hydraulics fundamental properties of fluids
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
1/11
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
THE SCIENCE OF HYDRAULICS Branch of science which treats of water or other fluid
in motion.
Hydrostatics study of pressure exerted by fluids at rest
Hydrodynamics study of forces exerted by or upon
fluids in motion
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
2/11
FLUIDS Substances capable of f lowing, having particles which
easily move and change their relative position withouta separation of the mass.
No resistance to change of form
Conform to the shape of the solid body with whichthey come in contact.
May be a liquid or a gas
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
3/11
Differences of liquids and gasesA liquid has a free surface, and a given mass of a liquid
occupies only a given volume in a container, whereas agas does not have a free surface, and a given massoccupies all portions of any container regardless of itssize
Liquids are practically incompressible while gases are
compressible
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
4/11
Distinctions between a solid and a
fluidA solid is deformed by a shearing stress, the amount of
unit deformation up to a certain point beingproportional to the unit stress; a fluid is also deformedby a shearing stress but at a time rate of deformationwhich is proportional to the stress
If the elastic limit is not exceeded, the application of a
given unit shearing stress to a solid produces a certainunit deformation which is independent of the time ofapplication of the force, and when the stress isremoved the solid returns to its original form
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
5/11
If a given shearing stress is applied to a fluid,deformation continues to take place at a uniform ratewith time, and when the stress is removed the fluiddoes not, through forces contained within itself, return
to its original form.
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
6/11
Units used in Hydraulics Fundamental equation relating force F, massM, and
acceleration a F = kMa
kis a proportionality factorValue ofkis made equal to 1 by two different systems
of defining units
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
7/11
1. Gravitational system, in which kis made equal to 1 bydefining the unit of mass. If a body of unit weight fallsfreely, unit force is acting and the acceleration isg.Thus for unit force to produce unit acceleration theunit of mass must consist ofg units of weight.
a) Foot-pound-second system: 1 lb force=1 slug mass x 1 ftper second per second, in which 1 slug mass=g pounds
weight divided byg feet per second per second,g is32.2 ft per sec per sec.
b) Metric system: 1 gram force= 1 unit of mass x 1 cm persecond per second, in which a unit of mass=g grams
weight divided byg centimeters per second persecond,g is 981 cm per second per second
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
8/11
2. Absolute system, in which kis made equal to 1 bydefining the unit of force.
a) Foot-pound-second system: Unit force is that forcewhich, acting on a body of 1 lb mass, gives it an
acceleration of 1 ft per second per second, and is calleda poundal, 1 poundal force= 1 lb mass x 1 ft per secondper second
b) Metric system: Unit force is that force which, acting on
a body of 1 gram mass, gives it an acceleration of 1 cmper second per second, and is called a dyne. 1 dyneforce=1 gram mass x 1 cm per second per second
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
9/11
The metric and foot-pound-second systems are related
by the following units of length and weight:
1 meter = 3.2808 ft
1 kilogram = 2.2046 lb
Example:
How many dynes force are equivalent to 1lb force?
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
10/11
General Properties of Fluids Unit weight w: the weight of a unit volume of a f luid,
in foot-pound-second expressed as pounds per cubicfoot
Mass Densityr (rho): the mass per unit of volume, ingravitational unitsr = w/g or w=rg ,where g is the acceleration due togravity
in foot-pound-second units mass density is slugs percubic foot
in metric system density is measured in grams percubic centimeter
Specific gravitys: the ratio of the unit weight of a fluidto the unit weight of water at 4C
-
7/28/2019 HYDRAULICS Fundamental Properties of Fluids
11/11