HWA and its Threat to The EASTERN HEMLOCK

Tsuga canadensis

Presented by:Jayme Longo

Why Hemlocks are ImportantScenic Beauty1

Erosion Control2

Hydrology ModificationCooling Temperatures -Trout Habitat3

Internal Ecosystem -Rare Species Habitat

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Hemlock Dependant Species

Canadian Museum of Nature

Threats to Hemlock Trees

DroughtDevelopment

Spider-Mites ………

Scales …………………

HWA …………………..Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Mark S. McClure

Invasive.org

The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid(Adelges tsugae)

A True Bug, native to East Asia that feeds by sucking sap from hemlock trees (new growth, inject toxin)

HWA is introduced to N. America in 1924 (PA: 1967)

No native predators = major threat to the Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) & Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana)

The pest has now been established from GA to MA, causing widespread mortality of hemlock trees.

50% of the geographic range of eastern hemlock has been impacted by HWA.

Infestation Distribution

Symptoms of HWA Impact

How do you know HWA is impacting your Hemlock Trees?

Presence of white, cottony egg sacs clinging to the underside of hemlock branches Gradual fading and browning of limbsGraying, dry or brittle needles which begin droppingTrees with skeletal, spider web-like appearance and defoliated understoryPresence of one or more other pests/diseases

The Hemlock Woolly AdelgidHWA Life Cycle

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www.invasive.org

Invasive.org

R. Childs

R. Childs

The Hemlock Woolly AdelgidIf HWA is left uncontrolled, ultimate result is the Loss of

Hemlock Trees. (4-6 yrs)

Death of Hemlocks would result in:(impact photos)

Erosion Change in EcosystemFire HazardAesthetic LossSafetyLyme diseaseEconomics of removal

The Hemlock Woolly AdelgidIf HWA is left uncontrolled, ultimate result is the Loss of

Hemlock Trees. (4-6 yrs)

Death of Hemlocks would result in:(impact photos)

ErosionChange in EcosystemFire HazardAesthetic LossSafetyLyme diseaseEconomics of removal

Will Blozan

The Hemlock Woolly AdelgidMonitoring HWA

Develop an Understanding (How it travels)Natural Controls (cold/predation)

Early detectionFrequent inspection

The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Create an inventoryLocate, map, & evaluate most imp. Trees*monitor recovery, type of treatment, safety of bio control*

Value matrix

HWA Control Methods

CulturalReducing invasionImproving tree healthMechanically removing HWAPlanting resistant hemlock species

ChemicalHorticultural Oils/ SoapsPesticides (General info.)Methods of Application (Spray, Root, or Stem inj.)Evaluating Effectivenes

Biological ControlST Beetle: Sasajiscymnus tsugaeOnly Long term solutionAvailability

HWA Cultural Control

Cultural Control

Reducing invasion

Improving tree health

Mechanically removing HWA

Planting resistant Hemlock species

clevelandpublicart.org

HWA Chemical ControlChemical Control

Horticultural Oils/ SoapsPesticidesMethods of Application (Spray, Root, or Stem inj.)Evaluating Effectiveness

Trees-america.com

HWA Biological Control

Biological ControlOnly Long term solution

ST Beetle: Sasajiscymnus tsugaeWhere it comes fromWhy it is successful

Predatory practicesComparative Life-cycleWinter HardyYears of Observation

From Lab to ReleaseAvailability/ Supply & DemandMost wanted by private consumers due to price, success stories, HWA only main food source and most compatible with other releases. Most people invested in ST beetles so they can interbreed with neighbors.

ST Beetle Life Cycle

Egg

Larvae

Pupa

Adult

Options

No managementRemoval & replacement of dead treesTreat, prevent and control infestationBiological Control

Combination Approach

Questions & Comments

Works Cited• "Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid @ Invasive.org." Invasive Species: Information, Images, Videos, Distribution

Maps. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.invasive.org/hwa/>. • "Blackside Dace |." Pajamadeen.com. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.pajamadeen.com/tag/blackside-dace>. • Bonta, Dave. Porcupine in hemlock. 24 Sept. 2006. Dave Bonta's photostream, Www.flickr.com. • Cleveland Public Art. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.clevelandpublicart.org/files/projects/images/800/eco-fence-bird-house.jpg>. • "Climb of the Caldwell Colossus." Eastern Native Tree Society. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.nativetreesociety.org/tsuga/caldwell_colossus/caldwell_colossus.htm>. • Consumer Information about Tree Service from TreeCareTips.org. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.treecaretips.org/images//Hemlock3.jpg>. • Eastern Native Tree Society. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.nativetreesociety.org/tsuga/finale/Colleague-

_Little_Spruce_Ridge_covered_in_dead_hemlocks-_note_lack_of_hardwoods.JPG>. • "Hemlock Woody Adelgid -." Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/piercing_sucking/hemlock_woolly_adelgid.html>. • "Hemlock woolly adelgid -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_Woolly_Adelgid>. • "Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Update." Chattooga Conservancy. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.chattoogariver.org/index.php?

quart=Su2002&req=hwaupdate>. • HGIC - Plant Diagnostic Web Site. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://plantdiagnostics.umd.edu/level3.cfm?causeID=859>. • "HWA." Rutgers: CRSSA. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://crssa.rutgers.edu/courses/lse/Web_scale/Web%20project/HWA.htm>. • "Invasive Species: Animals - Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae)." National Invasive Species Information Center. 18 Apr.

2009 <http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/hwa.shtml>. • Invasive Species: Information, Images, Videos, Distribution Maps. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.invasive.org/hwa/images/Figure3.gif>. • "Moss Spraying." Trees America Welcome Page. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.trees-america.com/mossx.com/>. • Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry - USDA Forest Service. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pdfs/mcclure_hwa.pdf>. • "Northern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus." Canadian Museum of Nature - Mus?canadien de la nature. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://nature.ca/notebooks/english/flysquir_p8.htm>. • "Pest Alert - Elongate Hemlock Scale." Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry - USDA Forest Service. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/ehscale/ehscale.htm>. • "Save Our Hemlocks - Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Facts." Save Our Hemlocks Home Page. 18 Apr. 2009

<http://www.saveourhemlocks.org/adelgid.shtml>.

Thank-You