Topics

Hybrid vehicles with two or three wheels Ph.D. Research Activity

Marco Ferrari, Silverio Bolognani, Vittore Cossalter, Alberto Doria

Department of Industrial Engineering, Motorcycle Dynamics Research Group (MDRG)

University of Padova, Padova, Italy,

marco.ferrari.8@studenti.unipd.it

Hybrid three wheeled vehicles equipped with linkage

Project Velomobile Series hybrid propulsion system

Future Works Supported by

Three wheeled vehicle with linkage

Mechanical characteristics of the vehicle.

Electric and hybrid vehicles with narrow track are very suited to sustainable urban mobility. A particular tilting three wheeled vehicle (totally electric) has been developed at Padova

University. It is composed of a tilting front module (one wheel) and a non-tilting rear module (two wheels) connected by means of a four-bar linkage in order to improve the stability.

MO.bi regional project - Aprilia RS4 125 Hybrid

Three wheeled vehicle: for urban and

sub-urban mobility; it is suitable to

novel rider.

Tilting front module (one wheel) and

non-tilting rear module (two wheels).

Four-bar linkage: to improve the

stability and the handling of the

motorcycle.

Transmission: chain drive without

differential.

Good dynamics performance and

comfort.

Passenger and/or auxiliary bags are

allowed.

Rocker

Chassis

Coupler link

Revolute

joint

In-wheel motor

•  2.5 kW

•  45 Nm @

620 rpm

I.C. Engine

•  4.1 kW

•  11.5 Nm @

2800 rpm

SPM electric

generator

IPM electric

motors (two)

•  2.5 kW

•  15 Nm @

1860 rpm

Chain drive

Batteries

•  LiPo

•  70 Ah

IPM electric motor

Layout of the motor.

Fem analysis of the motor.

Working modes:

1.  only electric mode with regenerative braking and i. c. engine

switched off;

2.  electric mode with regenerative braking and i. c. engine switched on;

3.  plug-in mode for the batteries charge.

Power train overview

Preliminary layout of the

vehicle.

A velomobile or bicycle car is a human-powered

vehicle, enclosed for aerodynamic advantage and

protection from weather and collisions.

The goal is to design an hybrid vehicle with both

electric and human propulsion systems.

The challenge is to analyze and design small

electric machines compatible with a very light

vehicle equipped with linkage.

!

Matlab code for the designing of three wheeled vehicles

Estimation of dimensions and weights of electric

components and optimal position of every component

on the vehicle.

Calculation of vehicle range, only electric mode ,

with electric generator switched on, regenerative

braking.

Performance calculation: acceleration, speed.

Curve stability (Steady Turning).

A computer code has been developed for better integrating

the mechanical design of the chassis with the hybrid

propulsion system. The program features are:

Electric drive

Electric machine

Batteries

Maximum speed: 70 – 75 km/h.

Maximum acceleration : 4.7 m/s2.

Maximum slope: 15 %.

Range of 45 km, only electric mode and 130

km with the electric generator switched on.

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Components positioning

XCoG [m]

YC

oG

[m

]

FhubM1

DFhubM1

EM1

EM2

DEM1

DEM2I.C.E+Ge

DGe

BatteriesAdd.mass

Payload

−0.22 0 0.22 0.44 0.66 0.88 1.1 1.32 1.54

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

Hybrid vehicles equipped with three wheels and four-bar linkage, study and design of series and parallel hybrid propulsion systems, design of a computer code for a better integration

of the mechanical design with the hybrid propulsion system, design of an innovative Velomobile equipped with linkage and characterized by hybrid propulsion system (electric and

human power), feasibility study and realization of a mild-hybrid motorcycle in cooperation with Aprilia (MO.bi regional project).

Feasibility study of a mild-hybrid motorcycle

The goal was to estimate the increase of weight and volume due to

the substitution of the traditional alternator with a more powerful

one, in order to improve the thermal engine torque (I.C.E. torque)

realizing a parallel hybrid.

A specific torque profile (hybrid torque) has been designed for

satisfying the limitation in terms of maximum power (11 kW). The

project of an optimized SPM machine has been carried out.

A computer code has been developed for testing the system

composed by the motor, the drive and the energy storage, in terms

of range calculation on a reference cycle for motorcycle (WMTC).

Practice realization Final results

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 120000

2

4

6

8

10

12

Torque profiles and electric motor characteristics

Speed [rpm]

Torq

ue [

Nm

]

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 120000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Pow

er

[kW

]

ICE torque

EM torque

Hybrid torque

EM power

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2000

4000

6000

8000

Telemetry study

Time [s]Moto

r sp

eed [

rpm

]

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

10

20

30

40

Energy fluctuation in Energy Storage System

Time [s]

Energ

y [k

J]

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Time [s]

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 2200

20

40

60

80

Time [s]

Speed [

km

/h]

I.C.E.

Hybrid

Charge

Layout of the electric machine.

Layout of Aprilia RS4 125 Hybrid.

E x p e r i m e n t a l m e c h a n i c a l

characteristic of the electric motor.

The mechanical characteristic of the electric

motor has been obtained experimentally by

means of a specific test bench in Aprilia. Finally the whole motorcycle has been tested on the

private track of Piaggio factory. Telemetries concerning

the motorcycle behavior have been acquired.

E x p e r i m e n t a l t e l e m e t r i e s

obtained on the private track of

Piaggio factory.

Feature Value

N° phases 3

N° slots 27

N° poles 18

I phase_max [Apk] 25

V phase_max [Vpk] 220

Diameter ext [mm] 178

L stack [mm] 35

Weight [kg] 5

Electric machine parameters.

Engine control unit

0 5 10 15−2000

−1800

−1600

−1400

−1200

−1000

−800

−600

Time [s]

Vert

ical Load [

N]

Load Transfer (Acceleration)

Nr

Nf

0 20 40 60 80 1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Speed [km/h]

Forc

es [

N]

Total traction force

Fr

Ffhm

Fem

Ftot

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Human Power Electric Power

Design of the electric machine for the Velomobile and realizing of a prototype of the whole vehicle in cooperation with EUROSYSTEMS Company.

Graphical examples concerning the performance

calculation are given.

Improving of the matlab code in order to estimate the advantage of a variable transmission between the electric motor and the wheels.