i have a photographic memory but once in a while i forget to take off the lens cap. - milton berle...

I have a photographic memory but once in a while I forget to take off the lens

cap.- Milton Berle

Forming & Using New Memories

What is memory?

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

Control processes: active processes that can be controlled by the person

model view of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Modal Model of Memory: Examples

Basic Terminology

Rehearsal

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

Forgetting

Modal Model of Memory: Sensory Memory

Persistence of vision: retention of the perception of lightSparkler’s trail of light

Frames in film

Echo (auditory)

Similar to icon, BUT:

Recall can be cued by category

Echoes can last longer (up to 20 secs)


Summary of Sensory Memory

Sensory memories

are modality specific

have relatively large capacity (although short storage time)

are relatively unprocessed (mostly physical, not meaningful, aspects)

barricadechildrendietgourd foliometer journeymohairphoenixcrossbowdoorbellmufflermousemenuairplane

Subtract out from printed slides

Word list for a serial position curve experiment (A); typical results (B).

Free-Recall Experiments

Primacy effect

Recency effect

Modal Model of Memory: Short Term Memory

CapacityMiller’s “7 (plus or minus 2)”

Digit Span

Chunking



Ericcson et al. (1989)S.F. had an initial digit span of 7After 320 one-hour training sessions

S.F. could remember up to 79 digitsChunking


Proactive interference

Duration

Short-Term MemoryForgetting

Retention duration

Memory trace

Short-Term MemoryForgetting

Is forgetting caused by decay or interference?

Probe-digit task

4 9 8 5 7 3 9 6 0 4 9 8 7 2 6 5

Coding

?


Working Memory

Working memory differs from STMSTM is a single componentWM consists of multiple parts

STM holds information for a brief period of time

WM is concerned with the manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition

Phonological Loop

Word-Length EffectMemory for lists of words is better for

short words than for long words

It takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

Phonological Loop

Articulatory SuppressionPrevent one from rehearsing items to be

rememberedReduces memory spanEliminates word-length effectReduces phonological similarity effect

for reading words

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

Brooks (1968)Memorize sentence and

then consider each word (mentally) and eithersay “yes” if it is a noun

and “no” if it is notpoint to a Y if word is a

noun and a N if word is not

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

Pointing was easier than speakingPointing involved the visuospatial sketch

pad and the phonological loop Speaking involved two verbal tasks which

overloaded the phonological loop

Working Memory

WM is set up to process different types of information simultaneously

WM has trouble when similar types of information are presented at the same time

The Central Executive

Controls suppression of irrelevant information

i have a photographic memory but once in a while i forget to take off the lens cap. - milton berle...

Documents