hypervitaminosis
DESCRIPTION
The effect of overdosing on vitaminsTRANSCRIPT
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Hypervitaminosis
The result of toxic levels of vitamins on the system
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Vitamin A
Beta-carotene & retinol Beta-carotene sources: carrots, dandelion greens,
broccoli, kale spinach, turnips, apricots, melon, sweet potato
Retinol sources: fish liver oils, diary, egg yolks, liver Function:
– Maintains healthy coat & skin– Promotes bone growth– Protects against infection– Aids in treatment of eye disorders
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Hypervitaminosis A
Highest occurence in cats fed mostly on liver Produces bone hypertrophy (bone growths)
and ankylosing spondylosis (bone fusion) of cervical vertebrae
Also effects foetal brain and eye development
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Symptoms in cats
Kangaroo sitting Inability to move head or neck Pain Forelimb lameness
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Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis by radiography
Prognosis guarded to poor
Cessation of vitamin intake may halt progression, but will not reduce spondylosis
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Signs in other animals
ChicksLoss of appetitePoor growthDiarrhoeaEncrustation around mouthReddening of eyelids
PigsRough coatScaly skinHyper-irritabilityHaemorrhages over limbs and abdomenPeriodic tremorsDeath
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B Vitamins
B-1 – Thiamine Source: beef liver, kidneys, whole grains, bran
oatmeal, salmon, wheat germ, peanuts & kidney beans
Function – Formation of cocarboxylase enzyme involved in
decarboxylation (citric acid cycle)– Maintains normal function of nervous system– Improves brain power
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Hypervitaminosis B-1
B-1 symptom – curare like i.e. paralysis– Blocks nerve transmission– Restlessness, convulsions and labored
respiration– Death results from respiratory paralysis and
cardiac failure
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B Vitamins
B-2 – Riboflavin Source: cottage cheese, cheese, wheat germ,
kidney, fish & chicken Function
– Flavoproteins in oxidative phosphorylation– Maintains healthy mucous membranes– Promotes growth– Contributes to vision
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Hypervitaminosis B-2
B-2 symptom - Bright yellow urine– Itching– Numbness– Burning or prickling sensations– Sensitivity to light
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B Vitamins
B-3 – Niacin Source: beef liver, white chicken meat, peanuts,
salmon, tuna, turkey, whole grains & milk Function
– Coenzyme in hydrogen transport– Maintains muscle tone, healthy skin & coat– Converts food to energy– Prevents seizures (in some cases)
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Hypervitaminosis B-3
B-3 symptom – low blood pressure and lightheadedness– Liver damage– Peptic ulcers– Skin rashes
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B Vitamins
B-5 – Pantothenic Acid Source: eggs, wheat germ, lentils, liver,
brewers yeast, peas & whole grains Function
– Constituent of coenzyme A (CoA)– Improves longevity– Aids in wound healing– Protects against stress & infection
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Hypervitaminosis B-5
B-5 – symptom
– diarrhea
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B Vitamins
B-6 – Pyridoxine Source: bananas, bran, brewers yeast, carrots,
salmon, tuna, wheat germ, lentils, whole grain cereals
Function– Coenzyme for amino & fatty acid metabolism– Promotes red-blood cell formation– Maintains strong immune system– Contributes to healthy nervous system
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Hypervitaminosis B-6
B-6 – symptom – neurological disorders– Nerve damage in limbs– Effects balance & co-ordination– Decrease sensation to touch and temperature
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B Vitamins
B-12 – Cyanocobalamin - produced by intestinal bacteria
Source: sardines, herring, milk products, eggs, organ meats (liver, kidney, brain) & beef
Function– Nucleoprotein synthesis– Formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells)– Used to treat anaemia– Promotes normal growth– Stimulates weight gain in puppies
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Hypervitaminosis B-12
B-12 – reduction in size of vascular controlled reflexes
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B Vitamins
Biotin – A B vitamin also known as Vitamin H Source: brown rice, diary products, egg yolk,
chicken, liver, tomatoes, lentils & oats Function
– Protein & Fatty acid synthesis– Prevents skin problems– Facilitates metabolism of amino acids & carbohydrates– Promotes health of nerve cells
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Hypervitaminosis Biotin
Biotin – Scurfy skin, due to hyperkeratosis of the
superficial follicular epithelia
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Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid Source: oranges, peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, kiwi,
rose hips, strawberries (most fruit & veg) Function
– Essential for formation of collagen– Promotes tissue & wound healing– Can detoxify blood– Can reduce pain of arthritis
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Hypervitaminosis C
may acidify the urine, cause nausea and diarrhoea, interferes with the healthy antioxidant-
prooxidant balance in the body in patients with thalassemia or
haemochromatosis, promote iron overload
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Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol Sources: sun exposure, salmon, sardines,
cod-liver oil, herring & mackerel Function:
– Used by Osteoclasts in bone for demineralization
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Hypervitaminosis D
Causes high levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood, arteries and organs
Via re-absorption of bone and deposits of calcium in soft tissue
– i.e. calcification in ox heart dissected in class
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Bone
We constantly renew bone Calcium and phosphate in blood plasma help
to make bone Vitamins A & D also aid parathyroid hormone
in bone demineralization High levels of Vitamin D may produce bone
re-absorption without parathyroid hormone
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Vitamin E
Alpha-tocopherol (antioxidant) Source: wheat germ, whole wheat floor, margarine,
corn oil, peanut oil & eggs Function
– Anti-blood clotting agent– Promotes muscle growth & repair– Improves immune system– Promotes healing of skin problems– Improves heart & circulatory system
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Hypervitaminosis E
Vitamin E inhibits vitamin K and therefore reduces platelet production
Increased bleeding Impaired immune system – causing necrotizing
enterocolitis Diarrhoea and intestinal cramps include fatigue, muscle weakness, delayed
wound healing, and headaches
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Vitamin K
Phytonadione - produced by intestinal bacteria
Source: alfalfa, cheddar cheese, oats, spinach & brussel sprouts
Function– Prevents abnormal bleeding– Used by the liver to make blood platelets
Used to treat dogs poisoned by warfarin
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Hypervitaminosis K
Causes excess clotting of the blood
– leading to thrombosis and potential sudden death should clots form in brain or heart
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Folic Acid
Folacin, pteroylglutamic acid Sources: Meats Function
– Nucleoprotein synthesis– Formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells)
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Hypervitaminosis Folic Acid
– Inhibition of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase– Stomach problems– Sleep problems– Skin reactions
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Storage
Vitamins C, B & A (beta-carotene) are water soluble and quickly eliminated from the body
Vitamins A (retinol), D & E are fat soluble and become concentrated in the liver
Vitamin K is also fat soluble
N.B. up to 20 times the RDA of vitamins & minerals have been found in commercial pet food