyltetralins Alkylindanes Alkyldehydronaphthalenes
Alkylindenes Alkylnaphthalenes CondensedAromatics
Diphenylalkanes
48
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
SECTION 4
JEFFOX® WL Series Functional Fluids
The JEFFOX® functional fluids are alkoxylates of mono-,
di- or tri-functional starting materials. These versatile
fluids have varying degrees of solubility in water and oil.
As lubricants, the fluids possess many desirable
properties of natural lubricants and have distinctive
properties of their own which recommend their use in
difficult applications such as metalworking fluids and
machine lubricants. The JEFFOX fluids have good
lubricating ability, even under high pressure, and high
viscosity indexes, which enable them to be used over a
wide range of temperatures.
In metalworking applications, the fluids permit high
production rates, excellent finishes and longer tool life.
Water-soluble fluids are especially convenient because
they may be washed from the work piece with cool water
to permit finishing operations.
The higher molecular weight JEFFOX WL fluids exhibit
inverse solubility behavior with respect to temperature.
This property can be used advantageously in water-based
metalworking fluids. When the water-based fluid comes
in contact with the hot tool and work piece, the lubricant
drops out of the solution and coats the metal surface.
This behavior takes full advantage of the cooling capability
of water and the excellent lubricity of the base fluid.
Because the JEFFOX fluids are transparent liquids, they
allow delicate operations on small metal pieces to be
observed easily.
Typical applications include:
• steel deep drawing
• tempered spring steel pressing
• nickel-plated steel drawing
• copper drawing
The fluids can also act as carriers for diamond powder
cutting or polishing agents.
Properties of the JEFFOX functional fluids are listed in
Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 - JEFFOX® Functional Fluids
Average Viscosity, Density, JEFFOX® Molecular Appearance SUS, Viscosity, cSt lb/gal Flash Point, PourProduct Weight Functionality at 25°C 100°F 60°F 100°F 150°F 20°C COC, °F Point, °F
WL-440 488 Tri Clear liquid 440 386 100 30 9.6 545 -30
WL-590 990 Tri Clear liquid 590 508 135 43 9.3 500 0
WL-660 1800 Mono Clear liquid 660 471 158 60 8.7 475 -45
WL-1400X2 2500 Di Clear amber liquid 1400 970 299 109 9.2 595 0
WL-5000 4365 Mono Clear amber liquid 5000 3556 1107 409 8.8 460 -10
49
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
Polyethylene Glycols -- POGOL® Series PEGs
Huntsman manufactures a number of polyethylene
glycol products. The POGOL product family has
numerous uses in metalworking and allied industries.
The largest use of the POGOL products is the
manufacture of PEG esters; through reaction of
polyethylene glycol with fatty acids such as lauric, oleic,
tall oil, castor and soya fatty acids, very useful lubricants
can be produced.
Typically the reaction is carried out between 140°C and
250°C with a nitrogen purge. Catalysts are not
necessary but they do substantially increase the
reaction rate. For the lightest color products, non-
catalytic procedures are used. Color inhibitors can be
added to the product to give yet lighter products.
Typical catalysts, such as pTSA, methane sulfonic acid
and tin-based catalysts can be used or sodium bisulfite
can also be used. Typical levels of catalyst are from
0.1% to 1% of the raw materials.
The POGOL polyethylene glycols are also useful
additives in hydraulic fluids where they offer suitable
lubricity and compatibility and can be conveniently
formulated with phosphate esters for extreme pressure
(EP) properties. The products act as thickening agents
and can be used for viscosity control.
POGOL 200 polyethylene glycol can be used as a
dispersant and carrier in the production of silicon
carbide slurries by attrition grinding. Typically a 35%
aqueous suspension can be produced, stabilized by
about 3% of POGOL 200 glycol.
POGOL products can also be used in the machining of
silicon wafers or for other semiconductor uses. Lapping
compounds to polish metal or semiconductor surfaces
are produced using POGOL polyethylene glycols; the
polyethylene glycol products help to disperse the
lapping abrasive. The high water solubility of the
POGOL products makes it easy to rinse the polished
substrate cleanly.
Some POGOL products are used as carrier solvents for
release agents in aluminum die cast operations.
Characteristics and properties of the POGOL®
polyethylene glycols are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 - POGOL® Polyethylene Glycols
Average Molecular Density, Flash Point, pH,POGOL® Molecular Weight Average g/ml Melt/Freeze Viscosity, cSt PMCC Pt-Co 5% Product Weight Range EO Units at 20°C Range, °C at 37.8°C °F Color aqueous
200 200 190-210 4.2 1.124 - 25 >300 <50 5.5 - 7.0
300 300 285-315 6.4 1.125 -15 to -8 37 >350 <50 5.5 - 7.0
400 400 380-420 8.7 1.125 4 to 8 42 390 <50 5.5 - 7.0
600 600 570-630 13.2 1.126 20 to 25 64 410 <50 5.5 - 7.0
50
Regional Product Offerings
SECTION 5
Table 5.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – North America
Product
Primary AminesMonoethanolamineDIGLYCOLAMINE® AgentSURFONAMINE® MW-781 amine
Tertiary AminesTriethanolamine BHEMAAlkoxylated AminesSURFONIC® PEA-25 surfactantSURFONIC® T amine surfactants
PolyetheraminesJEFFAMINE® D series aminesJEFFAMINE® T-403 amineSURFONAMINE® MNPA-1000 amine
Linear AlcoholsSURFOL® 1214 fatty alcoholSURFOL® 1416 fatty alcohol
Alcohol EthoxylatesSURFONIC® L series surfactants
Alcohol AlkoxylatesSURFONIC® LF series surfactantsSURFONIC® P series surfactants
Alkylphenol EthoxylatesSURFONIC® N series surfactantsSURFONIC® OP series surfactants
Fatty Acid EthoxylatesSURFONIC® E400-MO surfactant
Alk
alin
ity C
ont
rol
Co
rro
sio
n In
hib
itors
Em
ulsi
fiers
Lub
rici
ty A
dd
itive
s
Co
uplin
g A
gen
ts
Ant
i-F
oam
ants
Met
al C
lean
ing
Aid
s
Har
d W
ater
To
lera
nce
Aid
s
Ant
i-m
ist
Ad
diti
ves
Inte
rmed
iate
s
51
Regional Product Offerings
Table 5.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – North America Continued
Product
Castor Oil EthoxylatesSURFONIC® CO series surfactants
EO/PO Block and ReverseBlock Copolymers
SURFONIC® POA series surfactants
Phosphate EstersSURFONIC® PE-1198 surfactantSURFONIC® PE-BP2 surfactant
Sodium Isethionate
Functional FluidsJEFFOX® functional fluids
GlycolsDiethylene glycolPropylene glycolPOGOL® polyethylene glycols
Alk
alin
ity C
ont
rol
Co
rro
sio
n In
hib
itors
Em
ulsi
fiers
Lub
rici
ty A
dd
itive
s
Co
uplin
g A
gen
ts
Ant
i-F
oam
ants
Met
al C
lean
ing
Aid
s
Har
d W
ater
To
lera
nce
Aid
s
Ant
i-m
ist
Ad
diti
ves
Inte
rmed
iate
s
52
Regional Product Offerings
SECTION 5
Table 5.2 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – Europe
Product
Primary AminesDIGLYCOLAMINE® AgentSURFONAMINE® MW-781 amineMonoethanolamine
Tertiary AminesBHEMAAlkoxylated AminesEMPILAN® AMT series surfactantsTriethanolamine
PolyetheraminesJEFFAMINE® D series aminesJEFFAMINE® T-403 amineSURFONAMINE® MNPA-1000 amine
Linear AlcoholsLAUREX® fatty alcohols
Alcohol EthoxylatesEMPILAN® K series surfactants
Alcohol AlkoxylatesEMPILAN® PF series surfactantsSURFONIC® LF series surfactantsSURFONIC® P series surfactants
Alkylphenol EthoxylatesEMPILAN® NP series surfactantsEMPILAN® OPE series surfactants
Fatty Acid EthoxylatesEMPILAN® BQ series surfactants
Alk
alin
ity C
ont
rol
Co
rro
sio
n In
hib
itors
Em
ulsi
fiers
Lub
rici
ty A
dd
itive
s
Co
uplin
g A
gen
ts
Ant
i-F
oam
ants
Met
al C
lean
ing
Aid
s
Har
d W
ater
To
lera
nce
Aid
s
Ant
i-m
ist
Ad
diti
ves
Inte
rmed
iate
s
53
Regional Product Offerings
Table 5.2 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – Europe Continued
Product
Castor Oil EthoxylatesDEHSCOFIX® CO series surfactants
EO/PO Block and ReverseBlock Copolymers
EMPILAN® P series surfactants
Phosphate EstersEMPIPHOS® O3D surfactantEMPIPHOS® A5D surfactantEMPIPHOS® DF series surfactants
Functional FluidsJEFFOX® functional fluids
Ether CarboxylatesEMPICOL® C series surfactants
Fatty AlkanolamidesEMPILAN® alkanolamides
Alk
alin
ity C
ont
rol
Co
rro
sio
n In
hib
itors
Em
ulsi
fiers
Lub
rici
ty A
dd
itive
s
Co
uplin
g A
gen
ts
Ant
i-F
oam
ants
Met
al C
lean
ing
Aid
s
Har
d W
ater
To
lera
nce
Aid
s
Ant
i-m
ist
Ad
diti
ves
Inte
rmed
iate
s
HUNTSMANPERFORMANCEPRODUCTS
Americas
Business Offices10003 Woodloch Forest DriveThe Woodlands, TX 77380281-719-6000281-719-6416 fax
Technology CenterHuntsman AdvancedTechnology Center8600 Gosling RoadThe Woodlands, TX 77381281-719-7400281-719-7500 fax
Marketing281-719-6000281-719-6055 fax
Research & Development281-719-7400281-719-7555 fax
Technical Services281-719-7780281-719-7555 fax
Customer Service800-852-4957
Europe
Huntsman Belgium BVBAEverslaan 45B-3078 Everberg, Belgium
Huntsman Belgium BVBAEverslaan 45B-3078 Everberg, Belgium
+44-1946-694108+44-1946-694891 fax
+44-121-550-6187 +44-121-550-1765 fax
+44-121-550-6187+44-121-550-1765 fax
Asia-Pacific
Huntsman (Singapore) Pte Ltd150 Beach Road #14-05/08Gateway WestSingapore 189720+65 6390 0371+65 6296 3368 fax
Huntsman Corporation Australia Pty Ltd61 Market RoadBrooklyn, Victoria 3012Australia+61 3 9933 6633+61 3 9933 6600 fax
+60 3 7954 0842+60 3 7958 1677 fax
281-719-7400281-719-7555 fax
+61 3 9933 6666+61 3 9933 6600 fax
+65 6390 0371
54
Regional Contact Information
SECTION 6
Copyright ©2005 Huntsman Corporation
Huntsman Corporation warrants only that itsproducts meet the specifications stated herein.Typical properties, where stated, are to beconsidered as representative of current productionand should not be treated as specifications. While allthe information presented in this document isbelieved to be reliable and to represent the bestavailable data on these products, NO GUARANTEE,WARRANTY, OR REPRESENTATION IS MADE,INTENDED, OR IMPLIED AS TO THECORRECTNESS OR SUFFICIENCY OF ANYINFORMATION, OR AS TO THE SUITABILITY OFANY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FOR ANYPARTICULAR USE, OR THAT ANY CHEMICALCOMPOUNDS OR USE THEREOF ARE NOTSUBJECT TO A CLAIM BY A THIRD PARTY FORINFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT OR OTHERINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. EACH USERSHOULD CONDUCT A SUFFICIENTINVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH THE SUITABILITYOF ANY PRODUCT FOR ITS INTENDED USE.Products may be toxic and require specialprecautions in handling. For all products listed, usershould obtain detailed information on toxicity,together with proper shipping, handling, and storageprocedures, and comply with all applicable safetyand environmental standards.
10003 Woodloch Forest DriveThe Woodlands, Texas 77380281-719-6000
Technical Services Section 8600 Gosling Rd. The Woodlands, Texas 77381 281-719-7780
NYSE: HUN
©2005HUNTSMAN CORPORATION
www.huntsman.com/metalworking