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I. Determining a Purpose I. Determining a Purpose a. a. An experiment is An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. Write the purpose of your experiment as a Write the purpose of your experiment as a question problem you want to investigate

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Page 1: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

I. Determining a PurposeI. Determining a Purpose

a.a. An experiment is An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions.

b.b. Write the purpose of your experiment as a Write the purpose of your experiment as a question or problem you want to investigate

Page 2: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

To design an experiment, you need a purpose for the experiment.The purpose is the question you wish to investigate. The question should be written so that it cannot be answered with a “yes” or a “no”.

Question::

Observation::

You notice that the rocks in the middle of the river have rounded edges. On the edge of the river, the rocks have sharper edges.

Why are the rocks in the middle of the river more roundedthan those on the edges?

Page 3: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Question::

Observation::

You put a plant on a windowsill. After a few weeks, you notice that the leaves have all turned toward the window.

Why do the leaves of a plant turn toward the window?

You notice that when you eat chocolate ice cream at night, you have trouble falling asleep.

Observation::

Question::

Is there something in chocolate ice cream that keeps me awake at night?

Page 4: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Question:

Does increasing the air in a basketball make it bounce higher?

Prediction::

Increasing the air in a basketball will/will not make it bounce higher.

Observation #1

You observe when playing basketball that sometimes the ball bounces higher. Later, while filling the basketballs with air you notice that the amount of air in the basketballs can be different.

Page 5: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Question:

Prediction:

While watching your brother play with his toy cars, you notice when he rolls them down a ramp that they travel different distances. You wonder if the height of the ramp has any affect on how far the cars travel.

Will increasing the height of a ramp cause a car to travel farther?

Cars on higher ramps will/will not travel farther.

Observation #2

Page 6: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

1. Will soaking seeds in water affect sprouting time?

Question:

Question:

Question:

Prediction:

Prediction:

Prediction:

Seeds soaked in water will sprout faster.

2. Will freezing popcorn affect the amount of kernels that pop?Freezing popcorn will cause more kernels to

pop.

3. Will increasing the temperature of water affect the amount of time it takes sugar to dissolve?

Increasing the temperature of water will cause sugar to dissolve

faster.Packet p.3Packet p.3

Page 7: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

4. Does the temperature at which bread is stored affect mold growth?

Question:

Question:

Prediction:

Prediction:

Storing bread at cooler temperatures will cause mold to grow more slowly.

5. Does water temperature affect the time it takes water to freeze?

Increasing water temperature will cause water to freeze more quickly.

Packet p.3Packet p.3

Page 8: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

II. Writing a Hypothesis

a.a. A hypothesis is A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.

b.b. A hypothesis is written in the form of an A hypothesis is written in the form of an if/then statement.statement.

Page 9: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Question:

Does increasing the air in a basketball make it bounce higher?

You observe when playing basketball that sometimes the ball bounces higher. Later, while filling the basketballs with air you notice that the amount of air in the basketballs can be different.

Prediction::

Increasing the air in a basketball will/will not make it bounce higher.

Observation #1p. 4

Hypothesis:

If the amount of air in a basketball is increased, then it will bounce higher.

Page 10: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Question:

Prediction:

Will increasing the height of a ramp cause a car to travel farther?

Cars on higher ramps will/will not travel farther.

Observation #2p. 4

Hypothesis:

If the height of a ramp is increased, then a car will travel farther.

While watching your brother play with his toy cars, you notice when he rolls them down a ramp that they travel different distances. You wonder if the height of the ramp has any affect on how far the cars travel.

Page 11: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

1. Will soaking seeds in water affect sprouting time?

Hypothesis:

Hypothesis:

Hypothesis:

If seeds are soaked in water, then seeds will sprout faster.

2. Will freezing popcorn affect the amount of kernels that pop?If popcorn is frozen, then more kernels will

pop.

If the temperature of water is increased, then sugar will dissolve more quickly.

Packet p.5Packet p.5

3. Will increasing the temperature of water affect the amount of time it takes sugar to dissolve?

Page 12: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

4. Does the temperature at which bread is stored affect mold growth?

Hypothesis:

Hypothesis:

If bread is stored at a cooler temperature, then mold will grow more slowly.

5. Does water temperature affect the time it takes water to freeze?

If water temperature is decreased, then water will freeze more quickly.

Packet p.5Packet p.5

Page 13: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

i. A variable is i. A variable is any factor in an experiment that can change..

vi.vi.A dependent variable is expressed in your A dependent variable is expressed in your hypothesis afterhypothesis after

the word the word “then”.“then”.

iii. The independent variable is iii. The independent variable is the factor you want to test..

ii. Constants are ii. Constants are all of the factors that are the same..

III. Determining Variables and ConstantsIII. Determining Variables and Constants

a. Variables and Constantsa. Variables and Constants

iv.iv.An independent variable is expressed in your hypothesis An independent variable is expressed in your hypothesis after the word after the word “If”.

v. The dependent variable is v. The dependent variable is the factor that you measure to get your results.

Page 14: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis #1 : If the amount of air in a basketball is

increased, then it will bounce higher.

Hypothesis #2: If the height of a ramp is increased, then a car will travel farther.

Independent variable:

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

Dependent variable:

amount of airamount of air

height of bounceheight of bounce

ramp heightramp height

distance traveleddistance traveled

Page 15: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

1. If seeds are soaked in water, then seeds will sprout faster.

Independent variable:Dependent variable:

2. If popcorn is frozen, then more kernels will pop.

Independent variable:Dependent variable:

3. If the temperature of water is increased, then sugar will dissolve more quickly.

Independent variable:Dependent variable:

sprouting sprouting timetime

percent of kernels poppedpercent of kernels popped

dissolving timedissolving time

soaking seedssoaking seeds

freezing popcornfreezing popcorn

water temperaturewater temperature

Page 16: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

4. If bread is stored at a cooler temperature, then

mold will grow more slowly.

Independent variable:Dependent variable:

5. If water temperature is decreased, then the water will freeze more quickly.

Independent variable:Dependent variable:

storing temperaturestoring temperature

water temperaturewater temperature

time it takes mold to growtime it takes mold to grow

freezing timefreezing time

Page 17: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

i. An operational definition is i. An operational definition is a description of the particular way in which you will measure the dependent variable.

ii. Operational definitions can be ii. Operational definitions can be qualitative oror quantitative.

b. Measuring the Dependent Variableb. Measuring the Dependent Variable

Page 18: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Defining Variables Operationally

Hypothesis: If students have more lunch money,then they will eat a poorer quality diet.If students spend more time studying each week,then they will do better in school.

If fertilizer is added to tomato plants,then they will grow better.

Hypothesis:

Hypothesis:

Page 19: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Identifying Variables

1. What variables can affect the rate at which seeds sprout?

2. What variables can affect the number of popcorn kernels that pop?

temperaturesunlighttype of seedsoil

type of popcornpopping timemicrowavepopcorn brand

soaking seedssoaking seeds

freezingfreezing

Page 20: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

3. What variables can affect the dissolving rate of sugar in water?

4. What variables can affect mold growth on bread?

type of sugaramount of sugaramount of waterstirring

type of breadstorage containeramount of sunlight/darknessmoisture in bread

storing temperaturestoring temperature

water temperaturewater temperature

Page 21: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

5. What variables can affect the time it takes water to freeze?

containeramount of waterfreezerlocation and temperature in freezer

water temperaturewater temperature

Page 22: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis #1 : If the amount of air in a basketball is

increased, then it will bounce higher.Independent variable: Dependent variable:

amount of airamount of air height of bounceheight of bounce

The The constants are all the factors that are the same. are all the factors that are the same.

same basketballsame basketball

same surfacesame surface

same bounce heightsame bounce height

same temperaturesame temperature

Packet page 8Packet page 8

Page 23: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis #2: If the height of a ramp is increased, then a car will travel farther.

Independent variable: Dependent variable:ramp ramp heightheight

distance traveleddistance traveled

Constants:Constants:

same carsame car

same rampsame ramp

same surfacesame surface

Page 24: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis: If seeds are soaked in water, then they will sprout faster.Hypothesis: If seeds are soaked in water, then they will sprout faster.

Independent variable:Independent variable: soaked soaked seeds seeds

sprouting sprouting timetime

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

Page 25: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis: If popcorn is frozen, then more kernels will pop.Hypothesis: If popcorn is frozen, then more kernels will pop.

Independent variable:Independent variable:freezing freezing kernels kernels Dependent variable:Dependent variable:percentage of popped kernelspercentage of popped kernels

ConstantsConstants

Page 26: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis: If the temperature of water is increased, then sugarHypothesis: If the temperature of water is increased, then sugar will dissolve more quickly.will dissolve more quickly.

Independent variable:Independent variable:water water temperaturetemperature

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:dissolving timedissolving time

ConstantsConstants

Page 27: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis: If bread is stored at a cooler temperature, then mold willHypothesis: If bread is stored at a cooler temperature, then mold will grow more slowly.grow more slowly.

Independent variable:Independent variable:storing temperaturestoring temperature

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:mold growthmold growth

ConstantsConstants

Page 28: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hypothesis: If water is decreased then freezing time will decrease.Hypothesis: If water is decreased then freezing time will decrease.

Independent variable:Independent variable:water water temperaturetemperature

time it takes to time it takes to freezefreeze

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

ConstantsConstants

Page 29: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Mr. Hunsicker has observed that the batteries in his boom box seem Mr. Hunsicker has observed that the batteries in his boom box seem to last longer if he plays his boom box at low volume rather than high to last longer if he plays his boom box at low volume rather than high volume. He wants to design an experiment to determine if this is true.volume. He wants to design an experiment to determine if this is true.

If a boom box is played at low volume, then the batteries will last longer.If a boom box is played at low volume, then the batteries will last longer.

Independent variable:Independent variable:

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

boom box volumeboom box volume

battery lifebattery life

boom boxboom box

batteriesbatteries

CDCD

Page 30: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

An investigator has observed that chickens lay more eggs at certain times of the year. It has also been observed that this occurs during the late springand summer months. An inference has been made that the extra eggs aredue to the longer daylight hours.

If the number of daylight hours is greater, then chickens will lay more eggs.If the number of daylight hours is greater, then chickens will lay more eggs.

Independent variable:Independent variable:

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

number of daylight hoursnumber of daylight hours

number of eggs laidnumber of eggs laid

chickenschickens

diet/waterdiet/waterhenhouse-climate/temperaturehenhouse-climate/temperature

Page 31: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Johnny made an observation that when he drove around the city on the

highway to work everyday, he did not have to get gas as often as when

he drove through the city. He then asked himself Do the type of roads I

drive to work on everyday affect my gas mileage?

If cars are driven on the highway, then gas mileage will increase.If cars are driven on the highway, then gas mileage will increase.

Independent variable:Independent variable:

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

type of street traveledtype of street traveled

gas mileagegas mileage

carcardriverdriver

type of gastype of gas

Page 32: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Troy wanted to determine if mold grows faster on moist Troy wanted to determine if mold grows faster on moist bread or dry bread.bread or dry bread.

He placed one piece of bread in a dry baggie and another He placed one piece of bread in a dry baggie and another piece of bread piece of bread

in a damp baggie. He checked them every eight hours and in a damp baggie. He checked them every eight hours and recordedrecorded

his observations.his observations.

If bread is moist, then mold will grow faster.If bread is moist, then mold will grow faster.

Independent variable:Independent variable:

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

moisture on breadmoisture on bread

mold growthmold growth

breadbread

temperaturetemperature

sunlightsunlight

Page 33: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Hannah wanted to test the ability of different drinks to dissolve bones. She filled glass jars with orange juice, milk, cola, and distilled water. Hannah then placed a chicken bone in each of the jars.

Independent variable:Independent variable:

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

different types of drinksdifferent types of drinks

dissolving of bonedissolving of bone

bones – size and typebones – size and type

amount of liquidamount of liquid

temperaturetemperature

Page 34: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Sarah wanted to determine which of three brands of Sarah wanted to determine which of three brands of popcorn popped the most kernels. She put one brand in the popcorn popped the most kernels. She put one brand in the microwave, set the timer for four minutes, and allowed the microwave, set the timer for four minutes, and allowed the bag to pop. She repeated this process for each bag.bag to pop. She repeated this process for each bag.

Independent variable:Independent variable:

Dependent variable:Dependent variable:

Constants:Constants:

brand of popcornbrand of popcorn

percent of kernels poppedpercent of kernels popped

microwavemicrowave

timetime

type of popcorntype of popcorn

Page 35: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

a. When summarizing your data, look at all of your observations, Then look for meaningful ways to present your observations.

Page 36: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Growth Rate of a Child

Data TablesData Tables

Age (years)

Weight (kg)

Page 37: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

GraphsGraphs

Line graphs are useful for showing Line graphs are useful for showing changes over time.changes over time.

The The independentindependent variable is placed variable is placedalong the x-axis.along the x-axis.

The The dependentdependent variable variableis placed along theis placed along they-axis.y-axis.

Page 38: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Bar graphs are useful for Bar graphs are useful for comparing datacomparing data..

The dependent variableThe dependent variableis placed along theis placed along they-axis.y-axis.

The independent variable is The independent variable is placedplacedalong the x-axis.along the x-axis.

Page 39: I. Determining a Purpose a.An experiment is a.An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. b.Write the purpose

Growth Rate of a Child

Age (years)

Weight (kg)

Birth 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2..

..

..

..

....