hydrogen fuel cell © 2012 project lead the way, inc. principles of engineering
TRANSCRIPT
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell
© 2012 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Principles of Engineering
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Trends in the Use of Fuel
Wood Coal O il NaturalGas
Hydrogen
Percentage of hydrogen content in fuel
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19th century: Steam engine
20th century: Internal combustion engine
21st century: Fuel cells
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The History of Fuel Cells
Electrolyser Grove’s Gas Battery(first fuel cell, 1839)(after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)
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Bacon’s laboratory in 1955
Photo courtesy of University of Cambridge
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NASA Space Shuttle fuel cellPhoto courtesy of NASA
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Applications for Fuel Cells
Transportation vehicles
Photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler
NECAR 5
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Distributed power stations
Photo courtesy of Ballard Power Systems
250 kW distributed cogeneration power plant
Applications for Fuel Cells
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Home power
Photo courtesy of Plug Power
7 kW home cogeneration power plant
Applications for Fuel Cells
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Portable power
50 W portable fuel cell with metal hydride storage
Applications for Fuel Cells
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The Science of Fuel Cells
Phosphoric Acid
(PAFC)
Alkaline(AFC)
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(PEMFC)
Direct Methanol
(DMFC)
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Molten Carbonate(MCFC)
Types of Fuel Cells
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane(PEMFC)
Direct Methanol(DMFC)
Solid Oxide(SOFC)
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PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemical Reactions
Anode:
H2 2H+ + 2e- (oxidation)
Cathode:
1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O (l) (reduction)
Overall Reaction:
H2 + 1/2 02 H2O (l)
ΔH = - 285.8 kJ/mole
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Hydrogen + Oxygen Electricity + Water
Water
A Simple PEM Fuel Cell
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Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)
O2
2H2O
4H+
Nafion
4e -
2
K
H2
O2
H2O
2H2 4H+
Nafion
4e -
O2
2H2O
4H+
Nafion
4e -
Nafion
H+
Catalysis
Transport
Resistance
Anode Cathode
Polymerelectrolyte
(i.e. Nafion)Carbon cloth Carbon cloth
Platinum-catalyst
Platinum-catalyst
Oxidation
Reduction
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Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) chains
Sulphonic Acid
50-175 microns(2-7 sheets of paper)
Water collects around the clusters of hydrophylic sulphonate side chains
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Thermodynamics of PEM Fuel Cells
Change in enthalpy (ΔH) = - 285,800 J/mole
Gibb’s free energy (ΔG) = ΔH - TΔS
ΔG at 25° C: = - 285,800 J - (298K)(-163.2J/K)
= - 237,200 J
Ideal cell voltage (Δ E) = - ΔG/(nF)
ΔE at 25º C = - [-237,200 J/((2)(96,487 J/V))]
= 1.23 V
ΔG at operating temperature (80º C): = - 285,800 J - (353K)(163.2 J/K)
= - 228,200 J
ΔE at 80º C = - [-228,200 J/((2)(96,487 J/V))]
= 1.18 V
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0dI
dP
Characteristic Curve
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4
I
V
Power Curve
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
I
P
MPP
x
Max Power Point (MPP):Factors Affecting Curve:
• activation losses
• fuel crossover and internal currents
• ohmic losses
• mass transport or concentration losses
ohmic losses
activation losses + internal currents
concentration losses
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Hydrogen Storage
56 L
14 L
9.9 L
Liters to store 1 kg hydrogen
Compressed gas (200 bar)
Liquid hydrogen MgH2 metal hydride
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Hydrogen: Energy Forever
Fuel tank Reformer
H2
Hydrogen bottles
H2
H2
Hydrogen bottles
H2
Algae
H2
Hydrogen bottles
H2
Solar panel Electrolyser
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Renewable Energy Sources
As long as the sun shines, the wind blows, or the rivers flow, there can be clean, safe, and sustainable electrical power, where and
when required, with a solar hydrogen energy system
M icro hydro
Storage
H 2
Oxygen
Oxygen
WaterWater
FuelCellE lectro lyzer
Solar Cell
W ind
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Benefits of Fuel Cells
Modular
Clean
Quiet
Sustainable
Efficient
Safe
The Benefits of Fuel Cells
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Heliocentris: Science education through fuel cells 22
Our Fragile Planet.
We have the responsibility to mind the planet so that the extraordinary natural beauty of the Earth
is preserved for generations to come.
Photo courtesy of NASA
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Presentation courtesy of Heliocentris