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CLASS XIIPart - II

Book Code : 9498ISBN : 978-93-5167-408-5

Price : ` 425.00

PHYSICSPHYSICS

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GDr. J. P. Goel

M. Sc., Ph. D.

Retired Reader (Physics Dept.) Meerut College, Meerut

D. C. UpadhyayM. Sc.

Physics Lecturer, Retired PrincipalServe Hitkari Inter College

Kina Nagar, Meerut

Er. Meera GoyalB. Tech. (Gold Medalist)

Strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Delhi

& Various Other State Boards and Navodaya, Kendriya

Vidyalayas following CBSE curriculum

based on NCERT guidelines

AIPMT/AIIMS & JEE (MAINS & ADVANCED)

and Other Medical & Engineering Examinations

Highly Useful for

CLASS XIIPart - II

PHYSICSPHYSICS

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Printing and Publishing rights with the Publisher.The material in this publication is copyrighted. No part of this book may be

reproduced or copied in any form or by any means without the written permission of the authors/publisher. Breach of this condition is liable for legal action.

Price : ` 425.00 Only

J.P. Goel & D.C. Upadhyay

“The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest man.”

Hindi Edition of thisbook is also availableHindi Edition of thisbook is also available

Edition : 2015

Book Code : 9498

ISBN : 978-93-5167-408-5

Note : Due care and diligence has been taken while editing and printing the book, neither the authors nor the publisher of the book hold any responsibility for any mistake that may have inadvertently crept in.

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CLASS XII (THEORY)

One Paper Three Hours Max. Marks : 70

No. of Periods Marks

Total 160 70

Unit I : Electrostatics (22 Periods)

Unit I Electrostatics 2215

Unit II Current Electricity 20

Unit III Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism 2216

Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current 20

Unit V Electromagnetic Waves 0417

Unit VI Optics 25

Unit VII Dual Nature of Matter 0810

Unit VIII Atoms and Nuclei 14

Unit IX Electronic Devices 1512

Unit X Communication Systems 10

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.

Electric flux, statement iof Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

Unit II : Current Electricity 20 Period

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linar and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

SyllabusSyllabusPHYSICS

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Potentiometer-principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III : Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Periods

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.

Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV : Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 20 Periods

electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, Resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current.

AC generator and transformer.

Unit V : Electromagnetic waves 04 Periods

Need for displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI : Optics 25 Periods

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light-blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments : Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics : Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescope. Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

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Unit VII : Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 08 Periods

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

Unit VIII : Atoms and Nuclei 14 Periods

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Composition and size of nucleus, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX : Electronic Devices 15 Periods

Energy bands in solids (Qualitative ideas only) conductor, insulator and semiconductor; semiconductor diode-I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor, transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration). Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Unit X : Communication Systems 10 Periods

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitide-modulated wave. Basic Ideas about internet, mobile telephony and global positioning system (GPS).

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ContentsContentsChapter Page No.

Unit-VI (OPTICS)

A : Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

12. Reflection and Refraction of Light 1—56[12.1 Reflection of Light, 12.2 Reflection of Light at Spherical Mirrors, 12.3 Reflection between Focal Length (f) and Radius of Curvature (R) of a Spherical Mirrors, 12.4 Formation of Images by Concave Mirror, 12.5 Image Formation by Convex Mirror, 12.6 Mirror Formula for Spherical Mirrors, 12.7 Linear Magnification Produced by Spherical Mirrors, 12.8 Applications of Spherical Mirrors, 12.9 Refraction of Light, 12.10 Principle of Reversibility of the Path of Light, 12.11 Refraction of Light Through a Glass Slab, 12.12 Refraction Through Parallel Combination of Media, 12.13 Some Effects of Refraction of Light, 12.14 (a) Total Internal Reflection (b) Definition of Critical Angle, (c) Relation between Refractive Index and Critical Angle, 12.15 Practical Examples of Total Internal Reflection of Light, 12.16 Indus-trial Applications of Total Internal Reflection l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

13. Refraction of Light at Spherical Surfaces : Lenses 57—143[13.1 Introduction, 13.2 Refraction at Convex Surface, 13.3 Refraction at Concave Surface, 13.4 Principal FOCL of Single Spherical Surface, 13.5 Lens, 13.6 Technical Terms Related with Lenses, 13.7 Lens Markers Formula, 13.8 Analysis of Lens Marker’s Formula, 13.9 Formation of Images by Lenses i.e., Construction of Ray Diagrams, 13.10 Formula for Refraction Through a Thin Lens, 13.11 Linear Magnification Produced by a lens, 13.12 Newton’s Formula for the Refraction of Light Through a Lens, 13.13 Power of a Lens, 13.14 Two Thin Lenses Placed in Contact with Each Other, 13.15 Two Thin Lenses Placed at Some Distance a Part, 13.16 Determination of Focal Length of a Convex Lens by Displacement Method, 13.17 Combination of Lens and Mirror l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

14. Prism and Scattering of Light 144—176[14.1 Prism, 14.2 Refraction Through a Prism, 14.3 Dispersion of White Light Through a Prism, 14.4 Impure and Pure Spectrum, 14.5 Angular Dispersion and Dispersive Power, 14.6 Colour Phenomenon in Nature Due to Dispersion of Sunlight, 14.7 Scattering of Light, 14.8 Raman Effect l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

15. Chromatic and Spherical Aberration 177—197[15.1 Defects in Images Formed by Mirrors and Lenses, 15.2 Chromatic Aberration, 15.3 Expression for Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration, 15.4 Reduction of Chromatic Aberration (i.e., Achromatism), 15.5 Spherical Aberration in Lens, 15.6 (a) Spherical Aberration in Spherical Mirrors, (b) No Spherical Aberration in Parabolic Mirrors l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

16. Optical Instruments 198—238[16.1 Introduction, 16.2 Human Eye, 16.3 Defects of Vision and Their Removal, 16.4 Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments, 16.5 Microscope, 16.6 Compound Microscope, 16.7 Telescope, 16.8 Astronomical Telescope, 16.9 Terrestrial Telescope, 16.10 Galilean Telescope, 16.11 Reflecting Telescope l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

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Chapter Page No.

Unit-VI (OPTICS)

B : Wave Optics

17. Nature of Light and Huygen’s Principle 239—254[17.1 Introduction, 17.2 Wavefront, 17.3 Huygen’s Principle of Secondary Wavelets, 17.4 Explanation of the Reflection of Light Waves on the Basic of Huygen’s Principle of Secondary Wavelets, 17.5 Explanation of Refraction of Light Waves on the Basis of Huygen’s Principle of Secondary Wavelets, 17.6 Optical Path, 17.7 Effect on Frequency, Velocity and Speed in Refraction of Light, 17.8 Behaviour of Spherical Mirror, Lens and Prism When A Plane Wave-front is Incident on Them l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

18. Interference of Light 255—295[18.1 Principle of Superposition of Waves, 18.2 Coherent Source of Light, 18.3 Interference of Light Waves, 18.4 Expression for the Location and Fringe Width of Dark and Bright Frings in Young’s Double Slit Experiment, 18.5 Conditions for Obtaining Sustained Interference, 18.6 Effect of Introducing A Thin Transparent Plate in the Path of One of the Interfering Beams in Young’s Double Slit Experiment, 18.7 Interference of Light in Thin Films, 18.8 Colours in The Films l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

19. Diffraction of Light 296—321[19.1 Introduction, 19.2 Diffraction of Light, 19.3 Diffraction of Light Due to A Single Slit, 19.4 Difference Between Fraunhofer Class and Fresnel Class of Difference, 19.5 Difference Between interference and Diffraction, 19.6 The Validity of Ray Optics, 19.7 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

20. Polarisation of Light 322—349[20.1 Introduction, 20.2 Transverse Nature of Light Waves, 20.3 Unpolarised and Polarised Light, 20.4 Plane of Vibration and Plane of Polarisation, 20.5 Methods of Production of Plane Polarised Light, 20.6 Polarisation of Light by Reflection (Brewster’s Law), 20.7 Polarisation by Refraction, 20.8 Polarisation by Double Refraction, 20.9 Nicol Prism, 20.10 Polarisation by Dichroism, 20.11 Polaroids, 20.12 Polarisation by Scattering, 20.13 Law of Malus l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

Unit-VII

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

21. Particle Nature of Radiation and Wave Nature of Matter 350—409[21.1 Electron Emission, 21.2 Photo Electric Effect, 21.3 Experimental Study of Photo electric Effect, 21.4 Law of Photo Electric Emission, 21.5 Failure of Wave Theory to Explain Photoelectric Effect, 21.6 Einstein’s Explanation of Photoelectric Effect,

21.7 (a) (E -ν) Graph, (b) (V -ν) Graph, 21.8 Photo Cell, 21.9 Particle Nature of Light k o

(Photon) i.e., (Quantum Theory), 21.10 Dual Nature of Matter, 21.11 Louis De-Broglie Waves or Matter Waves, 21.12 De-Broglie Wavelength of An Electron, 21.13 Experiments for the Demonstration of Wave Nature of Electrons, 21.14 Compton Effect (For ICSE Only) l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

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Chapter Page No.

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Unit-VIII

Atoms and Nuclei

22. Atomic Physics 410—478[22.1 Introduction, 22.2 Thomson’s Atomic Model, 22.3 Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment, 22.4 Impact Parameter, 22.5 Distance of Closest Approach of An a-Particle to the Nucleus, 22.6 Rutherford’s Atomic Model, 22.7 Bohr’s Atomic Model, 22.8 Hydrogen Spectrum, 22.9 Energy Quantisation, 22.10 Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom, 22.11 Energy Level Diagram of Hydrogen Atom, 22.12 Excitation and Ionisation Potential, 22.13 Rydberg’s Constant, 22.14 Draw Backs of Bohr’s Atomic Model, 22.15 Theory of Spectrum of Hydrogen Like Atoms i.e., Ions, 22.16 Emission and Absorption Spectra, 22.17 Absorption Transition of Hydrogen Atom l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

23. X-Rays 479—498[23.1 Introduction, 23.2 Production of X-Rays (Coolidge Tube), 23.3 Spectrum of X-Rays, 23.4 Explanation of Continuous X-Ray Spectrum and Lowest Limit of Wavelength of X-Rays, 23.5 Characteristic X-Rays, 23.6 Wave Nature of X-Rays, 23.7 Properties of X-Rays, 23.8 Applications of X-Rays l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

24. Structure of the Nucleus 499—521[24.1 Introduction, 24.2 Proton, 24.3 Neutron, 24.4 Composition of Nucleus, 24.5 Nuclear Size, 24.6 Nuclear Density, 24.7 Nuclear Forces, 24.8 Classification of Nuclides i.e., Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones, 24.9 Atomic Mass and Nuclear Mass l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

25. Nuclear Energy 522—565[25.1 Mass-Energy Relation, 25.2 (a) Pair Production, 25.3 Mass Defect and Packing Fraction, 25.4 Binding Energy of A Nucleus, 25.5 Binding Energy Curve, 25.6 Nuclear Fission, 25.7 Chain Reaction in Nuclear Fission, 25.8 Atom Bomb, 25.9 Nuclear Reactor, 25.10 Nuclear Fusion, 25.11 Hydrogen Bomb, 25.12 Controlled Fusion, 25.13 Source of Energy of the Sun and Stars l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

26. Radioactivity 566—623[26.1 Discovery of Radioactivity, 26.2 Nature of Radioactive Rays 26.3 Properties of Radioactive Rays, 26.4 Radioactive Decay, 26.5 Radioactive Decay Constant ‘I’, 26.6 Half Life Time, 26.7 Relation Between Radioactive Decay Constant and Half Life Time, 26.8 Average Life Time of A Radioactive Substance, 26.9 Relation Between Mean Life Time and Decay Constant, 26.10 Relation Between Half-Life Time and Mean Life Time, 26.11 Activity of Radioactive Substances,26.12 Explanation of Alpha, Beta and Gamma-Decay From Radioactive Nuclei, 26.13 Applications of Radioactivity, 26.14 Detection and Measurement of Radioactive Radiations, 26.15 Artificial Radioactivity, 26.16 Nuclear Reactions l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

Physics Text Book Class XIIth

Publisher : SbpdPublications ISBN : 9789351674085

Author :D.C.Upadhyay,Dr.J.P.Goel,Er.MeeraGoyal

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