hypersensitivity · 2020/5/12 2 immunopathology •the immune system has evolved powerful...
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Hypersensitivity
Jun Dou(窦骏)
Department of Pathogenic biology and Immunology,
School of Medicine, Southeast University
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Immunopathology
•The immune system has evolved powerful
mechanisms to protect the body from harmful
pathogens.
•These same mechanisms, when poorly
controlled, can cause extensive tissue damage.
•Immunopathologies can arise from responsesagainst:
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Nonself antigens or Self antigens
PAMPs and damage/danger-associated molecular
patterns (DAMPs)
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Terminology
◼ Hypersensitivity.
Immediate
Delayed
◼ Allergy
◼ Anaphylaxis
◼ Allergen
◼ Allergins
◼ Wheal and flare reaction (red and swollen)
◼ Asthma
◼ Atopy Dermatitis
◼ Mast cells and Basophils
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◼ Hapten
◼ Desensitization
◼ Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
◼ Graves disease
◼ Goodpasture’s syndrome
◼ Immune complex disease (ICD)
◼ Arthus reaction
◼ Serum Sickness
◼ Contact hypersensitivity
◼ Tuberculin type hypersensitivity
◼ Granulomatous hypersensitivity
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Overview of Hypersensitivity
◼ There are two categories and four types of
hypersensitivities.
◼ Categories are based on the speed of a reaction
◼ Immediate
◆Antibody mediated
◼ Delayed
◆T cell mediated
◼ All hypersensitivity reactions are secondary
responses
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Hypersensitivity Gell and Coombs Classification
or phagocytosis
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Type I Hypersensitivity
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Type I anaphylactic reactions
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What makes these agents allergens? Chemistry? Mimicry? Adjuvant?
Why are some pollens allergenic while
others (e.g. pine) are not?
Why are some people allergic?
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Fun fact(e.g.): square mile of ragweed
produces 16 tons of pollen per season.
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Atopy
◼ Hereditary predisposition to HS reactions against
environment antigens. (nonparasitic antigens) IgE.
◼ Increased: IgE , eosinophils, hay fever,
◼ eczema, asthma.
◼ Genetic basis:
◆Locus for cytokines
◆Locus for beta chain of high affinity IgE receptor
◆HLA?
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IgE, Mast Cells and Basophils.
◼ IgE: 190.000 kd
◼ Fc receptor for IgE.
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◼ Mast cells in Tissues
◆Near blood and lymph vessels
◆Mucous membranes.
10,000 per mm3 in skin.
◆Cytokine producers
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◼ Basophils in blood.
◆ (1% WBCs)
◆Stain with basic dyes, granules.
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Mast Cells and Degranulation
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IgE Fc Receptors
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-
based activation motif
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Mast cell activation & degranulation
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图:19-1
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Mast cell activation & degranulation
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Histamine
◼ Most of the biologic effects of histamine in
allergic reactions are mediated by the binding
of histamine to H1 receptor.
◼ This binding induces contraction of intestinal
and bronchial smooth muscles, increased
permeability of venules, and increased mucus
secretion by goblet cells.
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◼ Interaction of histamine with H2 receptor
increases vasopermeability and dilation,
and stimulates exocrine glands.
◼ Binding of histamine to H2 receptor on
mast cells and basophils suppresses
degranulation; thus, histamine exerts
negative feedback on the release of
mediators.
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Early
And
Late
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医学免疫学 上海第二医科大学免疫教研室
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Systemic Anaphylaxis
Disseminated mast cell activation
in response to:
Direct injection of antigen (e.g. bee stings)
Rapid absorption of antigen from GI tract
Small molecules that modify self proteins,
permitting induction of Th response (e.g. penicillin)
◼ Widespread vasodilation
◼ Catastrophic loss of blood pressure
◼ Constriction of airways
◼ Pulmonary edema DEATH
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Consequences of Type 1 Reactions
◼ Systemic Anaphylaxis
◼ Localized Anaphylaxis
◆Allergic Rhinitis or hay fever.
◆Asthma. 5% of population, 4.8 million, 2000
deaths, $12 billion
◆ Increase in African-American children. Why?
Allergic vs Intrinsic
◆Food Allergies
Atopic urticaria or hives
◆Atopic Dermatitis. Allergic eczema.
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Therapy for Type I Hypersensitivity
◼ Avoidance
◼ Anaphylactic shock treated by immediate
injection of epinephrine ( adrenergic
receptors on smooth muscle)
◼ Antihistamines (initial phase)
◼ Corticosteroids
◼ Desensitization
◆Escalating allergen dosage
◆ Induction of IgE to IgG class switch?
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Approaches to treatment of allergy
Treg:
nTreg,
iTreg
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Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions
◼ Initiated by IgG binding to cell surface or
extracellular matrix molecules.
◼ Three different effector mechanisms.
◼ Activation of complement
◆Direct cell lysis via membrane attack
complex
◆Susceptibility to phagocytosis
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Local inflammatory responses
Examples include: transfusion reactions,
drug binding to red blood cell membranes,
Rh reaction in Rh- mothers.
◼ Antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
◆Effector cells expressing Fc receptors:
neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages,
natural killer cells (NK)
◼ Anti-receptor Ab, Autoimmune reactions
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Type II cytotoxic reactions
◼ ABO blood groups
Blood group Blood cell antigen Plasma Antibody Can receive
AB A and B Neither A, B, AB, O
B B Anti A B, O
A A Anti B A, O
O None Anti A and Anti B O
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Type II cytotoxic reactions
◼ Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Type II cytotoxic reactions
◼ Drug-induced
cytotoxic
reactions
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Graves’ Disease :A type II hypersensitivity reaction involving receptor binding
◼ Antibodies to
thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH )
receptor stimulate
thyroid hormone
production.
◼ Block of TSH
feedback inhibition
◼ Result is excessive
thyroid hormone
production
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Myasthenia Gravis:A type II hypersensitivity reaction involving receptor binding
◼ Autoantibodies to chain of acetylcholine receptor found at neuromuscular junction block neuromuscular transmission. Antibodies also drive degradation of AChR. Patients develop progressive weakness and eventually die.
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Type III - Immune Complex Disease
Syndrome Autoantigen Consequence
Post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis
Streptococc al ant igen Trans ient ne phrotic syndr ome
Poly arteritis nodosa Hepatitis B surface an tigen System ic vasculitis
Systemi c lupus
erythematosus (SLE)
DNA, histon es, ribosomes , etc. Glomerulonep hritis, vasc ulitis,
arthr itis
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Type III Hypersensitivity
◼ Allergen is soluble.
◼ Lots of it.
◼ Immune complex
◼ mediated
◆Activate
platelets (in man)
and basophils
via Fc receptors,
followed by
release of
vasoactive
amines
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◆Activate complement, releasing C3a and
C5a, which activate basophils, and
attract neutrophils (C5a)
◼ Examples
◆Serum sickness following antibody
treatment
◆Autoimmune reactions (e.g. arthritis,
nephritis)
◆Farmers lung etc.
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Type III immune complex reactions
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HLA complex
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Localized and Generalized
Type III reactions: Arthus reaction, Serum Sickeness.
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
◼ Multiple B cells with different specificities can receive help from
◼ a single autoreactive T cell when the B cells recognize constituents of large complexes.
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Circulating Immune Complexes
and Pathogenesis
Autoimmune Diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Goodpasture’s syndrome
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◼ Drug Reactions
Allergies to penicillin and sulfonamides
◼ Infectious Diseases
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Meningitis
Hepatitis
Mononucleosis
Malaria
Trypanosomiasis
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)
◼ Mediated by memory T cells
◆Requires previous exposure
◆Time scale 24-72 hours
◆Requires antigen processing,
presentation to specific T cells which
must traffic to local site.
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◼ Primarily mediated by Th1 cells producing
IFN-
◼ Examples
◆Tuberculin test
◆Contact hypersensitivity (e.g. pentadeca-
catechol in poison ivy reacts with self
proteins in the skin, generating modified
peptides).
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Type IV
Hypersensitivity
Contact
Dermatitis
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TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY
Delayed-type Hypersensitivity (DTH)
◼ T cell-mediated response
◼ CD4+ cells recognize antigen and
proliferate and make cytokines to attract
and activate mononuclear phagocytes.
◼ T cell mediated. CD4+TH1, class II MHC.
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◼ Important for defense against
intracellular pathogens
◼ Cytokines: IFN-, MIF, TNF.
◼ IL-3, GM-CSF (Hematopoiesis)
◼ Manifestations:
◼ TB skin test,
◼ Infections: Mycobacteria, Listeria,
Brucella, Salmonella, Leishmania
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Type IV - T cell mediated disease
Syndrome Autoantigen Consequence
Insuli n-dependent dia betes
mellit us
Unknown panc reatic cell
antigen (GAD?)
-cell dest ruction
Rheumatoid a rthritis Unknown synovial j oint
antigen
Joint inflam mation and
destruction
Experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelit is (EAE ),
mult iple scle rosis
Mylein basic p rotein
(MBP), proteoli pid protein
(PLP)
Brain invasion by CD4 T cells,
paralysi s
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Type IV cell mediated reactions
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Hypersensitivity Summary
◼ Inappropriate secondary reactions.
◼ Type I to IV. Overlap in reality.
◼ Immediate: Type I.
◼ IgE, Degranulation
◼ Type II. Ab mediated cytotoxicity.
◼ Type III. Immune Complex
◼ Delayed:
◼ Type IV. T cells and Cytokines.
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Summary
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Concepts:
1. Graves disease and Myasthenia Gravis
◼ 2. Goodpasture’s syndrome
◼ 3. Immune complex disease (ICD)
◼ 4. Arthus reaction
◼ 5. Serum sickness
◼ 6. Contact hypersensitivity
◼ 7. Asthma and Degranulation
◼ Questions:
◼ 1. What is mainly mechanism in IgG antibody-mediated
◼ cytotoxic hypersensitivity ?
◼ 2. What is mainly mechanism in immune complex-mediated
◼ hypersensitivity ?
◼ 3. What is mainly mechanism in cell-mediated
◼ hypersensitivity ?
◼ 4. What is mainly mechanism in IgE antibody-mediated
◼ hypersensitivity ?