hydrosphere
DESCRIPTION
Hydrosphere. Water of the Earth!!. Water Cycle. Evaporation – liquid water changes into water vapor. (apply heat) p.1. Transpiration – where plants give off water vapor p.1. Evapo transpiration p.1. evaporation + transpiration in one word. Sublimation – solid straight to gas p.1. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sublimation – solid straight to gas p.1
• Solids that are introduced to high heat over a short period of time can skip the liquid phase.
Typical phase change
Solid → Liquid → Gas
Sublimation
Solid → Gas
Water Budget p.3
• The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensing, and precipitation gives us the earth’s water budget.
• Usually is balanced for any given area.
• World Water Budget is not balanced.
What might be some reasons why?
Water ConservationWhat Can We Do?
• Great Lakes – Water Losses
• Be Involved – vote for laws to save our Great Lakes.
Bottled Water
• Empty your bottles before you throw them away!
• Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That water is locked up forever.
Lower Consumption
• Install water conserving toilets
• Less watering of lawns
• Shorter showers
• Fix leaks
• Turn off water when
Brushing teeth
13.2 River Systems
• Tributaries – feeder streams to river system
• Water shed – drainage basin
• Divides – elevated ground to separate water sheds
• Gully – narrow ditch
• Runoff – water that is not soaked into soil
Stream Erosion
• Channel – path the steam follows
• Headward erosion – process of lengthening and branching of stream
• Stream piracy – capturing water from other water sheds through erosion
Channel Erosion
• banks – edges of stream channel above water• Bed – part of the stream below water level • Stream Loads – materials carried by stream including
water, soil, rocks, minerals • Loads:• 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed, velocity)• 2. Bed – coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and rolls)• Saltation – short jumps• 3. Dissolved - TDS
Discharge and Gradient
• Discharge – volume of water moved by stream
• Gradient – steepness of its slope
• Velocity – speed of stream
• Headwaters - beginning
Water and Wind Gaps
• Water gap – erosion of earth rising causes water to need to go uphill
• Ex. Delaware water gap
• Wind gap – notch created where water can no longer pass
Stages of a River System
• Youthful rivers – rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few tributaries, less water
• Mature rivers – well established tributaries, erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming, oxbow lake
• Old rivers – lower gradient, slower, more meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion, deposits sediments
• Rejuvenated rivers – gradient of stream becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss. River, Tequm lower falls)
Deltas and Alluvial Fans
• Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into large body of water
• Delta – fan shaped deposit at mouth of river
• Alluvial fan – load causing flatten out after a step slope
• 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet• 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud• 3. sloped whereas delta flat
Flood Deposits
• Floodplain – deposits of silt and sand
• Springtime - ^with snowmelt v evapotranspiration
• Ice jams
• Natural levees – deposits silt and sand
Flood Control
• Indirect methods:• 1. Forestation• 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff• Direct methods:• 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human
conception and recreation)• 2. levees• 3. overflood channels