hydrogen energy: an overview kenneth m. klemow, ph.d. wilkes university
TRANSCRIPT
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Hydrogen Energy: An Overview
Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D.
Wilkes University
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www.rise.org.au
www.inl.gov/
www.fuelcellstocks.com
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Points to be covered Some hydrogen chemistry Hydrogen as an energy source Producing hydrogen Benefits of hydrogen as an alternative fuel Hydrogen power initiatives Disadvantages of hydrogen The WebQuest
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Some hydrogen chemistry
Lightest element (consists of only one proton and one) electron
Isotopes include one or more neutrons
Most abundant element in universe (75% by mass)
Component of most stars; as plasma
discovermagazine.com
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Hydrogen on earth Easily reacts with most other elements,
particularly oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, most metals.
Carbon-hydrogen compounds are basis of organic chemistry.
Basis of acid-base reactions. Occurs in diatomic form in atmosphere At typical temperatures and pressures, H2 is
a gas. Rare (ca. 1 ppm) due to ease of escape
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Molecular hydrogen is combustible
2 H2(g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O(l) H = -286 kJ/mol
Burns at concentrations
as low as 4%. Produces flame visible
only in UV spectrum
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Primary industrial uses of hydrogen Create ammonia
3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3
Cracking of high molecular weight hydrocarbons to form low m.w. hydrocarbons
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Hydrogen as an energy source
Fuel for internal combustion
engines
www.global-hydrogen-bus-platform.com
Fuel cells
www.evworld.com
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Hydrogen internal combustion engines
Cadillac
Hondawww.london.gov.uk
London Olympics
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Hydrogen fuel cells
www.next-generation.caAnimation
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Have many kinds of fuel cells Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
Run at low temperatures, used in automotive applications
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Use ceramic electrolyte, central generating
stations Alkaline Fuel Cells
Long used by NASA in spacecraft Regenerative fuel cells
Self contained, uses water and sunlight Microbial fuel cells
Use bacteria and yeast under anaerobic cond.
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How is hydrogen produced? Reacting metals with acids
Zn + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + H2
Processing hydrocarbons CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
H = +191.7 kJ/mol
Hydrolysis of water 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
G = +474.4 kJ/mol
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Commercial hydrogen production As a byproduct of coal gasification and
natural gas processing Through use of electricity generated by
burning fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, hydropower, geothermal, wind
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The hydrogen economy
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Elements of the hydrogen economy Hydrogen generation
Centralized Distributed
Hydrogen storage Hydrogen distribution
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Benefits of hydrogen as a fuel Hydrogen exists in an unlimited supply Hydrogen is renewable Hydrogen is clean-burning
Water is main byproduct No carbon dioxide released into air
Hydrogen weighs less and generates more power than hydrocarbon-based fuels.
Hydrogen burns faster and at a lower temperature than conventional gasoline
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Convert vehicles to hydrogen power Establish extensive distribution system
for hydrogen Produce massive amounts of hydrogen
No worries about carbon if using nuclear, wind, geothermal, hydropower
Use carbon sequestration techniques if using fossil fuels
The vision
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Initiatives Hydrogen.gov Minnesota Renewable Hydrogen initiative National Hydrogen Association BP and GE Hydrogen initiative Icelandic Hydrogen Energy Germany Clean Energy partnership Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell demo project
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Disadvantages of hydrogen power Hydrogen is difficult to contain; tanks are bulky Hydrogen reacts with metal in tanks causing them
to become brittle Hydrogen is explosive, can be unsafe Fuel cells are expensive, especially due to platinum
catalysts Hydrogen is an energy carrier; have inherent
inefficiencies in generation. Production via fossil fuel combustion still releases
carbon dioxide - large scale sequestration may not be feasible.
Establishing distribution facility will cost trillions of dollars
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Pellet of ammonia borane weighting 240mg. Can store 0.5 L of hydrogen in small volume.
www.sciencedaily.com
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So, is hydrogen power the answer to our energy concerns?
You tell me!