hydrology · for field assessment and hydrology field indicators, we are concerned with level of...
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HHYDROLOGYYDROLOGY
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HHYDROLOGYYDROLOGYThe science of water, its properties, The science of water, its properties, distribution and circulation, both on distribution and circulation, both on the surface and underground.the surface and underground.
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HYDROLOGY is:HYDROLOGY is:The most
(a) important(b) dynamic
(c) elusive(d) all of the above
component of a wetland.
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Wetland Hydrology
Wetlands gain and lose water constantly through a variety of pathways
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Water Budgets
Inputs = Outputs + Storage
PrecipitationGroundwaterdischargeSurface inflow
RunoffStreamsTides
EvapotranspirationGroundwaterrechargeSurface flow
Above Groundor
Below Ground
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Climatic Water Budgets
ET
PRECIP
Twin Cities Thief River Falls
Sacramento CA Moisture deficit
Moisture surplus
Soil moisture lossSoil moisture loss
Soil moisture gainSoil moisture gain
WebWIMP - http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~wimp/
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Factors that Influence Hydrology
Water Inputs and OutputsGeomorphic setting (landscape)StratigraphySoil texture and drainagePlant cover
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Wetlands in LandscapesFringes of lakes and oceans
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Wetlands in LandscapesClosed depression with a fluctuating water table:
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Wetlands in LandscapesClosed depression with a perched water table:
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Wetlands in LandscapesWetlands in depressions
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Wetlands in LandscapesRiverine (floodplain) wetlands
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Wetlands in LandscapesFloodplain morphology
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Wetlands in LandscapesWetlands on slopes:
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Observable Characteristics - examplesLarge wetland, small watershed:
groundwater sourceWetland on slope, not in floodplain:
ground water dischargeWetland in small depression, with fine-textured, mottled soils:
Periodic saturation, intermittent hydrology
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Inundation A condition in which
water from any source temporarily or permanently covers a land surface.
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Ponding A condition in which
water stands in a closed depression. The water is removed only by percolation, evaporation, or transpiration.
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Flooding The soil surface is
temporarily covered with flowing water from any source, such as overflowing streams or rivers, runoff from adjacent slopes, and inflow from high tides.
Flooded Ponded
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Saturation Condition in which all
easily drained pores between soil particles are temporarily or permanently filled with water.
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Gw in pore spaces
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Water Table The upper surface of
groundwater, or the level at which water stands in an unlined borehole.
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Capillary fringeA zone immediately above the water table in which water is drawn upward by capillary action.
Unsaturated Zone
Saturated Zone
Zone of tension
saturation
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For field assessment and hydrology field indicators, we are concerned with level of water in an unlined borehole (water table) without regard to capillary fringe. The technical standard of 12” accounts for capillary action. Do not try to assess capillary fringe in the field.