Presentation to Engineers Australia

Thursday, 24 May, 2007

Mineral Springs Room, RSL - Mittagong

HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL ENERGY

Southern Highlands and Tablelands Regional Group

AUSTRALIAN DEMONSTRATED RESOURCES

AUSTRALIA – POWER NETWORKS

AUSTRALIA – ENERGY PRODUCTION BY FUEL

ENERGY CONSUMPTION, BY INDUSTRY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION, BY INDUSTRY

Other

2%

Transport

23%Electricity

30%

Manufacturin

g

23%

Mining

6% Agriculture

2%

Residential

8%

Commercial

5%

Construction

1%

PEAK OIL

DRIVERS FOR CLEAN FUELS AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

1. Energy security

2. Environment quality

4. Reliability

Greenhouse emissions

Urban Air Quality

3. Energy efficiency

5. Safety

6. Potential for reduced costs

Noise

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (LCA)

CONSIDERS ALL STEPS ACROSS THE ENTIRE ENERGY SUPPLY CHAIN

BASED ON AN ENERGY (GJ), EMISSIONS (Mt) OR COST ($) BASIS

EXPLORATION

EXTRACTION

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

WASTE MANAGEMENT

END-USE

STORAGE

SOCIETAL COSTS

AIR, WATER, LAND HEALTH, VISIBILITY

RESOURCES

LCA: LDV CO2-e EMISSIONS (kg/km)

Family-sized vehicle (European Drive Cycle) – CSIRO LCA study, 2004

LCA: LDV CO2-e EMISSIONS (kg/km)

Family-sized vehicle (European Drive Cycle) – CSIRO LCA study, 2004

LCA: LDV PM10 EMISSIONS (mg/km)

Family-sized vehicle (European Drive Cycle) - – CSIRO LCA study, 2004

LCA: LDV GHG EMISSIONS

Vehicle: GOLF III, 150,000 km

life, FC 12.3 km/L

Source: Kuhndt and

Bilitewski, 1999

GOVERNMENT REPORT: NATIONAL HYDROGEN STUDY (DITR, 2003)

„Australia recognises the potential of hydrogen to

contribute to a more environmentally friendly and

sustainable energy mix and will continue to play an

active role in the national and international

development of hydrogen and related enabling

technologies. In doing so, Australia will focus on

areas where it has scientific, technical or other

advantages.‟

The Hon.

Ian Macfarlane,

Federal Minister for

Industry, Tourism

and Resources

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

International Energy Agency

Hydrogen Implementing Agreement

APEC Energy Working Group

AUSTRALIAN HYDROGEN ACTIVITY REPORT (4 July, 2005)

“involving at least 36 different organisations”

“120 hydrogen energy research projects underway”

AUSTRALIAN H&FC ACTIVITY

CFCL

Universities:

National Hydrogen

Materials Alliance

CUTE Bus

Trial

CBOM

Antarctic Division

HYDROGEN ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

End-use

Renewables

Biological

Pipelines Transport and

distribution

Transport: land, sea and air

Fossil fuels

Land and tanker transport

Refuelling/Terminals/

Bulk storage

Power:Industrial, commercial, residential

Storage

Nuclear

Production

, portable

HYDROGEN CAPTIVE MARKETS

GLASS

Polishing

FOOD

Fat & Oils

GLASS

Float Glass

GLASS

Optical Fiber

FOOD

Starch

CHEMICALS

Specialty

ELECTRONICSSPACE

HEAT TREATMENT

LABORATORY

REFINING

CHEMICALS

Basics

HYDROGEN MERCHANT MARKETS

UPTAKE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS 2010

from CSIRO “The heat is on – the future of energy in Australia”, 2006

UPTAKE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS 2050

from CSIRO “The heat is on – the future of energy in Australia”, 2006

HYDROGEN SUPPLY

Clean Fuels Project (October 2000)

36,000 scm/hr production capacity

BOC's 2nd largest gas production plant investment in the world @ £65 mill

H2/CO2 POX UnitH2/CO2 POX Unit

BP/GE “ENERGY” PLANT (475 MWe)

storing some 1.8 million tonnes of CO2 a year in the North Sea Miller oilfield

“HYDROGEN ENERGY” PROPOSED GASIFICATION PLANT (500 MWe)

A$2 billion (US$1.5 billion) coal-fired power generation project

15 % of the power demand of south west Western Australia

half a million homes

Kwinana, Western Australia

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: IGCC EMISSIONS

0.5

1

1.5

2

SCPC1 IGCC2 NGCC1

NOx SO2 PM Hg

~80% 95%+

NOx SO2 PM Hg NOx SO2 PM Hg

~0 ~0 ~0

lb/MWh

ELECTROLYSIS

HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION

MOBILE REFUELLING STATIONS

CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION

HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION: REFUELLING

No. Hydrogen Fuel Stations World wide

-

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Pre-1

998

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Source: A lexandra B aker, Fuel C ell M arket Survey: A ut omot ive

Hydrogen Inf rast ruct ure, Fuel C ell Today – 2 5 M ay 2 0 0 5

HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION: REFUELLING

HYDROGEN STORAGE

NEW TECHNOLOGY

CONVENTIONAL STORAGE

VEHICULAR STORAGE

HYDROGEN STORAGE: TARGETS

USDOE performance targets (transport)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

specific

energy

(kWh/kg)

weight

percent

H2, %

energy

density

(kWh/liter)

system

cost ($/kg

system)

flow rate

(g/sec)

refueling

rate (kg

H2/min)

2007

2010

2015

HYDROGEN STORAGE: NEW MATERIALS

HYDROGEN STORAGE: TRENDS

Hydrogen properties of various storage media

CH2 @ 350 bar = 24

kg/m 3 @ 100%

CH2 @ 700 bar = 40

kg/m 3 @ 100%

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

NH3FeTiH1.7

LaNiH6

CaH2

NaH

Mg2NiH4

TiH2

KBH4

MgH2

CH3OH

C2H5OH

C8H8

LH2 = 71 kg/m 3 @ 100%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 5 10 15 20 25

Hydrogen mass

density (mass %)

Hydrogen

vol. density

(kg H2/m3)

2010 system targets

2015 system targets

Energy storage properties of various fuels

NaBH4LiBH4

Al(BH4)3

LH2 (new)

0

88

176

0 15 30Specific energy

(W-h/kg)

Energy

density

(W-h/L)

2010 system targets

2015 system targets

Propane and

gasoline limits

6,000

3,000

5,000 10,000

HYDROGEN END-USE: FUEL CELL TYPES

Alkaline

(AFC)

Polymer

Electrolyte

Membrane

(PEMFC)

Direct Methanol

(DMFC)

Polymer

Electrolyte

Membrane

(PEMFC)

Direct

Methanol

(DMFC)

Solid Oxide

(SOFC)

Phosphoric

Acid

(PAFC)

Molten

Carbonate

(MCFC)

TYPES OF

FUEL CELLS

HYDROGEN END-USE: STATIONARY POWER

GLOBAL LEADER: CERAMIC FUEL CELLS LTD

World leader in planar SOFC development

Micro CHP (COGEN) units (1-5 kW)

Expanding into European market

Originally based in Melbourne, Australia

have signed product development

agreements with gas water heater

manufacturers in Germany and France

cell/stack plant in Germany supported by the

State of North Rhine Westphalia

advanced ceramic powder plant near

Liverpool, UK

moved from the circular all-ceramic stack with

electrolyte supported cells to a rectangular

metal enclosed array of anode supported cells

that doubles the power density and is more

compact

SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL COSTS

The estimated costs were

diesel generator

$800-$1,500/kW

natural gas turbine

< $400/kW

Delphi and GE have made significant advances in the reduction of solid oxide fuel

cell (SOFC) stack costs, surpassing the SECA target for 2006.

$294/kW for a 4.24 kW Delphi system;

$254/kW for a 5.4 kW GE system.

2010 goal: < $400/kW system cost.

April 6, 2007

MOLTEN CARBONATE FC COSTS

> 300 kW systems

www.fce.com/site/investor/strategy_9_12.html

Fuel Cell Energy (USA)

approx. US$ 3,500/kW for MW scale systems

commercial target: US$ 2,000-3000/kW

HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS FOR TRANSPORT

TRENDS IN FUELS DEVELOPMENT

TIME

SCALE

STEAM ENGINE: 19th C TECHNOLOGY

COMBUSTION ENGINE: 20th C TECHNOLOGY

FUEL CELL: 21st C TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INFORMATION AGE

LOW SPECIFIC WEIGHT

INTERNAL COMBUSTION vs FUEL CELL ELECTRIC

GAS COMBUSTION

LIMITED TO OTTO EFFICIENCY

EMITS SOME TAILPIPE POLLUTANTS

ELECTRIC MOTOR

HIGH EFFICIENCY

NO TAILPIPE POLLUTANTS

SIMPLE DESIGNCOMPLEX BUT FLEXIBLE DESIGN

HUGE ECONOMY OF SCALE DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY

UPTAKE OF ICE vs HYBRID ELECTRIC-ICE VEHICLES 2050

from CSIRO “The heat is on – the future of energy in Australia”, 2006

MEMBRANE REACTIONS

O2

2H2O

4H+

4e -

2

H2

O2

H2O

2H2 4H+

4e -

O2

2H2O

4H+

4e -

H+

Transport

AnodeCathode

Polymer

electrolyte Carbon cloth

Pt-cat

Pt-catalyst

Oxidation

Reduction

FUEL CELL FEATURES

REVERSIBLE FUEL CELL UNIT

FUEL CELL KIT COMPONENTS

FUEL CELL KIT COMPONENTS

• Top speed: 160 km/h

CASE STUDY: THE HONDA - FCX

The Honda Home Energy Station.

• High-efficiency lithium ion battery

• Drive range: up to 570 km (30%)

• Power output: 95 kW, 14kW FC increase

• FC stack: 20% smaller

• FC stack: Horizontal to vertical gas flow• Power plant: 180kg (30%) lighter

• Power plant: 40 % smaller in volume

• Energy efficiency: 60 percent

ie 3 x petrol-engine vehicle

ie 2 x hybrid vehicle

ie 10% higher cf. current FCX

• converts natural gas into hydrogen

• fills the FCX's tank overnight

• provides electricity and hot water to entire house

• “Space-age”, “spacious interior”

Web site: www.world.honda.com/fcx/

HONDA FCX – RELEVANT CONSIDERATIONS

10. Integration

1. Performance

2. Cost

3. Environment

4. Ergonomics

6. Quality

7. Reliability

8. Safety

9. Design life

5. Aesthetics

FCX AND MGS – RELEVANT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. PerformanceSmaller Size - Compact

More power

Increased efficiency

Extended range

Lighter Weight

5. Aesthetics 10. Integration

PEM FUEL CELL DURABILITY GOALS

2005: 2,100 hr. 2010 Goal: 5,000 hr.

2,000 hours equivalent to 100,000 kilometers under regular driving conditions

PEM FUEL CELL START UP GOALS

2005: -25°C in 90 s 2010 Goal: -30°C in 30 s

to 50% of rated power

PEM FUEL CELL VOL. POWER DENSITY GOALS

2005: 1,470 Wnet/L 2010 Goal: 2,500 Wnet/L

2010: US DOE target 2,000 Wnet/L

PEM FUEL CELL COST GOALS

2005: US$75/kW 2010 Goal: US$30/kW

2005: 10% less than 2004

SPACE PROGRAM

1960s and 1970s

≈$600,000/kW

HYDROGEN END-USE: MICRO/PORTABLE

• Portable appliances and power tools

• Small personal vehicles

• Consumer electronics (laptops, cell phones)

• Roadway and traffic signage

• Backup power

TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS

In 1954 ….

In 2006 ….

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF ENERGY HYDROGEN DIVISION

Objectives:

Web: www.aie.org.au/hydrogen

• To offer a credible source of information & focal point pertaining to H&FC technology

• To promote inter-disciplinary discussion of H&FC technology and research

• To assist in the promotion of Australian H&FC projects and studies

• To demonstrate H&FC technology to the Australian community

• To encourage H&FC studies in educational curricula

17TH WORLD HYDROGEN ENERGY CONFERENCE, 2008

International Association of

Hydrogen Energy

Dr Andrew Dicks

University of Queensland

WHEC XVII Chairman

Australian Institute of Energy

Brisbane, WHEC Host City

Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre,

WHEC Venue