hydrogen energy reconversion - 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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HydrogenEnergyTechnology
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understanding reality facing challenges creating future
Hydrogen Reconversion
Course Renewable Energies 2011/12
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rogenEne
rgyTechno
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understanding reality facing challenges creating futureDipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz
Hydrogen Reconversion - Content of the lecture
1. Introduction1.1 The hydrogen energy system overview
1.2 The meaning of the hydrogen energy system
1.3 The Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems - main parts of the system2. Characteristics of hydrogen3. Thermal properties of ideal gases summary4. Combustion of hydrogen
4.1 Low heating value LHVH2 and high heating value HHVH2 of hydrogen4.2 Energy density of fuels
4.3 Heating value of gas mixtures4.4 Minimal air consumption Lmin4.5 Air fuel ratio
4.6 Low heating value of the air fuel mixture LHVAFM4.7 Volumetric change at the reaction4.8 Methane number of gases
5. Catalytic combustion of hydrogen5.1 Catalytic burners5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE)7. Hydrogen as a fuel for gas turbines
8. Safe use of hydrogen
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1.1 Hydrogen Energy System - Overview
Hydrogen Energy Reconversion
Hydrogen Storage System
Renewable
Energies
Sun, Wind, Water
Photovoltaic
Installation
Windmill
Water Power Station
ElectrolyseurElectricalEnergy
Hydrogen Reconversion
Mechanical Energy
Thermal Energy
Electrical Energy
Gas Turbine,Combustion Engine
Fuel Cell
Boiler, Cooker,
Burner
Power and Heat
Cogeneraton Plant
Hydrogen prod.from biomass
Hydrogen
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1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning
unlimited production of hydrogen by electrolysis (electrical energy
only from renewable energies) or biomass
reduction of emissions : CO2, CO, HC, NOX, SOX
substitution of fossil sources of energy - fossil sources of energy are
not unlimited available
high efficiency is possible (e.g. fuel cell, heat and power co-
generation plants)
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1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning
safety of a hydrogen system is comparable with a natural gas system
hydrogen infrastructure is actual not presento field tests and projects: ARGEMUC (Munich Airport Project),
CUTE (Clean Urban Transport for Europe), CEP (Clean-Energy-
Partnership)
o hydrogen pipeline systems for chemical industry:Linde (Leuna) 80 km, Air Liquide (Ruhr area) 240 km, also in
Belgium, France, USA, Canda
island systems for not grid connected areas are in developement(wind-hydrogen, PV-hydrogen)
hydrogen storage systems for mobile applications are available
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1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning
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1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning
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1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
100 kW windmill
Ventis 20-100
10 kWp photovoltaik
installation
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1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
Electrolysis station with storage tank for compressed gaseous hydrogen
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1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
20 kW alcaline electrolyser (ELWATEC)
350 bar compressor (Hofer) for hydrogen
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1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
450 W experimental fuel cell from ZSW 2 kW power supply system with Ballard NEXA fuel cells
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1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
20 kW catalytic hydrogen burner (FSE) for a heating boiler
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1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
Experimental car with hydrogen engine (31 kW) Cogeneration plant for hydrogen-natural gas
mixtures (30 kW)
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2. Characteristics of hydrogen
38353240kJ/m3heating value of the mixture
(st.)
1,7629,53Vol-%stoichiometric mixture in air
ca. 40ca. 190cm/slaminar burning velocity (st.)
1 84 - 75Vol-%ignition limits in air
0,240,02mJmin. ignition energy in air
petrolhydrogen
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2. Characteristics of hydrogen
Flame temperatures of hydrogen-air mixtures
Source: Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen as
an energy carrier, Springer Verlag 1988
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2. Characteristics of hydrogen
Source:
Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen
as an energy carrier,
Springer Verlag 1988
Ignition limits of
hydrogen and methane
and there mixtures
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2. Characteristics of hydrogen
Source: Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen as
an energy carrier, Springer Verlag 1988
Minimal ignition energy for H2-air and CH4-air mixtures
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2. Characteristics of hydrogen
Source: Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen as
an energy carrier, Springer Verlag 1988
Laminar burning velocity of hydrogen
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2. Characteristics of hydrogen
Source: Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen as
an energy carrier, Springer Verlag 1988
Laminar flame velocity of different combustible gases
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3. Thermal properties of ideal gases
standardstandardstandardstandard conditionsconditionsconditionsconditions ofofofof gasesgasesgasesgases
two standard conditions (Normal Temperature and Pressure) :
PhysicalPhysicalPhysicalPhysical standard conditions (DIN 1343)
p = 1,0133 bar T = 0C = 273,15 K
TechnicalTechnicalTechnicalTechnical standard conditions (DIN 1945)
p = 0,981 bar T = 20C = 293,15 K
Other standard conditions are possible e.g.p = 1,013 bar T = 0C = 273,15 K
Ideal Gas : molar volume Vm = 22,414 m3/kmol
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4.2 Energy density of fuels
Source : VDI Berichte 1201:
W.Strobl, E.Heck;
Wasserstoff und mgliche
Zwischenschritte
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4.2 Energy density of fuels
state of
aggregation : gas
volume : 2 x 60 dm3
max. pressure : 200 barmax. capacity : 24 m3 NTP
material : steel wrapped
with fibres
(Aramid)
Storage unit for hydrogen in an experimental car
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4.3 Low Heating Value LHV and High Heating
Value HHV of gas mixtures
Low Heating Value : used heat from the combustion, if the exhaust
gases have the the same temperature like the fuel and air, the water
in the exhaust gas is only vapourHigh Heating Value : used heat from the combustion, if the exhaust
gases have the the same temperature like the fuel and air, the water
vapour in the exhaust gas is completely condensed to liquid water
for gases:
CO + H2 + CHn + CmHm + H2S + O2 + SO2 + H2O = 1 [m3/m3]
LHV = 12600 CO + 10790 H2 + 35800 CH4 + 64300 C2H2 + ... [kJ/m3]
HHV = 12600 CO + 12800 H2 + 39900 CH4 + 70400 C2H2 + ... [kJ/m3
]for solid or liquid fuels:
c + h + s + o + n + w + a = 1 [kg/kg]
LHV = HHV 2500 kJ/kg * (9 h + w)
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4.7 Volumetric change at the reaction for
hydrogen-air-combustion
internal mixture formation
external mixture formation
air-fuel-ratio [-]
mole
-ratio[-]
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5. Catalytic combustion of hydrogen
Catalytic heater at FH Stralsund
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5. Catalytic combustion of hydrogen
Air
Hydrogen
Water vapour
Porous catalyst
Schematic model of a hydrogen burner
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5.1 Catalytic burners
length 8 cm, diameter 1,7 cmBurner stick
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5.1 Catalytic burners
Porous surface of the burner stick
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5.1 Catalytic burners
Characteristics of the catalytic burner for hydrogen:
Simple and robust design
Low combustion temperature (max. 800C) low NOX-emissions
Complete catalytic combustion at temperatures higher then 500C
No pre-mixing of hydrogen and air no explosive mixture
Gap of the pores : 10 m (extinguishing distance of H2 : 64 m, no
backfiering problems)
Material : mainly Nickel, doped with Platinum
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5.1 Catalytic burners experimental results
Surface temperature of a burner stick at low power Source : T. Panten Labor STL/STM
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5.1 Catalytic burners experimental results
Source : T. Panten Labor STL/STMTemperature in the surroundings of a burner stick
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5.1 Catalytic burners experimental results
Airflow around the (single) burner stick Source : T. Panten Labor STL/STM
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5.1 Catalytic burners experimental results
Airflow around the (single) burner stick Source : T. Panten Labor STL/STM
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers
Catalytic burner for hydrogen in operation outside of the combustion chamber
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers
Schematic model of the condensing boiler for hydrogen
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers
Condensing boiler
Manufacturer : Buderus Heiztechnik GmbH
Type : SB 305 U-39
Year of production : 1995Heat power output : 39 kW (using natural gas)
Catalytic Burner
Manufacturer : Fraunhofer Institut for Solar Energy Systems
Heat power output : 21 kW
H2-quality : > 99,0 %
H2-consumption : 120 l/min (standard conditions)
Device inlet pressure : 3 - 5 bar
Burner inlet pressure : 18 - 20 mbar
O2-concentration
in dry exhaust gas : 13 - 15 Vol-%
Max. temperature : ca. 800C (at the surface of the burner)
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers parts of
the burner system
1 - Ignition coil
2 - Air inlet control3 - Gas valves
4 - Cables for thermocouples
5 - Pressure control unit
6 - Air deficiency switch
7 - Pressure control unit with safety valve
8 - Fan (radial)
9 - Air filter cover
10 - Automatic starter unit
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers operating
behaviour
Start behaviour of a catalytic hydrogen burner
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers operating
behaviour
Long time measurement on a catalytic hydrogen burner
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers operating
behaviour
Long time measurement on a catalytic hydrogen burner calculation example
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers safety system
1. Monitoring the combustion
Measuring of the temperature in the combustion chamber (3 points)
Measuring of a sudden temperature changes
2. Hydrogen sensor in the exhaust gas channel detects unburnt
hydrogen
3. Hydrogen sensor over the boiler detects leakages of hydrogen
4. Solenoid valves closes the hydrogen supply immediatly if a failureappeares
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5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers (cookers)
Autarchic cooker with catalytic hydrogen burner
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion
engines (ICE)
Contents:
Introduction
External mixture formation for hydrogen operated engines
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort
Project : External hydrogen mixture formation for diesel engines
Internal mixture formation for hydrogen
Project : Internal mixture formation for hydrogen in a combustion
chamber
Summary
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
production of hydrogen by electrolysis (electrical energy only from
renewable energies)
substitution of fossil sources of energy reduction of emissions : CO2, CO, HC
spark ignition and self ignition is possible
external and internal mixture formation ist possible
high laminar burning velocity wide ignition limits (in air)
specific mixture formation and combustion for hydrogen
safety systems are necessary
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
38353240kJ/m3heating value of the mixture (st.)
1,7629,53Vol-%stoichiometric mixture in air
ca. 40ca. 190cm/slaminar burning velocity (st.)
1 84 - 75Vol-%ignition limits in air
0,240,02mJmin. ignition energy in air
petrolhydrogenunitcharacteristics of hydrogen
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
status up until now is the use of gaseous hydrogen in engines
liquid hydrogen only for storage - low temperatures cause problems
with the material of valves, pipes, pumps
internal mixture formation is in developement (until now only in
laboratory experiments) spark ignition of hydrogen is without big problems, only water
deposits on spark plugs during cold start are problematic
self ignition until now only in laboratory experiments
external mixture formation is ready for serial production
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Hydrogen operated Otto-engines - state of development -
intensive research and developement for hydrogen operated Otto-
engines started in germany in the 1970s
most important german automobile manufacturers with self-
developed engines are :
BMW (750hL, 12-cylinder Otto-engine, VH=5,4 dm3, P=150 kW)
Daimler-Benz 1985-1988 (MB310 Truck, 4-cylinder Otto-engine,
VH=2,3 dm3, P=75 kW) MAN (SL202 Bus, 6-cylinder Otto-engine, VH=12 dm
3, P=140
kW)
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Fig. : BMW 750 hL (Photo : BMW AG) Fig. : 6-cylinder Otto-engine for Hydrogen
on the testbed (Photo : BMW AG)
Fig. : MAN-Bus with H2-Otto engine (Photo : MAN AG)
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
BMW Hydrogen 7 (12 Cylinder), year 2006
Displacement: 6 dm3
Power: 191 kW
Torque: 390 Nm at 4300 rpm
Range: 200 km with H2 + 500 km with petrol
External mixture formation with:
> 2 at partial load (for Hydrogen)
= 1 at full load (for Hydrogen)
Photos : BMW AG
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
External mixture formation for combustion engines
single point mixture formation multi point mixture formation
external mixture formation
single point injection
naturally aspirated enginenaturally aspirated engine mixture-charged engine air-charged engine
sequential multipoint injectiongas mixer
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
self-ignition of the mixture during the intake stroke by :
hot spots in the cylinder head
hot exhaust gases
glowing oil particles in the combustion chamber backfiering into the intake pipes during the intake stroke abnormal combustion (knocking problems)
NOX-emissions
lower power output by comparison to petrol
Hydrogen as fuel for Otto-engines - problems of mixture formation -
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Measures for the elimination of the problems
use of lean mixtures (1,8)
decreasing of the combustion temperatures (prevent
NOX-emission and self ignition)
cooling of hot spots in the cylinder head (prevent selfignition)
increasing of the ignition energy (prevent self ignition and
abnormal combustion )
but it decreases the power output
avoidance of hydrogen accumulation in the intake manifold
(prevent backfiering)
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Requirements to the mixture formation unit
supply to the engine with lean mixtures at 1,8
sequential multipoint injection for each cylinder only at the
intake stroke prevention of leakages in the injectors
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Fig.:
cross-section through the
cylinder head of a BMW bi-
fuel engine with intake
manifold (left); gasolineinjection valve (top); hydrogen
injection valve (bottom)
Picture: BMW
External mixture formation for hydrogen
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Fig.:
cross-section of the hydrogen
engine with fuel injection valve
MAN H2866 UH
6-cylinde-4-stroke cycle
12 litres, 140 kW
Picture: MAN
External mixture formation for hydrogen
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Storage unit for hydrogen
state of
Aggregation : gas
volume : 2 x 60 dm3
max. pressure : 200 bar
max. capacity : 24 m3 NTP
material : steel wrapped with
fibres (Aramid)
f f
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Safety system
two solenoid valves close the main hydrogen pipe in case :
- if one of three gas sensors detects hydrogen
- if a mechanical shock is detected by a special sensor- if voltage is not present
- if the crankshaft not turns
6 H d f l f i t l b ti i
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Gas detection system
Fig.: sensor for H2 over the driver seat Fig.: sensor for H2 over the storage unit
6 H d f l f i t l b ti i
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Hydrogen gas system in the experimental car
6 Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Mixture formation unit for the experimental engine at FH Stralsund
Fig.: mixtur formation unit for hydrogen Fig.: hydrogen injector
6 Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Fig.: hydrogen injector Fig.: H2-control valve
Mixture formation unit for the experimental engine at FH Stralsund
6 Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Fig.: H2-experimental engine Fig.: inlet pressure switch
Mixture formation unit for the experimental engine at FH Stralsund
6 Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Experimental engine at FH Stralsund
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort 1996/1997
Engine
manufacturer : Ford
type : 4 cylinder - 4 stroke Otto engine dispacement : 1400 cm3
compression ratio : 9,5 : 1
ignition timing : 10 BTDC
used air / fuel ratio : 1,8 - 3,0
max. power : 18 kW (n = 3900 min-1);
(previously 55 kW with petrol)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort 2001/2002/2003
- new free progammable engine control unit MOTEC M4
- adaptation of new and additional sensors : engine temperatur, intakeair temperatur, camshaft position
- adaption of wide band lambda sensor Bosch LSM 11
- engine fine tuning (dynamometer Bosch FLA 206)
- emission-analysis (Horiba EXSA 1500)
- combustion pressure indication and work process of the engine
Experimental engine at FH Stralsund
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6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort 2001/2002/2003
Results after optimization
max. power : 31 kW (n = 5000 min-1);
(previously 55 kW with petrol)
efficiencye : max. 0,39
ignition timing : 0 - 18 BTDC
used air / fuel ratio : 1,8 - 2,0
Experimental engine at FH Stralsund
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y g g
(ICE)
Engine Control Unit
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y g g
(ICE)
Sensors for combustion pressure indication and work process of the
engine
Fig.: crank angle sensor
Fig.:cylinder pressure sensor CPS with spark plug adaptor and
thermocouples TC for intake air and exhaust gas temperature
TC
TC
CPS
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y g g
(ICE)
Pressure cycle in cylinder
pZ(VZ) at different ignition timings, n=2000 min-1, TP=40%, =1,8 (ZZP=IT) (TP=throttle position)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
Knocking problems
pZ(VZ) at different ignition timings, n=2000 min-1, TP=40%, =1,8 (ZZP=IT) (TP=throttle position)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
Knocking problems
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(ICE)Efficiency and Torque
Md(IT), e(IT) at different ignition timings, n=2000 min-1, TP=40%, =1,8, (ZZP=IT) (TP=throttle position)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
Temperature and NOX-Emissions
Tproc(), Tex(), NOX() at different air-fuel-ratios, n=2000 min-1,Md=30 Nm, IT=5 BTDC
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
Torque Throttle Position
Torque Md at different engine speed and throttle position (DK=TP=throttle position)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
Efficiency
Efficiencye at different engine speed and throttle position (DK=TP=throttle position)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Power Air Fuel Ratio at WOT
Tproc(), Tex(), NOX() at different air-fuel-ratios, n=2000 min-1,Md=30 Nm, IT=5 BTDC, WOT=Wide Open Throttle
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Black: Efficiencye at different engine speed and load (DK=TP=throttle position - load)
Red: Efficiencye at different engine speed and load equivalent (DK* - load equivalent)
Efficiency
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Project : External hydrogen mixture formation for diesel engines
Fischer-Panda AGT 30.000 PMS
Engine: YANMAR 4JH3E
Displacement: 1995 cm
Rated power: 35 kW (at 3000 min-1)
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
Mixture formation unit
Air
H2+Air
Exhaust gas
1 gas valve
2 safety valve
3 pressure regulator
4 max. pressure control switch
5 safety valve
6 min. pressure control switch
7 mass flow controller
8 air filter
9 hydrogen sensor
10 mixing chamber
11 pressure control switch backfiering
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Efficiency
Efficiency for Diesel- and Dual-Fuel-Operation depending on diesel fuel mass flow
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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(ICE)
NOX-Emissions
NOX-emissions for Diesel- and Dual-Fuel-Operation depending on power output
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Internal mixture formation for combustion engines
naturally aspirated engine charged engine
internal mixture formation
unit injection system
exhaust turbocharger
high pressure injection
mechanical charger
injection pumpcommon-rail
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(ICE)
Project : Internal mixture formation for hydrogen in a combustion chamber
main responsible persons:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Beckmann
Dipl.-Ing. J. Brcker
carried out from 1996 - 2001 at FH Stralsund
engineering and design of a high pressure hydrogen injector
numerical simulation of the injection
testing the injector in a combustion chamber with constant volume
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(ICE)
Testbed: constant volume combustion chamber
A Data acquisition systemMUSYCS
B Servo amplifier
C Exhaust gas analyzer
D Needle lift sensor
E Servo valve
F Hydraulic system
G Injection valve
H Combustion chamber
J Hydrogen system
K Air system and nitrogen purgesystem
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(ICE)Testbed : combustion chamber with constant volume for internal
mixture formation
Research
project at FHStralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker
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(ICE)Combustion chamber with constant volume for internal mixture formation
LHVH2,H2(L),pH2(L),TH2(L)
pu,Tu
SN
V = const. cond. 1
pAir(Bk)T
Air(Bk)Air(Bk)mAir(Bk)
cond. 2
p(Bk)=f(t)
T(Bk)
=f(t)
m(Bk)=f(t)
mEx-gas(Bk)
Indices :
(u) - ambient conditions
(L) - conditions in the gas pipe
(Bk) - cond. in the comb. chamber
conditions 1 = intake air conditions
conditions 2 = process conditions
Research
project at FHStralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker
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(ICE)
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Behaviour of the high pressure injector
Research
project at FHStralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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(ICE)
Research
project at FHStralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker
Combustion process in the constant volume combustion chamber
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
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Research
project at FHStralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker
Influence of the air-fuel-ratio on the combustion pressure profil
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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Research
project at FHStralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker
Influence of the ignition timing on the combustion pressure profil
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
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ydrogenEnergyTech
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Summary
internal combustion engines for hydrogen from some manufacturers
are ready for serial production
state of development is the engine with external mixture formation and
spark ignition
lower power output compared to petrol engines is the disadvantage
further developments with internal mixture formation andsupercharged engines for more power output are possible
improved hydrogen storage systems are necessary
to build up a hydrogen infrastructure is necessary
fuel cells with a higher efficiency then combustion engines can be a
alternative for the future
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
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Emissions of a hydrogen engine
Engine: MAN H 2866 UH
Picture: MAN
6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines
(ICE)
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NOX-emissions of different hydrogen engine types
Picture: Hydrogen as an
energy carrier
Winter, Nitsch; 1988
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German Russian cooperation project Cryoplane Source: EADS
Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
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German Russian cooperation project Cryoplane participants :
Tupolev Moscow MAN
Kusnetsov Samara Max-Planck-Institut
Daimler Chrysler Messer Griesheim
Allied Signal Aerospace Uhde
Linde Lufthansa
Airport Munich Drger
BAM Fachhochschule Aachen
Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
7. Hydrogen as a fuel for gas turbines
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Overview :
German Russian cooperation project Cryoplane started 1990
Target : use of cryogenic fuels (LNG, LH2) for aircraft engines
1990 1992 analysis of feasibility
Developement of components for the fuel system and for the aircraft
engines
Main part developemet of low-pollutant combustion chambers for
hydrogen
Latest activities :
Tests with special developed combustion chambers for hydrogen
Operation of gas turbine with hydrogen on a testbed
Planning of a hydrogen operated airplane
Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
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Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
Air-H2-mixing chamber for
gas turbine GTCP 36-300
Source: Fachhochschule
Aachen
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Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
NOX-emissions depending
on load
Source: Fachhochschule
Aachen
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Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
Hydrogen injection nozzles
in the combustion chamber
NK 88
Source: H2-Cryoplane,
Airbus
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Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
Gas turbine P&W 4000
series
Source: H2-Cryoplane,
Airbus
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Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
NOX-Emissions of gasturbines
Source: H2-Cryoplane,
Airbus
7. Hydrogen as a fuel for gas turbines
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Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
Advantage of liquid hydrogen as fuel for airplanes :
Storage of 3 times more fuel is possible or
Increasing 3 times the payload
7. Hydrogen as a fuel for (stationary) gas turbines
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Source: Norm Shilling,
Robert M. Jones
Process Power Plants
GE Power Systems
7. Hydrogen as a fuel for (stationary) gas turbines
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Source: Norm Shilling,
Robert M. Jones
Process Power Plants
GE Power Systems
7. Hydrogen as a fuel for (stationary) gas turbines
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Source: Michel Moliere
GE Energy
7. Hydrogen as a fuel for (stationary) gas turbines
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Source: Michel Moliere
GE Energy
1. Are flammable substances existing ?
Yes
No
2. Is an explosive mixture by dissemination in air possible ? No
No protection against explosion necessary !
No protection against explosion necessary !
8. Safe use of hydrogen - protection against explosion
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p y p
Yes
3. Analysis of quantities and sources of explosive atmosphere necessary !
4. Is a dangerous explosive atmosphere possible ?
Yes
No No protection against explosion necessary !
p g p y
5. Protection against explosion necessary !
6. Restrict the formation of an explosive atmosphere as far as possible !
7. Is the formation of an dangerous explosive atmosphere restricted ?
No
Yes No further protection against explosion necessary !
8. Further protection against explosion necessary !
A dangerous explosive atmosphere is existing by gases and vapours:
permanent, long-term : Zone 0 at times : Zone 1 rarely, short-term : Zone 2
9. Prevention of ignition sources :
at failure-free operation
at often failures
at rarely failures
at failure-free operation
at often failures
at failure-free operation
10. Precautions by design, which limits the effects of an explosion to a safe degree.