hydrogen flames in tubes: critical run-up...
TRANSCRIPT
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HYDROGEN FLAMES IN TUBES: CRITICAL RUN-UP DISTANCES
Sergey DorofeevFM Global
2nd ICHS, San Sebastian, Spain, 2007
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MotivationHydrogen Safety Applications
• H2 releases and transport of H2-containing mixtures in confined geometries represent a significant safety problem
Tubes / ducts– Ventilation systems– Exhaust pipes– Production facilities
Tunnels• Promoting role of confinement for FA and pressure
build-up• Hydrogen: special attention because of high sensitivity
to FA
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MotivationHazard
4 8 12t, s
0.00.40.81.2
∆P, barSlow Flame
• Fast flames (supersonic relative to a fixed observer) represent a serious hazard to confining structures
• In cases of supersonic flames, DDT becomes possible
further increase of pressure loads • Possibility of FA to supersonic
speeds limits implementation of mitigation techniques
explosion suppression explosion venting
0.6 0.8 1.0t, s
02468
10Fast Flame
0.2 0.210102030
t, s
Detonation
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MotivationLimitations
• There are several limitations on the possibility of FA to supersonic flames and DDT
mixture composition geometryscale …sufficiently large run-up distance
• Important to have reliable estimates for run-up distances
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BackgroundRun-up distances to DDT
• Historically, run-up distances to DDT were addressed in most of studies
Starting from Lafitte, Egerton, 1920th
Shchelkin, 30th
Followed by Jones, Soloukhin et al., Bollinger et. al., Nettleton, Campbell et al., Powel et al, Bartknecht, Fitt, Moen et al., Lee et al., Knystautas et al., Chan et al, Lindsted et al., Kuznetsov et al., Ciccarelli et al., Sorin et al….
• Run up distances were studied in Smooth tubesTubes with obstacles
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BackgroundRun-up distances in smooth tubes
• Substantial experimental data accumulatedMixture compositionTube diameterInitial temperature and pressure
• Ambiguous data on the effect of tube diameter and pressure (detonation cell size)
XDDT ≈ 15 – 40 D ?XDDT independent on D ?XDDT proportional to the cell size ?
• There is no universal and/or satisfactory model for the run-up distances
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BackgroundAmbiguity of run-up distances
• Effect of tube lengthPre-compression or pressure piling
• Effect of tube roughness
Not always characterized
• Difference in governing mechanisms
Flame accelerationOnset of detonation
V
DCJ
Csp
XS XDDT X
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BackgroundRun-up distances in tubes with obstacles
• Tube wall roughness and obstacles play an important role in FA and DDT
Chapman and Wheeler (1926) used orifice plates to promote FA Shchelkin proposed a wire coil helix inside the tubeDDT in tubes with obstacles studied at McGill and by many other teams
• XDDT and XS are often different in tubes with obstacles
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Objectives
• Present a set of approximate models for evaluation of the run-up distances to supersonic flames
Relatively smooth tubes Tubes with obstacles
• On the basis of these models, evaluate the critical run-up distances for FA in hydrogen mixtures
Mixture composition Tube size BR and/or roughnessOther parameters
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Tubes with ObstaclesFlame evolution
• Obstacles control FA:
Strong increase of flame surface Fast development of highly turbulent flame
105 ms
112
118.3
Shadow photos of Matsukov, et al.
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Tubes with ObstaclesRun-up distance Xs (Veser et al. 2002)
X
R
Ω
Turbulent flame brush
ST
U
• Flame shape is given by obstacle field
• XS is the distance where the speed of the flame head approaches Csp
• XS ∝ D for given mixture, BR, and initial T, p
• Accuracy ≈ ± 25% over a representative range of data
BRbBRa
cS
RX
sp
LS
⋅+−
≈−
11)1(10 σ
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Smooth TubesFA in smooth tubes
Boundary layer
• Different from tubes with obstacles
• Boundary layer plays an important role
• Thickness ∆ of b.l. at flame positions increases during FA
Shadow photos of Kuznetsov, et al.
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Smooth TubesModel for Xs
• Mass balance
• Burning velocity ST
• Boundary layer thickness
• Xs: V+ST = Csp
V
ST + V
D
X ∆ d
Boundary layer
m
T DDSDV ⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ ∆
−∆= )1(4
2
σπαπ
6/12/1'
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
δϕ T
LL
T LSu
SS
Kd
XC +⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ ∆
=∆
ln1κ
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛= K
dD
CDX S γ
κγ ln1
3/721
3/1
2)1(
+
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
−=
m
L
sp
DSc δ
σβγ
γ = ∆/D:
Two unknown parameters: m and β
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Smooth TubesCorrelation of model and experimental data
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80XS/D experiment
XS /
D m
odel
H2/Air D=0.174m
H2/Air D=0.52m
H2/O2/Ar D=0.174m
H2/O2/He D=0.174m
H2/O2 D=0.105mH2/O2 D=0.015m
H2/O2 D=0.05m smooth
H2/O2 D=0.05m rough
C2H4/Air D=0.051m
model = test
BR: 0.002 – 0.1; SL: 0.6 – 11 m/sCsp: 790 -1890 m/s; D: 0.015 – 0.5 mXS/D: 10 - 80
Accuracy ≈ ± 25%
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Hydrogen and CH FuelsRun-up distances as a function of BR
D = 1 m
010203040
5060708090
0.01 0.1 1
BR
XS /
D m
odel
H2 BR<0.1C2H4 BR<0.1C3H8 BR<0.1CH4 BR<0.1H2 BR>0.3C2H4 BR>0.3C3H8 BR>0.3CH4 BR>0.3
Obstructed tube
BR>0.3Smooth
tube
• XS/D decreases with BR for given D• FA is strongly promoted by obstructions
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HydrogenRun-up distances versus tube roughness, d
H2/air
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
d, mm
XS /
D m
odel
D=0.01m BR<0.1D=0.1m BR<0.1D=1m BR<0.1D=10m BR<0.1D=0.01m BR>0.3D=0.1m BR>0.3D=1m BR>0.3D=10m BR>0.3
• XS/D slightly decreases with D• At sufficiently large d (so that BR>0.1) XS/D
drops
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HydrogenRun-up distances for various D
H2/air
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.01 0.1 1
BR
XS /
D m
odel
D=0.01m BR<0.1D=0.1m BR<0.1D=1m BR<0.1D=10m BR<0.1D=0.01m BR>0.3D=0.1m BR>0.3D=1m BR>0.3D=10m BR>0.3
• Smooth tubes: XS/D slightly decreases with D• Obstructed tubes (BR>0.3): XS/D independent of D
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HydrogenEffect of mixture composition
D = 0.1 m
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.01 0.1 1
BR
XS /
D m
odel
"30% H2, BR<0.1"20% H2, BR<0.115% H2, BR<0.112% H2, BR<0.130% H2, BR>0.320% H2, BR>0.315% H2, BR>0.312% H2, BR>0.3
• Decrease of the H2 from 30 to 12% leads to the increase of the run-up distances by a factor of 5
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HydrogenEffect of T and P on run-up distances
D = 0.1 m
0
510
1520
2530
3540
45
0.01 0.1 1
BR
XS /
D m
odel
298 K, 1 bar, BR<0.1353 K, 1 bar, BR<0.1353 K, 2 bar, BR<0.1498 K, 1 bar, BR<0.1298 K, 1 bar, BR>0.3353 K, 1 bar, BR>0.3353 K, 2 bar, BR>0.3498 K, 1 bar, BR>0.3
• Initial T and p affect SL, Csp, and σ• Changes are specific to particular mixture
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Concluding Remarks• A set of approximate models for the run-up
distances to supersonic flames in relatively smooth and obstructed tubes has been presented
These models attempt to capture physics relevant to FA in smooth and obstructed tubes Show good agreement with the data in a wide range of mixture properties and tube wall roughness (or BR)
• The run-up distances depend significantly on:
mixture composition initial T and P tube size, and BR (or tube roughness)
• Each of these parameters should be taken into account in practical applications
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Questions?