HYDROGEN EFFECTS IN MATENALS

HYDROGEN EFFECTS IN

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on the Effect of Hydrogen on the Behavior of Materials sponsored by the Structural Materials Division (SMD)

Mechanical Metallurgy and Corrosion & Environmental Effects Committees of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

held at Jackson Lake Lodge, Moran, Wyoming September 11-14, 1994

Edited by

Anthony W. Thompson Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Berkeley, California

and

Neville R. Moody Sandia National Laboratories

Livermore, California

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CONTENTS

... ........................................................................................................................ Foreword xlll

CONFERENCE KEYNOTE The Role of Hydrogen: Is The Story Any Clearer? ......................................................... 3

I. M. Bernstein

HYDROGEN INTERACTIONS .............................................................. Hydrogen-Dislocation Interactions (Keynote) 15

H. K. Birnbaum and P. Sofronis

.................... Hydrogen Interaction with 0-, I- , and 2- Dimensional Defects (Invited) 35 J. Gegner, G. Horz and R. Kirchheim

Deuterium and Tritium Applications to the Quantitative Study of Hydrogen Local Concentration in Metals and Related Embrittlement (Invited) ......................... 47

J. Ch&ne and A. M. Brass

Hydrogen Induced Embrittlement and the Effect of the Mobility of Hydrogen Atoms (Invited) ................................................................... 61

1.-S. Wang

Atomistic Calculations of Hydrogen Interactions with Ni3Al Grain Boundaries and Ni/Ni,Al Interfaces (Invited) .................................................... 77

M. I. Baskes,]. E.Angelo, andN. R. Moody

Bonding Strengths and Anomalous Hydrogen ................................................................... Absorption in Some Intermetallic Systems 9 1

I. Jacob

.......................... The Investigation of Hydrogen Redistribution Under a Tensile Load 97 B. K. Zuev and 0. K. Timonina

Characterization of Defects in Deuterium-implanted Beryllium ................................. 105 R. A. Anderl, A. B. Denison, S. Szpala, P. Asoka-Kumar, K. G. Lynn, and B. Nielsen

The Role of Traps in Determining the Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement ......... 115 B. G. Pound

Hydrogen Trapping and its Correlation to the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Al-Li-Cu-Zr Alloys ................................................... 13 1

S. W . Smith and J. R. Scully

The Interaction of Hydrogen with a P-Titanium Alloy .............................................. 143 H. Zhang, T. Lin, and R. Chang

O n the Mechanism of Hydrogen Interaction with Titanium at Temperatures from 300 to 373K and Pressures up to 150 MPa .................................... 153

Yu. I. Archakov and T. D. Aleferenko

Modeling the Segregation of Hydrogen to Lattice Defects in Nickel ......................... 161 J. E. Angelo, N. R. Moody, and M. I. Baskes

The Behavior of Impurity Hydrogen in Metallic Materials ......................................... 17 1 G. Itoh, H. Okada, and M. Kanno

Hydrogen Absorption in Metals During Electrolytic Processes ......................................................... and the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Steel 18 1

Yu. M. Loshkaryov, A. N. Baturin, and V. I. Korobov

PERMEATION The Effect of Surface on the Measurement of Hydrogen Transport in Iron with the Electrochemical Permeation Technique (Invited) ................................ 189

A. M. Brass and 1. Collet-Lacoste

Diffusion of Hydrogen in Titanium .............................................................................. 205 0. S. Abdul-Hamid and R. M. Latanision

Hydrogen Solubility in Ti-24A1-11 Nb ........................................................................ 2 15 M. G. Shanabarger, S. N. Sankaran, and A. W. Thompson

Hydrogen Solution and Diffusion in L1,-Ordered (Co, Fe),V Alloy ...................................................... and Their Roles in Environmental Embrittlement 223

C. Nishimura, M. Komaki, and M. Amano

Modeling of Hydrogen Transport in Cracking Metal Systems .................................... 233 J. P. Thomas and C. E. Chopin

Comparison of the High Temperature Hydrogen Transport Parameters for the Alloys Incoloy 909, Haynes 188, and Mo-7.5 Re ............................................ 243

M. G. Shanabarger

......................................................................... Deuterium Desorption from Beryllium 25 1 R. Bastasz, J. A. Whaley, T. J. Venhaus, and D. M. Manos

Hydrogen Transport Through Ti0 , Film Prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) Method ......................................... 261

S.-I. Pyun and Y.-G. Yoon

Measurements of Diffusion and Permeation for Protium in .................................................................. P-PdH and Modeling of Diffusion Process 27 1

J. ?. Hamilton and W. S. Swansiger

Investigation of a Hydrogen Charging Method on an Austenitic Structure ............... 283 C. Dagbert, M. Sehili, J. Galland, and L. Hyspecka

Thermal Desorption Analysis (TDA): Application in Quantitative Study of Hydrogen Trapping and Release Behavior .................................................... 293

E. Abramov and D. Eliezer

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The Effect of Deformation Rates on Hydrogen Embrittlement ................................... 303

W. Dietzel and M. Pfuff

Hyrdrogen Attack in Creeping Polycrystals due to .................................................................................. Cavitation on Grain Boundaries 3 13

M. W. D. van der Burg and E. van der Giessen

The Effect of Hydrogen on the Fracture Behavior of Aluminum Titanium Metal Matrix Composites .......................................................... 323

G. Solovioff and D. Eliezer

Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Hydrogen .................................................... Environment Embrittlement of Incoloyo Alloy 909 33 1

R. K. Jacobs, A. K. Kuruvilla, T. Nguyentat, and P. Cowan

.................. Hydrogen Effects on Cyclic Deformation Behavior of a Low Alloy Steel 343 H. j. Maier, W. Popp, and H. Kaesche

The Relationship between Strain Rate, Hydrogen Content, and the Tensile Ductility of Uranium .......................................................................... 355

G. L. Powell

Influence of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties in High-pressure Hydrogen ............... 363 E. J. Veselyjr., R. K. Jacobs, M. C. Watwood, and W. B. McPherson

Void Formation in Hydrogen Charged Metals Induced by Plastic Deformation as the Initial Stage of Embrittlement .......................................... 375

Yu N. Jagodzinski, L. N. Larikov, and A. Yu. Smouk

CRACK GROWTH SUSCEPTIBILITY Fracture Toughness and Hydrogen assisted Crack Growth in Engineering Alloys (Keynote) ................................................................... 387

J. F. Knott

Modeling Hydrogen Environment-enhanced Fatigue Crack Growth in Al-Li-Cu-Zr (Keynote) .................................................................... 409

R. S. Piascik and R. P. Gangloff

Local Approach of Fracture in a Tempered Martensitic Steel Cathodically Hydrogenated at High pH ............................................................. 435

R. P. Hu, M. Habashi, G. Hu, and]. Galland

Cracking of a Hydrided Zirconium Alloy in Hydrogen ............................................... 445 1.-H. Huang and F.4. Jiang

Hydrogen Induced Damage in High Strength Pearlitic Steel: Micromechanical Effects and Continuum Mechanics Approach ............................... 455

J. Toribio, A. M. Lancha, and M. Elices

............................................................. The Hydrogen Embrittlement of Alloy X-750 465 D. M. Symons and A. W. Thompson

vii

Effects of Anisotropy on the Hydrogen Diffusivity and Fatigue Crack Propagation of a Banded Ferrite-Pearlite Steel ................................................. 475

L. Tau, S. L. I. Chan, and C. S. Shin

Influence of Water Vapor Pressure on Crack Growth Rate in 701 7-T65 1 Aluminum Alloy .......................................................................... 487

J. Ruiz and M. Elices

The Kinetics of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Metals .............................................. 497 A. G. 9. M. Sasse and V. J. Gadgil

FRACTURE MECHANISMS The Role of Hydrogen in Enhancing Plastic Instability and

..................................................... Degrading Fracture Toughness in Steels (Keynote) 507 J. P. Hirth

Hydrogen and Moisture-Induced Embrittlement of Nickel and Iron Aluminides (Invited) ......................................................................... 523

N. S. Stoloff

Hydrogen Induced Cracking Mechanisms - Are There Critical Experiments? (Invited) ................................................................. 539

W. W. Gerberich, P. G. Marsh, and]. W. Hoehn

Some Contribution to the Understanding of the Mechanism of Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Intermetallic Compounds (Invited) ........................................... 555

C.-M. Xiao, W.-Y. Chu, and F.-W. Zhu

A Theory for Hydrogen Embrittlement of Transition Metals and Their Alloys ......... 569 J. A. Lee

Microautoradiography of Fatigue Crack Growth in Low-Carbon Steel Using Tritiated Water Vapor ......................................................... 581

D. L. Davidson and J. B. Campbell

Effects of Internal Hydrogen on the Toughness and .................................................................... Fracture of Forged JBK-75 Stainless Steel 59 1

B. C. Odegard Jr., S. L. Robinson, and N. R. Moody

.................................................. Model for Plasticity-Enhanced Decohesion Fracture 599 C. Altstetter and D. Abraham

Advances in the Theory of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zirconium Alloys ............. 6 1 1 S.-Q. Shi and M. P. Puls

High Resolution Fractography of Hydrogen-Assisted Fracture in Iron-3 wt.% Silicon ................................................................................... 623

T. 1. Marrow, M. Aindow, and J. F. Knott

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STRESS CORROSION CRACKING Distributions of Anodic and Cathodic Reaction Sites during Environmentally Assisted Cracking (Invited) ......................................... 635

B. G. Ateya and H. W. Pickering

Calculation Model of Hydrogen-Mechanical Crack Propagation in Metals under Corrosive Environment Effects .......................................................... 647

0. Andreykiv and N. Tymiak

The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Hydrogen Permeation and ........................................................... Embrittlement of Structural Steels in Seawater 657

J. Woodward, R. P. M. Procter, and R. A. Coffis

The Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen-induced Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Quenched and Tempered Steels ............................................................... 669

G. Echaniz, T. E. Perez, C. Pampillo, R. C. Newman, R. P. M. Procter, and G. W. Lorimer

Influence of the Ni-Content on the Cathodic and Corrosive Hydrogen Induced Cracking Behavior of Austenitic Alloys ........................................................ 679

K. Mummert, H. J. Engelmann, S. Schwarz, and M. Uhlemann

Hydrogen Embrittlement During Corrosion Fatigue of Duplex Stainless Steel .......... 689 K. N. Krishnan, J. F. Knott, and M. Strangwood

HYDROGEN IN TITANIUM ALLOYS Effect of High Temperature Hydrogen on Titanium Base Alloys (Keynote) .............. 699

H. G. Nelson

Hydrogen Effects in Titanium (Invited) ...................................................................... 7 19 F. H. Froes, D. Eliezer, and H. G. Nelson

Effect of Hydrogen o n the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Ti Alloy: Ti-15Mo-3Nb-3A1-0.2Si ................................................... 735

D. A. Hardwick and D. G. Ulmer

Hydrogen Interactions and Embrittlement in Metastable Beta Ti-3A1-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4V .................................................................... 745

M. A. Gaudett, S. W. Smith, and J. R. Scully

Hydrogen Effects in Titanium Aluminide Alloys ...................................................... 755 D. Eliezer, F. H. Froes, C. Suryanarayana, and H. G. Nelson

Effects of Hydrogen-induced Phases on Mechanical Behavior of ............................................ the Ti-25A1-10Nb-3 Mo-1V Titanium Aluminide Alloy 765

X. Pierron and A. W. Thompson

Hydrogen Effects on Ti-22A1-27Nb ............................................................................. 7 77 D. Eliezer, A. Ben-Guigui, N. Stern, N. Eliaz, E. Abramov, and R. G. Rowe

The Effect of High Pressure Hydrogen Charging on Microstructure and ......................................... Mechanical Behavior of a Cast y+a, Titanium Aluminide 787

U. Habel, T. M. Pollock, and A. W. Thompson

Hydride Dissociation and Hydrogen Evolution from Cathodically ............................................................ Charged Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides 799

A. Takasaki, Y. Furuya, K. Ojima, and Y. Taneda

Hydrides in High Pressure Hydrogen-charged TiAl Alloys ........................................ 809 K. Li, M. De Graef, T. M. Pollock, D. B. Allen, and A. W. Thompson

Influence of Hydride Precipitation on the Ductility of Titanium Under Stress Triaxiality ................................................................................ 819

J. Huez, A,-L. Helbert, I. Guillot, A. W. Thompson, and M. Clavel

The Effects of Hydrogen on the Stability of the ........................................................................ Orthorhombic Phase in Ti-24A1- 1 1Nb 83 1

D. B. Allen, A. W. Thompson, and M. De Graef

HYDROGEN IN STAINLESS STEELS AND SUPERALLOYS Effect of Internal Hydrogen on the Mixed-Mode 11111 Fracture Toughness of a FerriticiMartensitic Stainless Steel ..................................................... 843

H. Li, R. H. Jones, J. P. Hirth, and D. S. Gelles

Effects of Internal Helium on Tensile Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Related Alloys at 820°C .............................................................. 855

W. C. Mosley

Mechanical Austenite Stability of Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn Stainless Steels ............................... 865 J. M. Larsen and A. W. Thompson

Tritium and Decay Helium Effects on the Fracture Toughness Properties of Types 316L, 304L, and 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn Stainless Steels .......................................... 873

M. J. Morgan and M. H. Tosten

Helium 3 Precipitation in Tritiated AISI 316 Stainless Steels .................................... 883 A. M. Brass, A. Chanfreau, and J. Chene

Phase Transformations and Relaxation Phenomena in Hydrogen-Charged CrNiMn and CrNi Stable Austenitic Stainless Steels ................................................ 893

V. G. Gavriljuk, H. Hanninen, S. Yu. Smouk, A. V. Tarasenko, A. S. Tereschchenko, and K. Ullakko

Hydrogen Effects on 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel: Mechanical Modeling of the DamagelFailure Process ................................................. 903

J. Toribio and A. Valiente

Hydrogen Degradation Mechanisms in Single Crystal Turbine Blade Alloys ............. 9 13 D. P. DeLuca and B. A. Cowles

Role of Microstructure on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Nickel Base Superalloy Single Crystals ........................................................................ 923

D. Roux, J. Chene, and A. M. Brass

....................................... Effect of Strain Rate on Hydrogen Embrittlement in Ni,A1 933 H. Li and T. K. Chaki

Influence of the Failure Mode on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Single Crystal Superalloys ........................................................................ 943

J. Telesman, L. 1. Ghosh, and D. P. DeLuca

Internal Hydrogen Embrittlement at 300°C in Nickel Base Alloys 690 and 800 ....... 953 I. Lenartova, M. Habashi, and L. Hyspecka

Temperature Effects on Hydrogen-induced Cracking in an Iron-Based Superalloy .............................................................................................. 967

N. R. Moody, S. L. Robinson, J. E. Angelo, and M. W. Perra

Hydrogen Embrittlement in Duplex Steel Tempered Between 200°C and 1050°C and Cathodically Charged at 200°C ............................................ 979

F. lacoviello, M. Habashi, M. Cavallini, and J. Galland

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS Catastrophes of Large Diameter Pipelines: The Role of Hydrogen Fields ................... 991

V. N. Polyakov

The Effect of Boron as a Micro-alloying Element on the Behavior of a 1038 Steel in a Hydrogen Environment .............................................. 1001

P. Bruzzoni, G. Domizzi, M. I. Luppo, D. Zalcman, and J. Overjero Garcia

NASA-HR-1, A New Hydrogen-resistant Fe-Ni-Base Superalloy ............................ 101 1 P. S. Chen, B. Panda, and B. N. Bhat

Hydrogenation Evolution of Steels under Friction in Synthetic Sea Water ............. 102 1 K. Bencherif, P. Manolatos, P. Ponthiaux, and J. Galland

NASA-23 for HEE Resistant Structural Applications .............................................. 1029 A. K. Kuruvilla, B. Panda, W. B. McPherson, and B. N. Bhat

Preventing Degradation and Predicting Response in Fracture Toughness of Ti-6A1-4V Fan Disks Using Hydrogen Measurements .......................................... 1039

M. A. Durfee

Effect of Hydrogen Exposure on a Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb Alloy for Rocket Motor Applications ........................................................................................ 1049

D. L. Ellis, A. K. Misra, and R. L. Dreshfield

Welding Tritium Exposed Stainless Steel .................................................................. 1057 W. R. Kanne jr.

Hydrogen Test Standardization of Low Cycle Fatigue Tests ...................................... 1065 W. B. McPherson and J. P. Strizak

.............................................................................................................. Author Index 1073

FOREWORD

In the five years since our previous conference addressed hydrogen effects o n material properties, there has been a significant amount of work that made another conference appropriate to assess progress. We chose to return to Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming, for the fourth time. T h e response was overwhelming with over 150 abstracts submitted. After a difficult selection process, the conference consisted of 1 18 presentations from 16 countries, divided into seven oral and three poster sessions. These sessions addressed hydrogen effects in metals and alloys, from permeation and effects o n properties to crack propagation and fracture. Keynote and invited speakers provided overviews of core topics and pressing issues. These were followed by contributed papers discussing these topics in depth as well as new results. Discussions after each presentation highlighted the controversial issues and defined our understanding of hydrogen effects. In that sense, this fifth international conference o n hydrogen in materials met our goals and was successful in its intentions.

T h e proceedings begins with an invited perspective of progress made in studying hydrogen effects over the last twenty years by I. M. Bernstein. T h e balance of the proceedings is then divided into ten areas that reflect the directions and issues which have been evident in hydrogen research for the past five years. T h e first two sections deal with the fundamental aspects of hydrogen permeation and interaction with defects in metals and alloys. These are followed by three sections addressing hydrogen effects o n crack growth susceptibility, stress corrosion cracking, and fracture. This is followed by a section providing a n overview of hydrogen effects on mechanical properties of metals and alloys, two sections o n hydrogen effects in titanium, stainless steels and superalloys, and two sections o n engineering alloys and applications. T h e emphasis o n titanium alloys, stainless steels, and superalloys reflects the strong focus in recent years o n hydrogen-resistant alloys required for aerospace applications in hydrogen environments. Comparison with previous conferences shows we have made progress in understanding hydrogen effects in these alloys as well as in all aspects of hydrogen effects o n material behavior. We hope the papers in these proceedings stimulate discussion of hydrogen interactions and mechanisms that control behavior of materials, and also help to stimulate, focus, and direct future research.

T h e papers in this volume have been reproduced directly from camera-ready manuscripts submitted by the authors for post-conference publication. Although it was possible to correct many grammatical and typographical errors, the number of corrections had to be minimized in the interest of economical publication. We hope that the readers view any errors in this light. Discussion during the conference was captured by written forms given to questioners, and then to speakers. Those which were completed and returned to us are included here.

T h e success of this conference was due to the efforts of many people to whom we are grateful. W e especially wish to thank R. H. Jones, who joined us o n the program committee, and H. G. Nelson and R. 0. Ritchie, who helped us obtain funding; their help was invaluable. Our appreciation is also given to R. H. Jones, D. Eliezer, N. Stoloff, H. G. Nelson, W. W. Gerberich, J . F. Knott, and R. P. Gangloff who served as session chairmen

xiii

and promoted lively discussions between all participants. Partial support funding was provided by grants from the National Science Foundation and from the Ames Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and without that support, the conference finances would have had to be much different,

W e thank a number of our colleagues at Sandia National Laboratories, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and University of California a t Berkeley who generously devoted their time and efforts. To Jim Angelo, Ben Odegard, and Steve Robinson from Sandia National Laboratories, we express our gratitude for their coordination and assistance with all program functions. We also extend our thanks to Tony Thompson's graduate students, David Allen, Xavier Pierron, and Kezhong Li, for their help a t the conference with forms for questions posed by the audience and for answers given by the speakers, which enabled us to include the discussions for many papers in these proceedings.

To our wives, JoAnne Moody and Mary Thompson, goes a special thanks, for they helped with registration, ensured that many activities for participants and their families ran smoothly, and provided support and encouragement to us through all phases of preparation for the conference. We also extend our gratitude to Carmella Orham who did a myriad of secretarial and typing tasks in support of the conference. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the provision ofsupport, through availability ofboth people and resources, given generously by Sandia National Laboratories, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and University of California a t Berkeley, that made this conference a success.

Anthony W, Thompson Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, CA

Neville R. Moody Sandia National Laboratories Livermore, CA

AUTHORS

Abdul-Hamid, 0. S., 205 Abraham, D., 599 Abramov, E., 293, 777 Aindow, M., 623 Aleferenko, T. D., 153 Allen, D. B., 809, 831 Altstetter, C., 599 Amano, M., 223 Anderl, R. A., 105 Andreykiv, O., 647 Angelo, J. E., 77, 161, 967 Archakov, Yu. I., 153 Asoka-Kumar, P., 105 Ateya, B. G., 635

Baskes, M. I., 77, 161 Bastasz, R., 251 Baturin, A. N., 181 Ben-Guigui, A., 777 Bencherif, K., 1021 Bernstein, I. M., 3 Birnbaum, H. K., 15 Bhat, B. N., 101 1, 1029 Brass, A. M., 47, 189, 883, 923

Bruzzoni, P., 1001

Campbell, J. B., 581 Cavallini, M., 979 Chaki, T. K., 933 Chan, S. L. I., 475 Chanfreau, A., 883 Chang, R., 143 Chen, P. S., 1011 Chihe, J., 47, 883, 923 Chopin, C. E., 233 Chu, W.-Y., 555 Clavel, M., 819 Coffis, R. A., 657 Collet-Lacoste, J., 189 Cowan, P., 331 Cowles, B. A., 913

Dagbert, C., 283 Davidson, D. L., 581 De Graef, M., 809, 83 1 DeLuca, D. P., 9 13,943 Denison, A. B., 105 Dietzel, W., 303 Domizzi, G., 1001 Dreshfield, R. L., 1049 Durfee, M. A., 1039

Echaniz, G., 669 Eliaz, N., 777 Elices, M., 455 Elices, M., 487 Eliezer, D., 293 Eliezer, D., 323, 719, 755,

777 Ellis, D. L., 1049 Engelmann, H. J., 679

Froes, F. H., 719, 755 Furuya, Y., 799

Gadgil, V. J., 497 Galland, J., 283, 435, 979,

102 1 Gangloff, R. P., 409 Gaudett, M. A., 745 Gavriljuk, V. G., 893 Gegner, J., 35 Gelles, D. S., 843 Gerberich, W. W., 539 Ghosh, L. J., 943 Guillot, I., 819

Habashi, M., 435,953,979 Habel, U., 787 Hamilton, J . C., 27 1 Hanninen, H., 893 Hardwick, D. A., 735 Helbert, A.-L., 819 Hirth, J. P., 507, 843 Hoehn, J. W., 539

Horz, G., 35 Hu, G., 435 Hu, R. P., 435 Huang, J.-H., 445 Huez, J., 819 Hyspecka, L., 283, 953

Iacoviello, F., 979 Itoh, G., 171

Jacob, I., 91 Jacobs, R. K., 33 1, 363 Jagodzinski, Yu N., 375 Jiang, F.-I., 445 Jones, R. H., 843

Kaesche, H., 343 Kanne, W. R. Jr., 1057 Kanno, M., 171 Kirchheim, R., 35 Knott, J. F., 387, 623, 689 Komaki, M., 223 Korobov, V. I., 181 Krishnan, K. N., 689 Kuruvilla, A. K., 331, 1029

Lancha, A. M., 455 Larikov, L. N., 375 Larsen, J . M., 865 Latanision, R. M., 205 Lee, J. A., 569 Lenartova, I., 953 Li, H., 843, 933 Li, K., 809 Lin, T., 143 Lorimer, G. W., 669 Loshkaryov, Yu. M., 18 1 Luppo, M. I., 1001 Lynn, K. G., 105

Maier, H. J., 343 Manolatos, P., 1021 Manos, D. M., 25 1

Marrow, T. J., 623 Powell, G. L., 355 Marsh, P. G., 539 Procter, R. P. M., 657, 669 McPherson, W. B., 363, Puls, M. P., 61 1

1029, 1065 Pyun, S.-I., 261 Misra, A. K., 1049 Moody, N. R., 77, 161, 591, Robinson, S. L., 591, 967 967

Morgan, M. J . , 873 Mosley, W. C., 855 Mummert, K., 679

Nelson, H. G., 699, 719, 755

Newman, R. C., 669 Nguyentat, T., 33 1 Nielsen, B., 105 Nishimura, C., 223

Odegard, B. C. Jr., 591 Ojima, K., 799 Okada, H., 17 1 Overjero Garcia, J., 1001

Pampillo, C., 669 Panda, B., 1011, 1029 Perez, T. E,, 669 Perra, M. W., 967 Pfuff, M., 303 Piascik, R. S., 409 Pickering, H. W., 635 Pierron, X., 765 Pollock, T. M., 787, 809 Polyakov, V. N., 99 1 Ponthiaux, P., 1021 Popp, W., 343 Pound, B. G., 115

Roux, D., 923 Rowe, R. G., 777 Ruiz, J., 487

Sankaran, S. N., 215 Sasse, A. G. B. M., 497 Schwarz, S., 679 Scully, J . R., 131, 745 Sehili, M., 283 Shanabarger, M. G., 2 15,

243 Shi, S.-Q., 611 Shin, C. S., 475 Smith, S. W., 131, 745 Smouk, A. Yu., 375 Smouk, S. Yu., 893 Sofronis, P., 15 Solovioff, G., 323 Stem, N., 777 Stoloff, N. S., 523 Strangwood, M., 689 Strizak, J. P., 1065 Suryanarayana, C., 755 Swansiger, W. S., 27 1 Symons, D. M., 465 Szpala, S., 105

Takasaki, A., 799 Taneda, Y., 799 Tarasenko, A. V., 893

Tau, L., 475 Telesman, J., 943 Tereschchenko, A. S., 893 Thomas, J. P., 233 Thompson, A. W., 2 15,

465, 765, 787, 809, 819, 83 1,865

Timonina, 0. K,, 97 Toribio, J., 455, 903 Tosten, M. H., 873 Tymiak, N., 647

Uhlemann, M., 679 Ullakko, K., 893 Ulmer, D. G., 735

Valiente, A,, 903 van der Burg, M. W. D., 3 13

van der Giessen, E., 3 13 Venhaus, T. J., 25 1 Vesely, E. J. Jr., 363

Wang, 1.-S., 61 Watwood, M. C., 363 Whaley, J. A., 25 1 Woodward, J., 657

Xiao, C.-M., 555

Yoon, Y.-G., 261

Zalcman, D., 1001 Zhang, H., 143 Zhu, F.-W., 555 Zuev, B. K., 97