ByVarun PahwaVarun Pahwa

DESICCANT ROTORS INTERNATIONAL Pvt. Ltd.

CLIMATE CHANGE and THE HVAC INDUSTRY:

Exposing the Link

CLIMATE CHANGE 101

THE EARTH IS HEATING UP.

UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

BALI, 3 - 14 DECEMBER 2007

GLOBAL WARMING IS HERE TO STAY.

Rank Country Annual emission MMT % of total emissions

12-34

1519

WORLDUSACHINAEURUSSIAINDIAFRANCEAUSTRALIA

27,24660495010311515251343374327

100%22.2%18.4%11.4%5.6%4.9%1.4%1.2%

Greenhouse GasConcentration

1800s - 2000Anthropogenic Sources GWP

Proportion of Total Effect(Approximate)

Carbon Dioxide 280 - 370 ppmFossil Fuel Burning,

Deforestation1 60%

Methane 0.75 - 1.75 ppm Agriculture, Fuel Leakage 21 20%

Halocarbons 0 - 0.7 ppb Refrigerants 3400+ 14%

Nitrous Oxide 275 - 310 ppb Agriculture, Combustion 310 6%

Ozone 15 - 30 ppb Urban Pollution

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL

SHARE OF EMISSIONS 2006

Consume12% of world’s fresh water40% of world’s energy

Produce40% of waste going to landfills40% of emissions

Electricity use is the main source of GHG emissions in commercial buildings, being responsible for 89% of all emissions.

Many commercial buildings are responsible for upto 200 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per square meter of floor space annually.

BUILDINGS

Buildings HVAC Equipment Environmental Impact- Electricity- Refrigerants- Embodied Energy- Water

Fuel Energy In Power Plant

Transmissionand Distribution

Electric poweredSystem or process

3.37 kWhThermal

(11,500 Btu) (Thermal equivalent assuming 33% plant efficiency)

1.1kWh 1 kWh delivered to

end use

CONCEPTUAL ILLUSTRATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS FROM ELECTIC END USE OF ENERGY.

Coal Fuel - 1.14 KG of CO2 per KW of electricity

Carbon Emissions for Electricity Generation

Coal 0.9 Kg / kwh CO2Gas 0.6 Kg / kwh CO2Solar, Wind, Nuclear, Hydro < 0.05 Kg / kwh CO2

INDIA SOURCES OF POWERCoal 53.5%Gas 10.4%Hydro 26.6%

T&D LOSESAverage 8 – 10 %India 22%

0.8 Kg of CO2 / kwh of electricity used

- 76 million residential buildings- 5 million commercial buildings By the year 2010, another 38 million buildings are expected to be constructed.

Nearly 70% of electricity produced at US power plants is consumed by the existing residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

THE US STORY

Sector Major Uses

Residential 32% space heating13% water heating12% lighting11% air conditioning8% refrigeration5% electronics5% wet-clean (mostly clothes dryers)

Commercial 25% lighting13% heating11% cooling6% refrigeration6% water heating6% ventilation6% electronics

Overall, Space conditioning accounts for 44% and 30% of the energy consumption in the US residential and commercial sector respectively.

Approximately 14.3% of all energy consumed in the US is for space conditioning in commercial and residential buildings using HVACR systems and products (includes heating, cooling and parasitic equipment)

Energy consumption characteristics of US commercial buildings HVAC systems

PRIMARY ENERGY USE – HVAC EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWN

Cooling Heating

PARASITIC PRIMARY ENERGY USE – EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWNParasitic energy use in commercial building HVAC systems accounts for about 10% of commercial sector energy use.

2005 emissions in the US were 5954 MMTons Residential sector 1243 MMT (20.8%) commercial sector 1056 MMT (17.7%) Space conditioning or HVACR equipment in the US for commercial & residentialsectors uses energy which can be equated to approximately 700 to 900 MMTons.The commercial sector HVACR emission is approximately 373 MMTons.

India’s electricity consumption stands at 587 billion Kwh in 2006, out of which currently 8% is being used by the commercial sector and 25% in the residential segment.

Commercial Buildings 32 % for ac / 60 % for lighting / 8 % others

Emission in the commercial sector can be estimated between 11 and 14 MMT on account of installed space conditioning equipment.

Slated for construction by 2010

12 million homes, 600 shopping malls, 80 million square feet of offices and 200 townships, along with airports, hotels, hospitals and schools.

The central plant market in India is currently growing at 23% per year and the market for large chillers (centrifugal and screw) is expected to grow at 30% per year. In 2005, the centrifugal chillers market is estimated at 60,000 cooling tonnes and the market for screw chillers is estimated at 300,000 cooling tonnes.

This new annual installed base of centrifugal and screw chillers alone in India represents an addition of over 1.2 MMTos of emissions.

HVACR energy use in commercial buildings currently represents over 6% of total country emissions in US1 to 2% of total country emissions in India

However, in the case of India, this percentage is rising extremely fast on account of 12% growth in demand for electricity in commercial buildings.

- UAE is world’s second largest per capita carbon emitter after Qatar.- By 2015, power demand will double up.- 70% was utilized in commercial and residential buildings.

Dubai 1985

AUSTRALIA By 2010, HVACR energy use in commercial buildings will be responsible for 21 Mt of emissions annually or nearly 4% of Australia's total emissions.

Dubai 2005

Climate Change

Global Warming

Clean-Tech Carbon Credits

Sustainability

EVERYONE IS TALKING IN A NEW LANGUAGE : ‘GREEN’

Building ‘GREEN’ promotes resource conservation, including energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water conservation features; consider environmental impacts and waste minimization; create a healthy and comfortable environment; reduce operation and maintenance costs; and address issues such as historical preservation, access to public transportation and other community infrastructure systems.The entire life cycle of the building and its components should be considered, as well as the economic and environmental impact and performance.

CFCs

HCFCs

HFCs

Greenhouse GasConcentration

1800s - 2000Anthropogenic Sources GWP

Proportion of Total Effect(Approximate)

Carbon Dioxide 280 - 370 ppmFossil Fuel Burning,

Deforestation1 60%

Methane 0.75 - 1.75 ppm Agriculture, Fuel Leakage 21 20%

Halocarbons 0 - 0.7 ppb Refrigerants 3400+ 14%

Nitrous Oxide 275 - 310 ppb Agriculture, Combustion 310 6%

Ozone 15 - 30 ppb Urban Pollution

-Ozone depletion-Global Warming

HCFCs -ozone depleting effect 10% of CFCs.HFCs account for only 0.06 percent of human-induced global warming. GHG in Kyoto Protocol

Embodied energy is the sum total of the energy necessary - from the raw material extraction, to transport, manufacturing, assembly, installation as well as the capital and other costs of a specific material - to produce a service or product and finally its disassembly and/or deconstruction.

Different methodologies produce different understandings of the scale and

scope of application and the type of energy embodied.

Like operational energy, embodied energy is an indicator of the level of energy consumption for a building.

Some commercial buildings the embodied energy can be equivalent to 20 to 37 years of operational energy and consequently, it is a major source of energy consumption within a building.

Material kg carbon equivalent per tonne produced Steel 300 to 850 (depending on % scrap steel)

SAVING THE PLANET HAS SUDDENLY BECOME GOOD BUSINESS.