hypertension and cholesterol in the elderly...from: treatment with multiple blood pressure...

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5/31/2015 1 Hypertension and Cholesterol in the Elderly Angela Sanford, MD Assistant Professor of Geriatrics Saint Louis University School of Medicine I have no relevant financial disclosures Hypertension in the Elderly Cushman WC. The burden of uncontrolled hypertension: morbidity and mortality associated with disease progression. J Clin Hypertens. 2003;5(suppl):1422. 

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Page 1: Hypertension and Cholesterol in the Elderly...From: Treatment With Multiple Blood Pressure Medications , Achieved Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Older Nursing Home Residents: The

5/31/2015

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Hypertension and Cholesterol in the Elderly

Angela Sanford, MDAssistant Professor of GeriatricsSaint Louis University School of 

Medicine

• I have no relevant financial disclosures

Hypertension in the Elderly

Cushman WC. The burden of uncontrolled hypertension: morbidity and mortality associated with disease progression. 

J Clin Hypertens. 2003;5(suppl):14‐22. 

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WHAT IS THE IDEAL BLOOD PRESSURE FOR OUR ELDERLY PATIENTS?

From: 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)

JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427

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© 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.  Published by American Heart Association. 2

Age‐Specific Differences Between Conventional and Ambulatory Daytime Blood Pressure Values., 

Date of download: 5/14/2015Copyright © 2015 American Medical

Association. All rights reserved.

From: Treatment With Multiple Blood Pressure Medications, Achieved Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Older Nursing Home Residents: The PARTAGE Study

JAMA Intern Med. Published online February 16, 2015. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8012

TREATMENT

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Blood PressureIn this modeling study, 1.65 

million deaths from cardiovascular causes that occurred in 2010 were attributed to sodium consumption above a reference level of 2.0 g 

per day.

Mozaffarian D et al. N Engl J Med 2014;371:624-634.

How effective is the “low sodium” diet?

Pharmacologic Treatment

Pharmacologic Treatment

• Medication selection principles (my opinion)

– Use cheapest drugs

– Simplest regimen possible

– Start one agent, maximize, then add additional agent if necessary

– Try to avoid medications that need to be taken two and three times/day if possible

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Pseudohypertension

• AKA “Noncompressibility Artery Syndrome”

• Falsely elevated BP reading due to calcified blood vessels

• Suspect in those with:

– Persistently elevated BP w/ no evidence of end‐organ damage

– Symptoms of overtreatment (lightheadedness, falls)

• Osler Maneuver: 

– Inflate BP cuff until radial pulse is obliterated.  If 

Orthostatic Hypotension

• Defined as a decrease in systolic BP by >20 mmHg or decrease in diastolic BP by >10 mmHg within 3 minutes of standing

• Results from inadequate

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Orthostatic Hypotension

• Can cause lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, weakness, fatigue, falls

• Exacerbated by

– Age 

– Many, many meds (BP meds, antidepressants, gabapentin, anti‐dementia meds)

– Dehydration/vol depletion

– Anemia

– Parkinson’s Disease

Orthostatic Hypotension

• Measure standing BP in ALL older persons

Orthostatic Hypotension

• Treatment:

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One thing to keep in mind….

• Obstructive Sleep Apnea:

– Is a common cause of HTN, especially new onset HTN

• Increases catecholamines and cortisol

– Should ask about snoring, daytime somnolence

– Makes existing HTN difficult to control (often need multiple agents)

CHOLESTEROL IN THE ELDERLYSwitching gears….

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Stone N, Robinson J, et al. 2013 ACC/AHC Guideline on 

the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce 

atherosclerotic heart risk in adults. JACC 2013; 

doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002

Background on New Guidelines

• Developed using randomized controlled trial (RCT) data from numerous studies

• Basis: Higher LDL  increased risk of CVD and lowering LDL will decrease events

– Absolute reduction of events is proportional to baseline absolute risk

• Statins are drug of choice, as evidence is lacking on efficacy of other lipid lowering meds

• Small mention of lifestyle modification

More Background

• High Intensity: Lowers LDL by >50%

– Atorvastatin 40‐80 mg

– Rosuvastatin 20‐40 mg

• Moderate Intensity: Lowers LDL by 30‐50%

– Atorvastatin 10‐20 mg

– Rosuvastatin 5‐10 mg

– Pravastatin 40‐80 mg

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Now onto the Guidelines…what do they say?

New Cholesterol Guidelines

• 4 groups that would benefit from statins (CVD risk reduction outweighs statin adverse effect risk) identified:

– 1. Those with clinical hx of CVD (prior MI/CAD/stroke/TIA/PAD)  secondary prevention

– 2. Those w/ LDL levels >190 mg/dL

– 3. Diabetics age 40‐75 w/ LDL of 70‐189 without known CVD

Stone N, Robinson J, et al. 2013 ACC/AHC Guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic heart risk inadults. JACC 2013; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002

Stone N, Robinson J, et al. 2013 ACC/AHC Guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic heart risk in adults. JACC 

2013; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002

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What’s this Risk Calculator?

How Do These Apply to Our  Elderly Patients?

• Few trials have included pts > 75 y/o

• The little data available do not support initiation of high‐intensity statin tx for secondary prevention in those >75 (adverse side effects 

t i h ll t

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How Do These Apply to Our Patients?

• Little data also supporting CVD event reduction in primary prevention among pts>75 w/ no clinical CVD

• Clinical risk calculator stops at age 79

– Must also consider that we are looking at a 10‐yr risk of CVD, so if pt doesn’t have a 10‐yr life expectancy, statin therapy is not likely to be beneficial

• Under the guideline “limitations” section

PROs

• Pros:

– New guidelines do identify pts for whom RCT data do not support statin therapy and have entire groups of people (>75 y/o, HD, or CHF) for whom no recommendation is made

– Elimination of routine LDL level assessment in pts receiving statins because target levels are not emphasized

CONs

• Cons:

– Risk calculator has not been prospectively tested for accuracy and grossly overestimates CVD risk

• Also not validated in races other than African American or Caucasian

– New criteria could result in >45 million Americans (1 in 3 adults) who do not have CVD to be 

Ridker P and Cook N. Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2013;382:1762‐65.

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“…This apparently seasoned integration of data and opinion eventually would lead to massive use of statins at the population level; i.e. ‘Statinization.’ It is unclear whether this would be one of the greatest achievements or one of the worst disasters of medical history”

– Dr. J Ioannidis, JAMA editorialIoannidis J. More than a billion people taking statins? Potential implications of the new cardiovascular guidelines. JAMA 2014;311(5):463‐4.

Case Examples—Case #1

• 79 y/o AAM

– Non‐diabetic, non‐smoker

– Systolic BP of 120 (not on BP meds)

– T chol‐150, HDL‐40

– Calculated 10‐yr risk of CVD is 13.7%

Statin or not???

Case Examples—Case #2

• 55 y/o WM

– Smoker, hx of HTN, non‐diabetic

– Systolic BP of 145 on antihypertensives

– T‐chol of 180 (LDL chol of 75, HDL chol of 50)

– Calculated 10‐yr risk of CVD of 9.6%

Statin or not???

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In Conclusion…

• The new cholesterol guidelines do not have any recommendations for primary prevention of CVD in those >75 y/o

– Small amts of data for secondary prevention, but only w/ mod. intensity statins

• As always, must use clinical judgment in terms of risk vs. benefits and take into account

As a geriatrician…

• I look at life expectancy and quality of life

– In frail elders w/ multiple medical comorbidities, a statin will likely not change their disease trajectory

– Statins have a very limited role in my nursing home population.  Exceptions are in cases of acute cardiovascular events and then the question becomes—how long do I continue this after the event?

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