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CLASS XIIPart - I

Book Code : 8998ISBN : 978-93-5167-408-5

Price : ` 375.00

PHYSICSPHYSICS

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GDr. J. P. Goel

M. Sc., Ph. D.

Retired Reader (Physics Dept.) Meerut College, Meerut

D. C. UpadhyayM. Sc.

Physics Lecturer, Retired PrincipalServe Hitkari Inter College

Kina Nagar, Meerut

Er. Meera GoyalB. Tech. (Gold Medalist)

Strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Delhi

& Other State Boards and Navodaya, Kendriya Vidyalayas

following CBSE curriculum based on NCERT guidelines

AIPMT/AIIMS & JEE (MAINS & ADVANCED)

and Other Medical & Engineering Examinations

Highly Useful for

CLASS XIIPart - I

PHYSICSPHYSICS

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Printing and Publishing rights with the Publisher.The material in this publication is copyrighted. No part of this book may be

reproduced or copied in any form or by any means without the written permission of the authors/publisher. Breach of this condition is liable for legal action.

Price : ` 375.00 Only

J.P. Goel & D.C. Upadhyay

“The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest man.”

Hindi Edition of thisbook is also availableHindi Edition of thisbook is also available

Edition : 2014-15

Book Code : 8998

ISBN : 978-93-5167-408-5

Note : Due care and diligence has been taken while editing and printing the book, neither the authors nor the publisher of the book hold any responsibility for any mistake that may have inadvertently crept in.

Our Other Publications(Hindi & English Medium)

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oComputer Science : Er. Meera Goyal qLab Manual Biology : Dr. Saxena & Bansal

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CLASS XI (THEORY)

One Paper Three Hours Max. Marks : 70

No. of Periods Marks

Total 160 70

Unit I : Electrostatics (22 Periods)

Unit I Electrostatics 2215

Unit II Current Electricity 20

Unit III Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism 2216

Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current 20

Unit V Electromagnetic Waves 0417

Unit VI Optics 25

Unit VII Dual Nature of Matter 0810

Unit VIII Atoms and Nuclei 14

Unit IX Electronic Devices 1512

Unit X Communication Systems 10

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.

Electric flux, statement iof Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

Unit II : Current Electricity 20 Period

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linar and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

SyllabusSyllabusPHYSICS

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Potentiometer-principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III : Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Periods

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.

Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV : Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 20 Periods

electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, Resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current.

AC generator and transformer.

Unit V : Electromagnetic waves 04 Periods

Need for displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI : Optics 25 Periods

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light-blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments : Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics : Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescope. Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

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Unit VII : Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 08 Periods

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

Unit VIII : Atoms and Nuclei 14 Periods

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Composition and size of nucleus, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX : Electronic Devices 15 Periods

Energy bands in solids (Qualitative ideas only) conductor, insulator and semiconductor; semiconductor diode-I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor, transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration). Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Unit X : Communication Systems 10 Periods

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitide-modulated wave. Basic Ideas about internet, mobile telephony and global positioning system (GPS).

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ContentsContentsChapter Page No.

Unit-I

Electrostatics

1. Electric charge and Electric Field 1—58[1.1 Electric charges, 1.2 Kinds of charges; Attraction and Repulsion of charges, 1.3 Atomic (or Electron) Model of Electrification, 1.4 Electrostatic Induction, 1.5 Unit of Electric Charge : Coulomb, 1.6 Properties of Electric Charge, 1.7 Coulomb’s Law, 1.8 Principle of Superposition of Electric Forces, 1.9 Continuous Charge Distribution, 1.10 Electric Field, 1.11 Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point Charge 1.12 Electric Field Intensity Due to Group of Charges, 1.13 Electric Field Lines i.e., Electric Lines of Force 1.14 Electric Dipole, 1.15 Electric Field Due to a Dipole 1.16 Electric Dipole in a Uniform External Electric Field l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

2. Gauss’ Theorem 59—90[2.1 Area Vector, 2.2 Sold Angle, 2.3 Electri Flux, 2.4 Gauss’ Theorem, 2.5 Electric Field Due to a Point Charge, 2.6 Derivation of Coulomb’s Law using Gauss’s Theorem, 2.7 Intensity of Electric Field Due to a Uniformly Charged Straight wise of Infinite Length, 2.8 Intensity of Electric Field Near a Charged Thin Non-conducting Plane Sheet of Infinite Dimensions, 2.9 Intensity of Electric Field at the Surface of Charged Conductor, 2.10 Electric Field Due to Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.]

3. Electric Potential 91—134[3.1 Introduction 3.2 (A) Concept of Electric-Potential of a Charged Conductor, 3.2 (B) Concept of Electric Potential at a Point in an Electric Field, 3.3 Definition of Electric Potential Difference and Electric Potential, 3.4 Units of Electrostatic Potential, 3.5 Dimensional Formula and Dimensional Unit of Electrostatic Potential, 3.6. Electric Potential at a Point Due to a Point Charge, 3.7 Potential Gradient, 3.8 Equipotential Surfaces, 3.9 Electrical Potential Due to Spherical Shell of Uniform Charge Density, 3.10 Electric Potential Energy, 3.11 Potential Energy of Electric Charge in an Electrostatic Field, 3.12 Electric Potential Due to an Electric Dipole at a Point on the Axial Line of the Electric Dipole, 3.13 Electric Potential Due to an Electric Dipole at a Point on its Equitorial Line, 3.14 Work done in Rotating an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field, 3.15 Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field, l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.

4. Electric Capacitance 135—198[4.1 Conductors and Insulators, 4.2 Dielectrics, 4.3 Electric Polarisation, 4.4 Electric Polarisation of a Dielectric Slab 4.5 Expression for the Induced charge on Dielectric Placed in an External Electric Field, 4.6 Capacitance, 4.7 Capacitance of an Isolated Spherical Conductor, 4.8 Potential Energy of a Charged Conductor, 4.9 Capacitor, 4.10 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor, 4.11 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor When the Space Between the Plates is Partially Occupied by the Dielectric Medium, 4.12 Capacitance of a Spherical Capacitor, 4.13 Energy Stored in a Capacitor, 4.14 Energy Density of a Charged Parallel. Plate Capacitor, 4.15 Combination of Capacitors, 4.16 Sharing of Charge by Capacitors in Parallel Combination,4.17 Electric Discharge Through Pointed Parts : (Corona Discharge), 4.18 Van De Graaff Generator, l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l High order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions. l Exercise.

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Chapter Page No.

Unit-II

Current Electricity

5. Electric Conduction and Ohm’s Law 199—278[5.1 Introduction, 5.2 Electric Current, 5.3 Flow of Charge in a Metallic Conductor, 5.4 Drift Velocity of Free Electrons, 5.5 Relation Between Electric Current and Drift Velocity, 5.6 Current Density, 5.7 Mobility of Charge Carriers, 5.8 Ohm’s Law, 5.9 Electrical Resistance, 5.10 Factors Affecting the Electrical Resistance of a Conductor, 5.11 Electrical Resistivity, 5.12 Factors Affecting Electric Resistivity, 5.13 Electric Conductance, 5.14 Electric Conductivity, 5.15 (A) Relation between Electric conduc-tivity, Current Density and Intensity of Electric Field, 5.15 (B) Relation between Electric Current and Electric Conductivity, 5.16 V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-Linear), 5.17 Carbon Resistors and Colour Codes for Carbon Resistors, 5.18 Resistance in Series and Parallel, 5.19 Sources of Electromotive Force, 5.20 Relation between E.M.F., Terminal Potential Difference and Internal Resistance of a Cell, 5.21 Determination of Internal Resistance of the Cell, 5.22 Current in the Circuit, 5.23 Combination of Cells, 5.24 Electrical Energy and Power l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.

6. Electric Measurements 279—320[6.1 Kirchhoff’s Law, 6.2 Wheatstone Bridge, 6.3 Metre Bridge, 6.4 Potentiometer, 6.5 Applications of Potentiometer, l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples l Exercise.

Unit-III

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current and Magnetism

7. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 321—415[7.1 Concept of Magnetic Field, 7.2 Oersted’s Experiment, 7.3 Biat Savart's Law,7.4 (A) Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Current Carrying Conductor of Finite Length, 7.4 (B) Magnetic Field due to a Current Carrying Staight Conductor of Very Large Length i.e. of Infinite Length, 7.5 Nature of Magnetic Field Around the Straight Current Carrying conductor 7.6 (A) Magnetic Field Due to Current Carrying Circular Loop at its centre, 7.6 (B) Magnetic Field Due to Current Carrying Circular Coil at its Centre,7.6 (C) Nature of Magnetic Field Due to current Carrying Circular Loop or Coil,7.7 Magnetic Field at a Point on the Axis of a Current Carrying Loop, 7.8 Ampere’s Circuital Law, 7.9 Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law, 7.10 Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field, 7.11 Force on a Moving Charge in Magnetic Field, 7.12 Derivation of the Formula : F = IBL sin θ for the Force on a current carrying Conductor on the Basis of the Force on Free Electron in the Conductor, 7.13 Motion of a Charge Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field, 7.14 Trajectory of a Charged Particle Entering in an Electric Field Perpendicularly. 7.15 Lorentz. Force, 7.16 Motion a Charged Particle in Mutually Perpendicular Magnetic Field and Electric Field (i.e. Velocity Filter) or Velocity Selector. 7.17 Cyclotron, 7.18 Force between two Parallel Current Carrying Long Straight Conductors, 7.19 Torque on a Current Carrying Rectangular Loop or Coil in a inform Magnetic Field, 7.20 Moving Coil Galvanometer (M.C.G.), 7.21 Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter, 7.22 Conversion of Galvanometer into a Voltmeter l Miscellaneous Numerical Examples, l Exercises.

8. Magnetism 416—483[8.1 Introduction, 8.2 Magnetic Dipole, 8.3 Magnetic Dipole Moment, 8.4 Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron, 8.5 Magnetic Dipole moment of a Bar Magnet, 8.6 Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet). 8.7 Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field, 8.8 (A) Work Done in Rotating a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field, 8.8 (B) Poten-tial Energy of a Magnetic

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Physics Class XIIth

Publisher : Sbpd Publications ISBN : 9789351674085 Author : D. C. Upadhyay, Dr.J. P. Goel, Er. Meera Goyal

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