i n s tr u ctor s - association of surgical technologists · study guide, 3rd ed $55 $65 2 surgical...

P u b l i s h e d f o r s u r g i c a l t e c h n o l o g y e d u c a t o r s b y t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f S u r g i c a l Te c h n o l o g i s t s

I N S TR UCTOR SV O L U M E 1 9 , N U M B E R 1F E B R U A R Y / M A R C H 2 0 1 6

Policy Dilemma: Cell Phones in Classrooms and Clinical Sites

continued on page 3

Sydney Fullbright, PhD

The familiar hum of the vibrating cell phone goes off in millions of classrooms every day in America. You must decide to ban these devices or allow them to become a part of the learning environ-ment. Programs such as Poll Everywhere are designed to be used with smart phones in the classroom—and are among the good reasons for you to allow cell phones. Some faculty have replaced response clickers with such programs. However, each course and clinical facility is different. When making cell phone policies for any college, you must weigh the student pros and cons along with the unique situation of the clinical instructor and clinical site policy. Such policies are not easy to write because there are many aspects to consider. This article will present both sides of this discussion.

missed classes and region, texting re-sulted in a significant negative difference in class grade.1

In a study of 536 undergraduate stu-dents at a large, public university, Lepp, Barkley and Karpinski found that cell phone use was significantly related to college GPA. Students were divided into three groups: high cell phone use, mod-erate cell phone use and low cell phone use. The high cell phone use group had a significantly lower GPA (M=2.84, SD =0.61) than the other two groups.2

A study by Duncan, Hoekstra and Wilcox demonstrated that students who reported regular cell phone use in class showed an average negative grade dif-ference of 0.36 ± 0.08 on a four-point scale. The sample size of 318 college students also showed that 47 percent

Risks and Benefits in the ClassroomA review of literature reveals two sides of the decision. Those who favor the use of cell phones in the classroom point to student satisfaction and learning ef-fectiveness. Others quote studies that indicate phone use in the classroom is distracting to other students. A student reading and answering a text is enough to cause distraction from learning for their classmates. Research has indicated that classroom performance of the user is also affected. Clayson and Haley found that 86 per-cent (of 298 students surveyed) texted someone during class, while 94 percent reported receiving texts while in class. Forty-seven percent felt they could text and follow a lecture at the same time; however, when controlled for GPA,

inside

p4Educational Resource for Sur-gical Technology ProgramsAST’s books, DVDs and CDs make great teaching tools.

p8There’s still time to register for AST’s Instructors Workshop in San DiegoThe two-day event will cover ten different topics, from instructional strategies to preceptor recruitment.

| The Surgical Technologist | MAY 2016236

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It’s better to do a few things really well. And when it comes to surg tech education, AST leads the way. There’s a good reason behind our leadership in educational resources—we can tap into some of the best and most innovative practitioners who want to share their expertise and talents with their colleagues and future practitioners. Our members are surgical technologist writers and editors whose mission is to enhance patient care and to advance the profession through education.

Take a look at the quality resources we have created—and wait for the others that are

in the pipeline. AST members receive discounted pricing as a benefit of membership. Call 800-637-7433 to order or order through our online store at www.ast.org.(Note: Not all products listed are pictured).

Books MemberNon-

member QTY AMT

1Surgical Technologist Certifying Exam Study Guide, 3rd ed

$55 $65

2Surgical Technology for the Surgical Technologist, 4th ed

$149 $169

3Surgical Technology for the Surgical Technologist, Study Guide/Lab Manual

$64 $71

4First Assistant Certifying Exam Study Guide

$45 $55

5Patient Skin Prep Charts for the Surgical Technologist

$17.99 $17.99

6Core Curriculum for Surgical Technology

$175 $175

7 Core Curriculum for Surgical Assisting $100 $100

8Surgical Technologist Journal—Subscription

included $40

DVDs, CDs MemberNon-

member QTY AMT

9 Basic Surgical Instrumentation $175 $175

10 Intraoperative Case Management $175 $175

11Introduction to Asepsis and Sterile Technique

$175 $175

12 Postoperative Case Management $175 $175

13 Preoperative Case Management $175 $175

14Surgical Case Management Series (6 DVDs)

$875 $875

15Surgical Positioning, Prepping and Draping

$175 $175

16Wound Closure Techniques (DVD/CD 2-disc set)

$45 $50

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What We Do BestOUR NAME SHOWS UPON ONLY THE BEST RESOURCES.

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AST MERCHANDISE RETURN POLICY We value you as a member/customer, and it is important to us that you are completely satisfied with each purchase. For that reason, we ask that upon receipt of shipment you carefully inspect all merchandise for damage. Damaged merchandise presented for return, must be accompanied by a copy of the original shipment receipt. Returns must be completed within 15 days of purchase. Merchandise returns to AST beyond 15* days from the date of purchase, must be currently stocked by AST at the time of the return to be accepted. A 15% restocking fee and proof of purchase is required. Electronic products are not returnable if the seal or packaging is broken. Defective electronic products may only be exchanged for replacement copies of the original item. Electronics must be exchanged within 15 days, include original shipment receipt and must include the original license agreement. All returned merchandise must be in saleable condition and customer is responsible for shipping and handling charges. Please call us prior to any return. You may reach us during our business hours, 8-4:30 pm (MST), Association of Surgical Technologists, Membership Services, 800-637-7433, or 303-694-9130. *Institutions and bookstores 60 days, merchandise returns only. No returns after 90 days.

Fax: 303-694-9169 Phone: 800-637-7433

Mail to: AST, 6 W Dry Creek Cir, Ste 200,Littleton, CO 80120

Association of Surgical TechnologistsAST

p2,7Connecting With Your State AssemblyYour AST State Assembly can be a good way for your students to connect with their future peers and get involved in their profession. If your state assembly is not already active with local surgical technology programs, this article offers ideas on how to connect.

TUESDAY, MAY 318 A M — 3 P MARC/STSA Accreditation Fundamentals for EducatorsCapacity: 100 Registrants (6 CEs)

Fee: $100

ARC/STSA Board and StaffThis workshop is designed to inform newly appointed and experienced program directors, instructors and administrators about the ARC/STSA process, policy and procedure needed for CAAHEP accreditation. Includes a one-hour break at noon. (Separate registration required at www.arcstsa.org).

3 — 5 P MSVT-B Site Visitors Training BeginningCapacity: 50 Registrants (2 CEs)

Fee: Free

ARC/STSA Board and StaffSite Visitors Training Beginning is designed to orient those who would like to become site visitors to basic ARC/STSA site visitation process, policy and procedure. Prerequisite: Accreditation Fundamentals for Educators and CAAHEP Site Visitor online training required prior to attending Beginning Site Visitors Workshop. (Separate registration at www.arcstsa.org). Please contact ARC/STSA at [email protected] for more information.

TUESDAY, MAY 31 & WEDNESDAY, JUNE 1Instructors Workshop (10 CEs)(Includes both Tuesday and Wednesday)

Fee: $275 Members; $350 Nonmembers

Tuesday, May 31 (PART 1)

5 — 5 : 1 0 P M Welcome and IntroductionsRoy Zacharias, CST, FAST, AST President

5 : 1 0 — 6 : 1 0 P M The Healing Power of LaughterDiana Jordan

Wednesday, June 1 (PART 2)

7 : 3 0 A M

8 — 8 : 5 0 A M

9 — 9 : 5 0 A M

1 0 — 1 0 : 5 0 A M

1 1 — 1 1 : 5 0 A M

Breakfast for Instructors

Sponsored by ARC/STSA

Developing the Professional Student: Instructional Strategies That Work Dodi Zotigh, CST

Thinking Out of the Box: Different Techniques to Prepare Our Students for Didactic & ClinicalLinda VanDyke, CST, CSFA, FAST; Teckla Willumsen, LPN

Taking Over the Reins in Difficult SituationsCindy Mask, CST, FAST

NBSTSA Updates

N o o n — 1 2 : 5 0 P M Lunch

1 — 1 : 5 0 P M Collaboration: Key to Program SuccessTC Parker, CST

2 — 2 : 5 0 P M Mind Tap: Reaching the Electronic LearnerJoseph Charleman, CST, CSFA, CRCST, LPN

3 — 3 : 5 0 P M Where Is Your Passion?Christopher McGriff, CST

4 — 4 : 5 0 P M What Will Your Students Bring to the Table? Lesson on Professionalism and Preparing for Their CareerWanda Walter, CST

5 — 5 : 5 0 P M We Have the Clinical Site, So What About the Clinical Preceptors?

Debra Mays, CST

PRECONFERENCE EVENTS FOR EDUCATORS

4 A S T 4 7 T H A N N U A L N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E S A N D I E G O , C A L I F O R N I A

SAVE THE DATE

SEPTEMBER20 – 26, 2016

National Surgical

Technologists Week

http://www.cvent.com/events/ast-47th-annual-national-conference/event-summary-8100f396f0674061abece3b4fdccd692.aspx

http://returnsonly.no/

continued on page 72

Many surgical technology educators are already active in their state assem-blies and encourage students to get involved. State assemblies often allow students to participate in business meetings and workshops for free or a reduced rate. Find out more about how your state assembly connects with students by visiting their website. Find your state assembly website now. If your state assembly doesn’t offer options for students, maybe they just need some ideas. Read what other assemblies are doing with students and contact your state officers with suggestions.• Ask about student rates for business

meetings and workshops.• Check to see if students can volun-

teer to help with registration, set up,promotion or other aspect of stateassembly events in exchange for freeor reduced rates for participating.

• Encourage your state assembly lead-ers to host a Scrub Bowl competition.(See details below.)

• Offer to host a state assembly meet-ing or workshop on your campusand include networking time withstudents.

• Ask your state assembly to sponsora CST exam prep workshop, resumeworkshop or other job-related train-ing event.

• Ask your state assembly to start ajobs board or to sponsor a student/young professional job fair in con-junction with a meeting.

• Inquire about creating a studentrepresentative position on the stateassembly board.

• Invite state assembly members or of-ficers to come to your class and talkto students.

• Ask your state assembly for help instarting or sponsoring an AST stu-dent association chapter or event.

• Encourage your state assembly topartner with your school to celebrateNational Surgical Technologist Week,Sept. 20-26, 2016.

• Ask your state assembly boardmembers how your students can getinvolved in legislative efforts in yourstate.

• Ask whether the state assembly hasa shadow or mentor program.

• Volunteer your students to help plan

a student day, session or roundtable in conjunction with an upcoming state assembly meeting.

• Encourage your state assembly boardto consider starting a scholarshipfor tuition or books (based on need,leadership, career transition, etc.)or a scholarship to attend a stateworkshop or the AST national con-ference. Or ask about co-hosting afundraising event to benefit nationalscholarships through the Foundationfor Surgical Technology.

• Invite your state assembly to joinyour students in a communityoutreach activity, such as a food orclothing drive or service day.

What’s A Scrub Bowl?A scrub bowl is an academic competi-tion pitting teams of students from different surgical technology programs against each other in a fun, friendly way. Teams can range in size with all members participating or designated alternates. Questions - written by edu-cators in another state or a school that isn’t participating - are read aloud or flashed on a screen. The first team to

hit a buzzer or hold up a card, giving the correct answer receives points for that question. Each team is assigned a referee who also keeps score for the team. The bowl may have multiple rounds where teams face off in differ-ent pairs or where all teams compete together but the response time is shortened every round. The team with the most points wins. “We have a pizza dinner for every-one and the students have a lot of fun. This will be our second scrub bowl, and we look forward to it being an annual event,” says Beth Applegate-Debo, CST, CSFA, FAST, president of the New York State Assembly. We send in-vitations to every CAAHEP and ABHES accredited school in New York.” At their Scrub Bowl in April, the New York State Assembly (NYAST) had 25 students attend and teams competing from Finger Lakes Surgical Technology Program in Geneva, Niagra County Community College in Niagra Falls and Swedish Institute in New York City. Questions were written and read by NYAST secretary Richard Fruscione, CST, from Kingsborough Community

Connecting with Your AST State Assembly

Members of the Swedish Institute’s winning Scrub Bowl Team answer a question during the first round of competition.

http://www.ast.org/State_Assemblies/State_Websites/

Cell Phones in Classrooms & Clinical Sites continued from page 1

more on page 63

of the students felt it somewhat disrespectful to use their phone in class. However, many stated that if no policy ex-isted, they had the right to use their phone in class.3

In a study of 400 college students and 100 faculty, Berry and Westfall establish many pros and cons of cell phones in the classroom. Their research showed that the faculty were concerned that cell phones in the classroom caused distrac-tions for the students and for the faculty. Students agreed and do feel that phones distract them, but didn’t feel that the distractions affect their performance in the class. More than 60 percent said using their phones make it harder to focus on learning tasks. Eighty percent reported using their phone at least once a period. Ninety-two percent did not believe using their phones in class had a negative effect. Students stated they were less likely to check their phones when instructors use inclusive class discussions or activities and videos/video clips.4

Smith-Stoner spent years trying to limit cell phones in the classroom before deciding to make them a part of her actual teaching plan. She offers 10 ways to use cell phones as a learning technology. Outcomes indicate that incorpo-rating cell phone use in her classes has increased the level of engagement, student satisfaction and student ratings of teacher effectiveness.5

Risks and Benefits of Cellphones in the Clinical AreaDespite a syllabus that prohibits phones on a student’s person, UAFS faculty found students at a clinical site hiding in the orthopedic equipment storage, texting and talking to friends. They conceal phones in their pockets, socks, even the waistband of their scrubs. Alternately, staff in the ORs are using cell phones for better communication with the surgeons. Nurses and surgical technologists are collecting pre-procedure information, sharing with surgeons using smartphones. They send text messages to coordinate the arrival of specialists and support staff, as well as to notify families of patient conditions or when to arrive in recovery to see their loved ones. If hospital policy strictly forbids the carrying of cell phones while on duty, then no further discussion is needed. But what if the hospital allows cell phones in the clinical areas? Do we allow students to carry them? Just looking at the situation from a patient health perspective, studies have shown that cell phones are dirty. Allowing students to carry a phone potentially could be the cause of hospital-associat-ed infections (HAI). Shekhar and col-leagues looked at 386 participants in four different groups: hospital doctors and staff, college faculty and staff, medi-cal students and a control group. They swabbed the domi-nant hand and the cell phone. In the study, 316 cellphones

(81.8 percent) and 309 hand swabs (80 percent) showed bacterial growth, mostly Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas species and Enterococcus spe-cies, suggesting that phones should be accessed only in emergency situations.6

A study by Amala and Ejikema demonstrated that of 300 phones examined, 242 (80.6 percent) had bacterial growth. Fifty phones from nonmedical personnel were examined and showed 50 percent growth of bacteria. The two most common bacteria found were coagulase negative Staphy-lococci (43.8 percent) and Staphylococcus aureus (25.6 percent). The study concluded that the high rate of bacte-rial colonization of phones belonging to medical personnel suggests regular exposure in the hospital environment. One suggestion from a study quoted in this article involved wiping the phones with alcohol to remove pathogens. That study found no growth after the use of alcohol.7

Liability is another policy consideration for the clinical area. Harty-Golder states that taking a picture without patient permission can lead to fines and a lawsuit. For ex-ample, taking a picture of a 20-pound ovarian cyst can be very tempting to a new student, especially if hospital staff are doing it. A student may inadvertently post a picture with private information on social media (e.g. a selfie with the OR schedule board and patient names in the background). The sanctions for HIPPA violations can range from $100 to $50,000 per violation. That is quite an expensive selfie!8

With the potential of HAI and liability aside, UAFS faculty have found good reasons for students to have their phones available. Our students are in six clinical sites. The other faculty and I rotate throughout the sites interacting with the students in the clinical area. If a faculty member is at Hospital A and the student at Hospital B becomes ill, he/she can call the instructor for permission to leave. Students would be able to ask questions or change their daily assign-ments due to fluctuations in the surgery schedule. A very important use is looking up medical, medication and proce-dure information. Our courses are all web-enhanced with accessible information, web links, etc. These web-enhanced courses are available off campus so students can access them from clinical sites. The number of apps available for healthcare students are also increasing. Apps range from flash cards to video anima-tions of surgeries. Most hospitals provide Wi-Fi accessibility, making it convenient for the students to access these apps or reliable medical sites for answers and help when scrub-bing on procedures that are rare.

Conclusion and RecommendationsCell phones are here to stay and will continue to increase in use. Research shows that cell phone use in class can af-fect students’ GPA in a negative way. Students, however, believe that phone use does not affect their ability to learn, although a majority admit that texting in class is distracting. Cell phones have positive aspects, including instant infor-mation, polling in class and access in case of family emer-gency. In the clinical area, cell phones can be a resource for students to start a procedure with knowledge and confi-dence. However, the cell phone can carry pathogens and

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Books MemberNon-

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$55 $65


$149 $169


$64 $71


$45 $55


$17.99 $17.99


$175 $175



included $40


member QTY AMT




$175 $175




$875 $875


$175 $175


$45 $50

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Total:


Name

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State ZIP

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E-mail

Institution

Address

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Fax: 303-694-9169 Phone: 800-637-7433



http://www.ast.org/

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$45 $55


$17.99 $17.99


$175 $175



included $40


member QTY AMT




$175 $175




$875 $875


$175 $175


$45 $50

Subtotal:


Total:


Name

Address

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State ZIP

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Fax: 303-694-9169 Phone: 800-637-7433



6

be distracting. And the temptation to share “really cool” pictures or information can be a danger. When considering the many pros and cons of allowing cell phone use in the classroom and/or clinical area, policy is important. Most universities do not have a campuswide policy on cell phone use, leaving individual faculty to make their own. When formulating policy, consider separate class and clinical policy. You may find that allowing cell phones in class is a great idea, but allowing in the clinical area is a bad idea. If the hospital does not allow employees to have their phones on their person; students will not be allowed to carry them. In that case, your policy simply states that you abide by hospital policy and will not allow cell phones into the operating area. You can then decide if you will allow them to have phones in their lockers to access at lunch and break. Policies must be clearly stated. If the instructor allows cell phone use in the classroom, the policy must state how the cell phone can be used. Can the student use the phone for texting, playing games, surfing the web or can it only be used for class activities? If cell phones are not allowed in class, what are the repercussions for using them? The penalties must be clearly stated. Our program does not allow cell phone use for anything other than an assigned activity. If the student has a sick child, etc., they can keep their phone out and leave the classroom to answer a call from the caregiver. If students are caught using their phones for other reasons, they are asked to leave class. This prevents students distract-ing others with texts. In the clinical area, UAFS faculty have not had good results when allowing students to have phone access. We have found phones dropped in trash, a student hiding in the supply room talking on the phone when a case was starting, and a phone dropped out of scrub pants that went sliding across a dirty OR floor. Our policy clearly states

the phones are to be on silent and locked in their OR lock-ers. They can access them on break and lunch. Emergency numbers are provided to share with family and babysitters. The first time students are caught with their phone in the OR suite, they are given a warning. The second time they are dismissed from the program. This is clearly stated in their policy manual. We have not had a single complaint when the reasons for this policy are explained. Whatever you decide, state your policy very clearly along with the repercussions for violating it. Have students sign the policy and keep copies on file. This prevents denial of understanding later if a student violates the policy.

References1. Clayson DE, Haley DA. An introduction to multitasking and texting: Prevalence and impact on grades and GPA in marketing classes.

Journal of Marketing Education. 2013;35: 26-40. doi: 10.1177/0273475312467339.2 Lepp A, Barkley J, Karpinski A. The relationship between cell phone use and academic performance in a sample of U.S. college students.

SAGE Open. February 19, 2015. doi: 10.1177/2158244015573169.3. Duncan D, Hoekstra A, Wilcox B. Digital devices, distraction and student performance: does in-class cell phone use reduce learning?

AER. 2012;11(1): 10.3847. doi:10.3847/AER2012011.4. Berry MJ, Westfall A. Dial D for distraction: The making and breaking of cell phone policies in the college classroom.

College Teaching. 2015;63(2): 62-71. doi: 10.1080/87567555.2015.10050405. Smith-Stoner M. Class is about to start: Please turn on your cell phones: 10 uses for cell phones in nursing education.

Teaching and Learning in Nursing. 2012;7, 42-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2011.09.005.6. Shekhar P, Juyal D, Adekhandi S, Sharma M, Prakash R, Sharma N, Rana A, Parihar A. Mobile phones: Reservoirs for the transmission

of nosocomial pathogens. Advanced Biomedical Research. 2015; 4:144. doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.161553.7. Amala SE, Ejikema IF. Bacteria associated with the mobile phones of medical personnel. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences.

2015;7(1): 26-32. doi: 10.5099/aj150100026.8. Harty-Golder B. Photos and “photo cell phones” prompt new policies. Liability and the Lab. Medical Laboratory Observer.

March 1, 2004. Medical Laboratory Observer website. Available at http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/200403/0304Liability.pdf.Accessed March 8, 2016.

About the Author:Sydney Fulbright, PhD, MSN, RN, CNOR, is an Associate Professor and Executive Director – Surgical Technology at the University of Arkansas – Fort Smith.

Cell Phones in Classrooms & Clinical Sites continued from page 3

http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/200403/0304Liability.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2011.09.005

7

Search Announcement

ExecutiveDirector

The Accreditation Review Council on Education in Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting (ARC/STSA), a private not-for-profit accrediting body, seeks a highly qualified individual with exceptional leadership abilities, as well as a strong background in accreditation and education.

The ARC/STSA Executive Director oversees and manages operations, projects and development of the organization, successfully executing its vision and mission. A bachelor’s degree is required and an advanced degree is preferred. A minimum of five years management experience is required. Related, progressive management experience is preferred.

The ideal candidate should have a proven record demonstrating superior performance and integrity in specialized programmatic accreditation, organizational leadership, fiscal responsibility and inter-organizational collaboration. The ARC/STSA’s primary goals are the accreditation of more than 450 surgical technology and surgical assisting educational programs, promoting quality educational standards and successfully marketing its nationally recognized accreditation services offered in collaboration with the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).

Duties include office management, policy and procedure development and financial oversight. This is a resident position in the ARC/STSA office located in Littleton, Colorado (south suburban Denver). Regular travel is required.

Competitive salary and benefits package offered. Applications should include cover letter addressing position qualifications, resume/CV, contact information for 3 references and minimum salary expectations. Position open until filled. Applications accepted immediately. E-mail completed application materials [email protected].

Attn: T. Van Bates, BA, CSTARC/STSA President

College in Brooklyn. The team from Swedish Institute took first place. “NYAST started doing [a Scrub Bowl] in conjunction with our spring conference last year,” says Applegate-Debo. “We believe that it is important to get students involved with AST while they are still students. We do this in the spring because, for most schools, the students are beginning to really study for the CST exam. They are encouraged to participate in the NYAST spring conference the following day to get a feel for a state conference, and most of them do.”

The NYAST also sponsors a student to attend the Student Forum at the AST Annual National Conference. “We feel it is another way to promote a sense of pride and professionalism in being a surgical technologist,” says Applegate-Debo.

Share Your IdeasIf you have a great partnership with your state assembly or ad-ditional ways to connect, tell us about it. Send your ideas and stories to [email protected].

Connecting With Your State Assembly continued from page 2

NYAST Vice President Gemma Fournier, CST, Niagra County Community College surgical technology program director, poses with two of her students during the as-sembly’s spring conference in April.

SAVE THE DATE

SEPTEMBER20 – 26, 2016

National Surgical

Technologists Week

mailto:[email protected]


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Fee: $100



Fee: Free








7 : 3 0 A M

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NBSTSA Updates

N o o n — 1 2 : 5 0 P M Lunch






Debra Mays, CST


4 A S T 4 7 T H A N N U A L N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E S A N D I E G O , C A L I F O R N I A


Fee: $100



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NBSTSA Updates

N o o n — 1 2 : 5 0 P M Lunch






Debra Mays, CST


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i n s tr u ctor s - association of surgical technologists · study guide, 3rd ed $55 $65 2 surgical...

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