IMPERIALISM AND CONFLICTEuropean Powers Attempt to Remake the World

BETWEEN THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR AND WORLD WAR I, EUROPEAN NATIONS ADDED 9 MILLION SQUARE MILES (1/5 OF THE GLOBE) TO THEIR OVERSEAS COLONIAL POSSESSIONS.

THREE FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Colony – territory under political

control of another state Protectorate – local rulers left in place

but expected to follow European advisors

Spheres of influence – outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

OLD EMPIRES IN DECLINE

Ottoman Middle EastMughal IndiaQing ChinaAfrica – effect of collapsing slave trade

INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS

Industrial RevolutionRaw materialsMarkets for goods

NationalismSpread Christianity

Missionaries

AFRICA

CONDITIONS IN AFRICA Religion

Islam spread throughout north AfricaChristian missionaries wanted to convert

Africans and end the slave trade Slave trade

Outlawed in early 1800s Interior explored

David LivingstoneScottish medical missionary

Cecil Rhodes, British

colonialist who

announced plans

for telegraph line from Cairo to

Cape Town

“all of these stars... these vast

worlds that

remain out of

reach. If I could, I would annex other

planets.”

BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 – set rules for Europeans

colonizing Africa (Bismarck organized)Claim parts of Africa only if country has set

up a government office there Scramble for Africa

Berlin set off a 20 year race to divide the continent

Redrew map with little regard for traditional borders or ethic boundaries

How does the redrawing of the map of Africa impact the continent today?

PARTITION OF AFRICAWhat do we know about this part of

Africa?

Ethiopia

FREE STATE OF THE CONGO H.M. Stanley

Continued Livingstone’s exploration

King Leopold II – Belgium Privately controlled

territory through non-governmental organization

Scandal Mass killings resulted in

Leopold’s overthrow Became Belgian colony

FREED SLAVES Liberia – established as a home for freed

American slaves in 1847 Based government on U.S. Trouble integrating with native west Africans

Sierra Leone – British colony for freed slaves

INDEPENDENT ETHIOPIA Menelik II

Ruled Ethiopia beginning in 1889 Used profits from ivory sales to buy weapons Defeated Italians at Adowa

RECAP Who was Cecil Rhodes?

British colonialist What was the Scramble for Africa? What

started it? 20 year race for African territory started by the

Berlin Conference What was the independent country

established for freed American slaves? Liberia

What independent country was Menelik II ruler of? Ethiopia

ASIA

OPIUM WARSDrug trade leads to war

OPIUM WARS British victory

Gunboats equipped with superior weapons Treaty of Nanjing

Indemnity – Chinese paid British for loss Extraterritoriality – British citizens in China tried

under British law Hong Kong – island became British territory 1st in a series of unequal treaties that forced

China to make concessions to European powers

How do you think unequal treaties would make the Chinese feel about the Qing

Dynasty?

TAIPING REBELLION Peasant revolt

Hong Xiuquan – village schoolteacher who led revolt

“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” 太平天囯

Converted to a form of Christianity Called for:

Civil service exams based on Bible Community ownership of property Separate but equal sexes (no foot binding) End to Qing Dynasty

TAIPING REBELLION Controlled 30 million people at its height Bloodiest Civil War in history

Third Battle of Nanjing (1864) 100,000 dead in 3 days

20-30 million dead overall

Defeated after 14 years “Ever Victorious Army” – Qing soldiers trained by

Europeans First Chinese army to use western tactics and

modern weapons

CHARLES GEORGE GORDON AKA Chinese Gordon AKA Gordon of

Khartoum British Army officer

Well-traveled!

BOXER REBELLION Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising “Righteous Fists of Harmony” – 义和团 “Support the Qing, destroy the foreign” Siege of Beijing in 1900

Representatives of foreign powers held out for 55 days

Rescued by Eight-Nation Alliance Boxer Protocols (1901) Severely weakened Qing Dynasty

JAPAN MODERNIZES The opening of Japan

Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry (1854)

What are the ships being powered by?

MEIJI RESTORATION Ruling shoguns replaced by Emperor Meiji

(1867) Accelerated industrialization

“Enrich the country, 富国強兵strengthen the military”

Fall of the samurai 1.9 million before restoration Government tried to abolish samurai class Satsuma Rebellion (1873) – basis for The Last

Samurai Capitalism and western influence

“UNDER RECONSTRUCTION” Read and respond to 4 questions Complete sentences! #1 – at least 2 contrasts in separate

sentences #4 – at least 3 examples of change in

separate sentences

BRITISH IN INDIA Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

Sepoy – native Indian soldier for a European power

Against British East India Company Sepoy’s grievances

Soldiers thought afraid BEIC was behind conversion by missionaries

Soldiers forced to travel further from their homes – Why?

Regular payments ended; no pensions

BRITISH IN INDIA 1853 Enfield Rifle

Had to bite the cartridge open, but many sepoy heard rumors that they were greased with pork or beef fat

Why would this be an issue? To what religion do the sepoy belong?

Civilian rebellion Feudal nobility, rural landlords, and peasants Doctrine of Lapse – adopted children of princes

not legal heirs Landlords lost land as BEIC expanded

Rani of Jansi

BRITISH IN INDIA Brutal uprising suppressed with extreme

force Seen as justified at the time

British see it as “Great Mutiny”

Indians see it as “First War of Indian Independence”

BEIC blamed for allowing rebellion to occur Company nationalized

India becomes colony under direct control of British government

MIDDLE EAST

THE CRIMEAN WAR (1853-56)

THE CRIMEAN WAR First “modern” conflict

Russia v. France, England, and Sardinia Attempts to gain control over declining Ottoman

Empire Napoleon III and Tsar Nicholas I maneuvered to gain

control of the Holy Land Advanced gunships run on steam power

Treaty of Paris (1856) Black Sea made neutral territory Big setback for Russian influence in the region

SIEGE OF SAVASTOPOL

EGYPT MODERNIZES Muhammad Ali – “father of modern Egypt”

Increased cotton production and industry

Expanded trade Conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

Suez Canal 100-mile waterway linking Mediterranean and Red

Seas (1869) Construction put Egypt in debt Rights purchased by Disraeli, giving Britain control What do you think the impact of the Suez Canal

was? Egypt became a British protectorate in 1882

SUEZ CANAL Gave Great Britain

easy access to theIndian Ocean

Drastically reducedtravel time

“Lifeline of theBritish Empire”

OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN DECLINE Pashas – provincial rulers spread

throughout empireDecentralized power

Independence movements – Greeks, Balkans

Sudan – Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Madhi, savior of the faith

Wahhabi movement – Arabians seeking to recapture purity and simplicity of Muhammad

RECAP What created the “lifeline of the British

Empire?” Suez Canal

What is known as the first “modern” conflict? Crimean War

What do Indians call the Sepoy Rebellion? First War of Indian Independence

Who is known as the “father of modern Egypt?” Muhammad Ali

What was the final straw for the sepoys that led to rebellion? Rifle cartridges greased with pork or beef fat

RECAP What class did the Meiji Restoration seek to

eliminate? Samurai

What rebellion was led by the “Righteous Fists of Harmony?” Boxer Rebellion

Who was the British Army officer who helped train the “Ever Victorious Army?” Charles George Gordon

What are indemnity and extraterritoriality (Opium Wars)? Chinese pay British for loss; British tried by British

law