i. endosymbiosis a. occurred in early eukaryotes pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria
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I. Endosymbiosis
A. Occurred in early eukaryotes
Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria
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B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria
1. circular DNA2. similar translational machinery
- DNA, RNA, ribosomes
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3. divide by process similar to binary fission4. double membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
- inner membrane part of prokaryote- outer membrane from cell membrane of “host”
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II. Eukaryotic Reproduction
A. Sexual
1. haploid gametes
2. advantage in evolutionary adaptation
3. more diversity
4. includes self-fertilization- offspring still not identical to parent
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B. Asexual
1. no gametes
2. offspring genetically identical to parent
3. parthenogenesis- new organism from an unfertilized egg- many insects, lizards, fish, amphibians
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III. Kingdom Protista
A. Most diverse kingdom
1. most unicellular eukaryotes (except yeast)
2. all eukaryotes not plant, animal, or fungus
3. “catch-all” kingdom
- some protists more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than other protists
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III. Kingdom Protista
A. Most diverse kingdom (cont’d)
4. algae (many of the photosynthetic protists)
5. protozoa (single-celled heterotrophs)
6. molds (similar to fungi)
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B. Diplomonads
- 2 nuclei and multiple flagella
- Giardia intestinalis
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C. Euglenozoans
1. includes heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
2. Trypanosoma
- sleeping sickness- tsetse flies
3. Euglena
- many can alternate between photosynthetic and heterotrophic
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D. Alveolates
- have tiny membrane-enclosed sacs just under the cell membrane
1. dinoflagellates
a. marine/aquatic phytoplankton (photosynthetics)b. some are heterotrophicc. some are bioluminescentd. toxic red tides (from overgrowth)
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2. apicomplexans
a. animal parasites
b. form spores
c. Plasmodium
- malaria
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3. ciliates
- use cilia for locomotion
- heterotrophs that dine on bacteria, algae, and other ciliates
- paramecium
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E. Stramenopiles
- have a “hairy” flagellum1. water molds
a. freshwater organismsb. decompose dead plant and animal materialc. includes downy mildewsd. can be parasitic
- fish- potato blight- downy mildew of grapes
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2. diatoms
a. unicellular, photosynthetic algae
b. cell wall contains silica (found in many abrasives)
c. marine/aquatic
d. diatomaceous earth
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3. brown algae
a. largest and most complex algae (fast-growing)
b. marine
c. multicellular
d. most seaweeds
e. kelp
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F. Amoebozoans
use pseudopodia
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F. Amoebozoans
use pseudopodia
1. free-living amoebas- marine/aquatic- soil
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2. parasitic amoebas
- dysentery- Naegleria fowleri
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3. plasmodial slime molds- oozing mass of slime- many nuclei - decomposers
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4. cellular slime molds- can aggregate into slugs- change location - differentiates and sporulates
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G. Red and green algae
1. closely related to plants
2. both contain chlorophyll
3. red algae are important reef species- hard cell walls, non-motile
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G. Red and green algae (cont’d)
4. green algae- Chlamydomonas- Volvox- many sea weeds