hybrid collective adaptive systems
TRANSCRIPT
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Hybrid Collective Adaptive Systems: Programming elements and incentive mechanisms
September 2015
Ognjen Šćekić
Distributed Systems GroupTU Vienna
dsg.tuwien.ac.at
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Outline
• What are CAS? • Overview of research landscape.
• Motivating scenarios• Research challenges
• ... and how we tried to address them
• SmartSociety platform – a prototypical hCAS
• Focus on runtime controllability:• direct (programming)• indirect (incentivizing)
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Collective Adaptive Systems• Collective Adaptive Systems – CAS
• Term jointly denoting highly diversified research fields
• Blending hybrid computational resources, social processes and inspiration from nature.
• The CAS book (written collectively from scratch in 3 days):
3http://focas.eu/documents/adaptive-collective-
systems.pdf
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Machine-based Computing
Human-based Computing
Things-based Computing
Nature-basedComputing
Grid
Pro
cess
ing
Uni
tA
rchi
tect
ure
Com
m.
SMP
Ad hoc networks
Internet of things
CAS Computing Models
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CAS Research Landscape• Multiple EU and national projects
• Coordinated through FoCAS• http://focas.eu/
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Defining characteristics of CAS
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hCAS – Where do we fit?
Focus on hybridity
Focus on humans and social aspects
Focus on collaboration
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hCAS – Our vision• Hybrid Collective Adaptive Systems –
hCAS:
• Collaborative = ++Collective ;• People AND software complement each
other• socio-technical systems, social
machines• in future also ‘things’ (sensors,
actuators)• Respond/adapt to ad-hoc situations
• favor collaboration patterns instead of predefined workflows
• Leverage human creativity• Embrace uncertainty• No over-regulation• Human-driven adaptation
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Motivating Scenario #1: Predictive Maintenance
• Humans: providing ad-hoc context interpretation and decision making
• Software: providing an on-demand sharing platform (Dropbox) and log mining and analytics service (splunk).
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Motivating Scenario #2: Collaborative Ride-Sharing
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hCAS – Challenges
• Virtualizing human and software elements
• Team formation • Execution orchestration• Privacy tradeoffs and ethical issues • Runtime control:
• direct: programming• indirect: incentives
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Virtualizing human&software elements
• Existing approaches for virtualizing humans:
• service providers (e.g., HPS)• associating roles with
tasks/activities (e.g., BPEL4People)• free-form natural language
communication (e.g., Amazon mTurk)
• No uniform abstraction of the three approaches.
• No native concept of collective communicationP. Zeppezauer et al., Virtualizing communication for hybrid and diversity-aware collective adaptive
systems, WESOA@ICSOC, 2014.
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SMARTCOM Middleware
[*] P. Zeppezauer, O. Scekic, H.-L. Truong, S. Dustdar: Virtualizing Communication for Hybrid and Diversity-Aware Collective Adaptive Systems, ICSOC’14 Workshops
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Team formation
• Some existing approaches for team formation:
• no team formation – unstructured crowds (e.g., crowdsourcing platforms)
• social groups, i.e., individuals connected via relationships (e.g., social machines)
• algorithmic search and provisioning (e.g., SCU)
• swarm intelligence (e.g., swarm organs)
• Existing socio-technical systems do not support human-driven self-formation of teams
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Past work: Algorithmic Team formation
Provisioning algorithms:
Ant Colony Optimization variants
FCFS Greedy
Trust model metrics:Supported query variables:
Skills Skill level (fuzzy) Connectedness
(fuzzy) Max Response
Time Cost Limit Optimization
objectives
[*] M.Z.C. Candra, H.-L. Truong, S. Dustdar: Provisioning Quality-aware Social Compute Units in the Cloud, ICSOC 2013.[*] M. Riveni, H.-L. Truong, S. Dustdar: Trust-aware Elastic Social Compute Units, TrustCom’15.
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Execution orchestration
Important aspects:1. Runtime determination of
execution plans • as opposed to predefined*workflows only• coarse- vs fine-grained (think
choreography vs. orchestration)
2. Negotiation (on the plans)• guided by different protocols, but driven
by humans
3. Execution• self-enacted by human peers or
orchestrated by software peer(s)• monitored for constraint and QoR
satisfaction
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Compose possible/optimal execution plans based on subtask offers submitted by crowd members. • Crowd requests dynamically determine possible execution
plans, involving both human activities and service invocations.
• Software determines acceptable plans w.r.t. user constraints. Plans are recommended/offered to interested crowd members Crowd are able to negotiate for participating in execution of
multiple plans concurrently, effectively making only a subset of them happen.
Negotiation orchestrated by the platform. Not trivial!
Composition
Offer
NegotiationExecution
Feedback
request
Execution orchestration[*] M. Rovatsos, D. I. Diochnos, M. Craciun: Agent protocols for social computation, W. on Multiagent Foundations of Soc. Comp., 2015.
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Privacy tradeoffs and ethical issues
• Specific for systems involving humans as decision makers.
• Real example from ride-sharing: religion-gender issues
• Tradeoff: disclosing private data needed for decision making vs. restricted functionality
• Privacy by design, e.g.: • purpose specification• semantic obfuscation
[*] http://www.smart-society-project.eu/publications/deliverables/d_4_2/
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Putting things together...
http://www.smart-society-project.eu/publications/deliverables/D_6_1/
crowd of human andmachine peers
www.smart-society-project.eu
[*] O. Scekic, et al.: SmartSociety -- A Platform for Collaborative People-Machine Computation, IEEE SOCA'15
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[*] O. Scekic, et al.: SmartSociety -- A Platform for Collaborative People-Machine Computation, IEEE SOCA'15
Putting things together...
http://www.smart-society-project.eu/publications/deliverables/D_6_1/
crowd of human andmachine peers
www.smart-society-project.eu
privacy
model
virtualization &
communication
orchestration
team formation
virtualization &
communication
runtime control
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Programming model for hCAS
• Collective-Based Task (CBT)• Concept representing a task to be
performed collectively.• Manages the lifecycle of the task across
different platform components.• Allows specifying different collaboration
models and adaptation policies.• Embodying properties of collectiveness and
adaptability.
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Programming model for hCAS
[*] Ognjen Scekic, et al.: Programming Model Elements for Hybrid Collaborative Adaptive Systems, IEEE CIC'15
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Programming model for hCAS
• Collective • Resident Collective (RC)
• Persistent collective defined and managed by peer store enforcing privacy model.
• Developer can know the members through their profiles defined by privacy model.
• represent a community, not a “task force”• Application-Based Collective (ABC)
• Temporary collective managed by application’s context used for specific task executions.
• Atomic and immutable to developer; platform can manage/change the composition (preventing user bias).
• Participants enjoy benefits of anonymity; platform guarantees reputation.
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Programming model for hCAS
[*] Ognjen Scekic, et al.: Programming Model Elements for Hybrid Collaborative Adaptive Systems, IEEE CIC'15
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Programming model for hCAS
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Incentive Management
abstractioninterlayer
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Incentive Management
abstraction interlayer
• Identify common incentivizing patterns in existing systems• Express the patterns as compositions of fundamental,
platform-agnostic incentive elements.
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Modeling Incentives
Examined incentive strategies in over 200 existing social computing platforms
Examined incentive mechanisms in economics, management science, sociology, psychology
Identified fundamental incentive mechanisms in use today and their constituent elements
New mechanisms can be built by composing and customizing well-known incentive elements
[*] O. Scekic, H.-L. Truong, S. Dustdar: Incentives and rewarding in social computing., Comm. ACM, 56(6), 72 (2013).
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Incentive Management
abstraction interlayer
• Virtualize system-specific worker team representations into a system-agnostic model amenable to the application of incentives.
• Develop primitives for executing (applying) incentive actions.
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Abstraction Interlayer
Allows modeling of human worker teams– storing and altering worker metrics– storing and altering worker structure– storing behavioral history and scheduling of incentive actions
Event-based communication with underlying socio-technical system
[*] Scekic, O., Truong, H.-L., Dustdar, S.: Programming incentives in information systems, CAiSE’13
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Research Questions
abstraction interlayer
• Design a declarative, human-friendly way of modeling incentives out of fundamental incentive elements.
• Translate the modeled incentive strategy into executable actions.
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PRINGL – a DSL for Incentive Mgmt.
[*] Scekic, O., Truong, H.-L., Dustdar, S.: PRINGL: A Domain-Specific Language for Incentive Management in Crowdsourcing, Comp. Networks, 2015.
PRINGL – PRogrammable INcentive Graphical Language
Visuo-textual language– Graphical elements for modeling and
composing incentive elements– Traditional code snippets for additional
business logic
System-independent Human-friendly syntax Elements can be stored, shared, reused Translated to code executable on abstraction
interlayer
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Managing Incentives with PRINGL
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Conclusions
• Collective Adaptive Systems (CAS) – emerging and diversified field of interdisciplinary research, covering different computing and collaboration models, inspired by nature and society.
• Hybrid CAS – socio-technical systems characterized by notions of:• hybridity (collaboration of human and software peers)• collectiveness (collectives and not individuals are first class
citizens)• adaptiveness (driven by human peers) • controllability (direct and indirect)
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Thanks for your attention!
Ognjen Šćekić
Distributed Systems GroupTU Wien
dsg.tuwien.ac.at
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AcknowledgementsIncludes joint/ongoing work with members of the Distributed Systems Group (TU Vienna), and partners from the EU FP7 SmartSociety project (№ 600854). Co-sponsored by FoCAS (www.focas.eu).
www.smart-society-project.euwww.focas.eu www.tuwien.ac.at