i ntern ational resea r ch journal of ayu r ve d a & y …irjay.com/archive/volume - 1 issue- 1...

Volume – 1, Issue- 1 (Nov-Des) IRJAY

1 IJRAY, vol-1,issue- 1,Nov-Des : 2018; 1-17

Julee Mathur1, Ritisha verma2, B. K. Sevatkar3

1 P.G. scholar, Dept. of roganidan evam vikarati vigyan, Mob.- 9412741323, E mail-

[email protected] 2 P.G. scholar, Dept. of roganidan evam vikarati vigyan, Mob.- 7822866364, E mail-

[email protected] 3Associate Professor, Dept. of roganidan evam vikarati vigyan, Mob no.-9352311105, E mail-

[email protected]

National Institue of Ayurveda,Amer Road, Jaipur, Rajasthan

INTRODUCTION-

1The whole system of Ayurveda

stands on some basic formula like Tridosha

and Panchamahabhuta concepts. The

formation of Tridosha is contributed by

different proportion of Panchamahabhuta.

Treatment is mainly aimed to preserve the

balanced state of Dosha so, the suitable

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & YOGA

Website :www.irjay.com

E-mail : [email protected]

ISSN : 2581-785X

Volume – 1, Issue- 1 (Nov-Des) Review Articles

CLINICAL EFFICACY OF CHITRIKADI VATI: A CRITICAL REVIEW

ABSTRACT-

According to ayurvedic text efficacy and potency (Saviryta Awadhi) of ayurvedic classical

preparation depend upon ritu (season), desh (region), kal (time), quality of drug (ras panchak),

preparation method and route of administration. But according to modern concept, potency and

efficacy depends upon chemical composition of drug or its components. In this article we are trying

to explore the clams of Chitrikadi vati in various gatric diseased conditions. As per Charak Chikitsha,

Grahani rogadhayaya; Chitrikadi vati is describe in treatment of anorexia, indigestion, ‘Ama’

conditions and to improve ‘Agni’. All the components of Chitrikadi vati have been evaluated on the

basis of previous researches done by research scholars. Ras, guna virya and vipaka described in

ayurvedic literature are used to test efficacy of drug. In this review article we tried to establish the

old ayurvedic text’s clame on recent research parameters.

Key Words- Ayurvedic, Chitrikadi vati, Chikitsa, gatric diseased conditions



formulation of drugs should be made (which

is also Panchabhautik), for the treatment of

the Panchabhautik Sharira. Drug has a specific

role in treatment because, to achieve the

objectives of Chikitsa among “Trisutra”

Ayurveda.

Aushadha is considered as one of the

four fold constituents of Chikitsa –

Chatushpada and it has been placed next to

the physician.1 The drug is ‘an agent’ which a

physician employs as an instrument in

restoring the equilibrium of the body tissues. 2

Drug that reverses or breaks the

Samprapti without producing any side effect

is ideal.3 Grahani and Agni are

interdependent. Functionally

weak Agni i.e., Mandagni, causes improper

digestion of ingested food, which leads

to Ama Dosha. This Ama Dosha is a root cause

of most of the diseases. It has pivotal

importance in the pathogenesis of Grahani

Roga. Grahani is considered under eight

major diseases, hence it is hard to diagnose

and difficult to treat. Any disease has two

stages: Amavastha and Niramavastha. If the

disease is in Amavastha, first line of the

treatment is to remove Ama and make the

disease Nirama, and then after that the

particular treatment of the disease should be

applied4.

Keeping in view the above facts the

formulation is selected from the Ayurvedic

texts for review is Chitrakadi Vati.

Chitrakadi Vati5:-

As Grahani dosha is represented by

bowel irregularities mainly, which is also

included in agni dushti, aushadha yoga

mentioned for Grahani dosha which is caused

by vata and kapha, has taken for present

study. It includes-

S.No. Drug Name Botanical Name Ratio

1. Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica L. 1 part

2. Pippalimula Piper longum L. 1 part

3. Yavakshara Potassi carbonans 1 part

4. Sarjikshara Mixture of potassium 1 part

5. Saindhav lavana Himalayan rock salt 1 part

6 Sauvarchala lavana Sochal salt 1 part

7 Vida lavana Ammonium salt 1 part

8 Audbhida lavana Reha salt 1 part

9 Samudra lavana Sea salt 1 part

10 Sunthi Gingiber officinale Rosc. 1 part

11 Maricha Piper nigrum L. 1 part

12 Pippali Piper longum L. 1 part



13 Ajamoda Carum roxburghianum 1 part

14 Chavya Piper chaba 1 part

15 Bijaura nibu Citrus Medica Li. Bhavnartha

16 Anaara Punica Granatum Li. Bhavnartha

All these drugs are having mainly

katu-tikta rasa, ruksha, ushna, tikshna

gunaas, ushna virya and vata kaphagna

doshaghnata.

Synonyms of Chitrakadi Vati Ingredient :

S.No. Drug Name Synonyms

1. Chitraka Chitraka, Agni, Chitra, Plumbago

2. Pippalimula Kana, Magadhi, Upkulya, Krishna, Saundi, Pipar,

Long Pepper

3. Yavakshara Impure or factitious carbonate of potash

4. Sarjikshara Soda ash, Washing soda

5. Saindhav lavana Sheeta, Shiva, Manhi manth, sindhuja

6 Sauvarchala lavana Ruchaka, Manthpaaka,

7 Vida lavana Paakya,Krataka, Dravana,Aasura

8 Audbhida lavana Paanshulavana

9 Samudra lavana Aakshiva, Vaasira, Samudraja, Saagaraja,

Lavanodadhisambjava

10 Sunthi Mahaushadha, Nagar, Shunthi, Visvabhesajya,

Sringavera, Sonth, Ginger

11 Maricha Vellaja, Krishna, Ushana, Kali maricha, Black Pepper

12 Pippali Kana, Magadhi, Upkulya, Krishna, Saundi, Pipar,

Long Pepper

13 Ajamoda Bastamoda, Ajamoda, Kharashva, Lochakarkata,

Mayoora, Deepyaka,Celery, Ajowan

14 Chavya Root- Gajapippali mula, Chavika mula

Fruit- Gajapippali, Shreyasi, Hasti Magadha, Gaja

Krushna, Kari kana



15 Vijaura nibu Matulunga, Madiphalam, Beejahva, Beejapoorna,

PHalapooraka

16 Anaara Dadima, Anar, pomegranate

Ganas of Chitrakadi Vati Ingredient :

S.No. Drug Name Ganas

1. Chitraka AaharyaCharak–Deepaniya, Triptighna,

Shulasprashamana, Bhedaniya,

Acharya Sushrut–: Pippalyadi, Mustadi, Amalakyadi,

2. Pippalimula Acharya Charak: Kasahara, Hikkanigrahana

Acharya Sushrut: Pippalyadi, Urdhvabhagahara,

Shirovirechana

3. Yavakshara -----------------------

4. Sarjikshara -----------------------

5. Saindhav lavana -----------------------

6 Sauvarchala

lavana

-----------------------

7 Vida lavana -----------------------

8 Audbhida lavana -----------------------

9 Samudra lavana -----------------------

10 Sunthi Acharya Charak : Traptighna, Arshoghna,

Deepaniya, Shoolprasamaniya, Trasna-Nigrahana.

Acharya Sushrut : Trikatu, Pippalyadigana

11 Maricha Acharya Charak:Kasa-hara, Hikka nigrahana,

shirovirechan, vaman, triaptighna, deepaniya,

shoolprashmana

Acharya Sushrut: pippalyadi, urdhva-bhagahara,

shirovirechana



12 Pippali Acharya Charak: Kasahara, Hikkanigrahana

Acharya Sushrut: Pippalyadi,

Urdhvabhagahara,Shirovirechana

13 Ajamoda Acharya Charak –Shool prashamana, Deepaniya

Acharya Sushrut - Pippalyadi

14 Chavya Acharya Charak : Deepaneeya, Traptighana,

Arshoghana, Shoolprashamana

Acharya Sushrut : Pippalyadi

15 Vijaura nibu Acharya Charak : Hrudya, Chardinigraha

Acharya Sushrut : Phala varga

16 Anaara Acharya Charak :Hrudya, Chardinigraha

Acharya Sushrut : Parusakadi

Pharmacodynamic properties (Rasa Panchaka) of Chitrakadi Vati:

S.n. Drug Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Dosha karma

1 Chitraka Katu Laghu,

Ruksha,

Tikshna

Ushna Katu Vata kapha

shamaka,

Pittavardhaka

2 Pippalimula Katu Laghu,

Snigdha,

Teekshna

Anusnash

eeta

Madhura Kapha-

vatashamaka

3 Yavakshara Katu Laghu,

snigdha,

ushna

Ushna Katu Kaphavatahara

4 Sarjikshara Katu Laghu,

snigdha,

ushna

Ushna Katu Kaphavatahara

5 Saindhav

lavana

Lavana,

Madhur

Laghu,

Snigdha,

Tikshna

sheeta Mathura Tridoshashamaka



6 Sauvarchala

lavana

Lavana Laghu,

vishada,

Snigdha

Ushna -------- Vatashamaka

7 Vida lavana Lavana Laghu,

Snigdha,

Tikshna

Ushna -------- Kapha

vatashamaka

8 Audbhida

lavana

Lavana,katu,

kashaya

Laghu,

Snigdha,

Tikshna


vatashamaka

9 Samudra

lavana

Lavana Laghu,

Snigdha,

Tikshna,

vishada


vatashamaka

10 Sunthi Katu Laghu,

Snigdha

Ushna Madhura Vata Kapha

Shamaka

11 Maricha Katu,

Tikat

Laghu,

Teekshna.

Ruksha

Ushna Katu Kapha Vata

Shamaka

12 Pippali Katu Laghu,

Snigdha,

Teekshna

Anusnash

eeta

Madhura Kapha-

vatashamaka

13 Ajamoda Katu,

Tikat

Laghu,

Teekshna.

Ruksha

Ushna Katu Kapha Vata

Shamaka

14 Chavya Katu Laghu,

Rooksha

Ushna Katu Vata Kapha

Shamaka

15 Vijaura nibu Amla,

Madhura Laghu,

Snigdha

Ushna Amala Vata Kapha

Shamaka

16 Vijaura nibu Amla,

Madhura,Kas

haya

Laghu,

Snigdha

Ushna Madhura

or Amala

Tridosaghna



Approximate Rasa Panchaka of Chitrakadi Vati:

1

Rasa

Madhura 3 18.75 %

Amla 2 12.5 %

Lavana 5 31.25 %

Katu 10 62.5 %

Tikta 2 12.5 %

Kashaya 2 12.5 %

2

Guna

Laghu 16 100%

Snigdha 12 75 %

Ruksha 4 25 %

Ushna 2 12.5 %

Tikshna 6 37.5 %

Vishada 2 12.5 %

3

Virya

Ushna 13 81.25 %

Sheeta 1 6.25 %

Anushna 2 12.5 %

4

Vipaka

Madhur 2 40%

Katu 3 60 %

Amla 0 0 %

5

Doshakarma

Vatahara 14 87.5 %

Pittahara 0 0 %

Kaphahara 13 81.25 %

Tridoshhara 2 12.5 %

Chemical constituents & Karma of Chitrakadi Vati

S.n

.

Drug Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Action

1. Chitraka It contains Plumbogin

(0.91%), free fructose,

Lekhana, Visphotajanana, Uttejaka,

Madaka, Deepana, Pachana, Pittasaraka,



glucose, protease and

invertase enzymes.

Grahi, Krimighna, Raktapittakopaka,

Shothahara, Kaphaghna, Kanthya,

Garbhashaya sankochaka , Jwaraghna,

Rasayana.

2. Pippalimula It contains Essential Oil

and Alkaloids

Raktotkleshaka, Jantughna,

Shirovirechana, Medhya, Deepana,

Shoolaprashamana, Pleehavridhihara,

Yakriduttejaka, Mridurechana,

Krimighna, Uttejaka, Raktavardhaka,

Raktashodhaka, Shwasahara,

Hikkanigrahana, Mootrala, Vrishya,

Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna, Balya,

Rasayana, Garbhashayasankochaka

3. Yavakshara Potassum chloride :

50.8%

Potassum sulphat :

20%

Potassum carbonate:

12.8%

amadosha, amlapitham, udarasula,

gulmam, arsas, grahani, pleeha, anaham,

muthrakrchram, asmari, kasam, swasam

4. Sarjikshara Sodium carbonate with

impurities os organic

matter, potash etc

Useful in Dyspepsia with Vomiting,

Diarrhea, and Flatulence. Also used in

urinary disease

5. Saindhav

lavana Sodium Chloride,

Sodium Bicarbonate,

Insoluble matter. Also

contains Magnisium

chloride, Calcium

chloride, Calcium

sulphate in small

amount

Agnideepana, Pachana, Ruchya, Netriya,

Hridya, Vrishya

6 Sauvarchala


Sodium Sulphite,

Insoluble matter

Deepana, Pachana, Rochana,

Vatanulomana

7 Vida lavana Sodium Chloride,

Sodium Bicarbonate,

Hrridya, Vatanulomaka



Iron

8 Audbhida


Sodium Bicarbonate,

Sodium bicarbonate

Arsa, Ajirna, Anaha

9 Samudra


Sodium Bicarbonate,

Iron

Bedana, Deepana, Mutrala

10 Sunthi Zingiber officinale

contains a volatile oil.

The drug contains

pungent constituents

(gingerol and shogaol),

in addition resin and

about 56% of starch. The

carotene present in

40mg/100g. The

essential oil is derived

from the dried ginger.

The oil contains

sesquiterpene

hydrocarbons,

sesquiterpene,

monoterpenoids and

esters of acetic and

caprylic acids..

Udararoga, Amavata, Adhmana,

Agnimandya Shwasa, Kasa, Hikka,

Shotha, Grahani roga, Sheet - pitta,

Pandu Jwara, Pratishyaya, Anulomana,

Deepana, Hridya, Pachana,

Vatakaphashamaka, Amadoshahara.

11 Maricha It contains Alkaloids

(Piperine, Chavicine,

Piperidine, Piperetine)

and Essential Oil.

Agnimandya, Ajirna, Shwasa, Kasa,

Pratishyaya, Shoola, Kaphaja Arsha,

Krimiroga, Tvagroga, Mutra Krichra,

Anartava, Kushtha, Shleshmahara,

Deepana, Medohara, Pittakara, Ruchya,

Chhedana, Jantughna, Chedana,

Vishaghna

12 Pippali It contains Essential Oil

and Alkaloids

Raktotkleshaka, Jantughna,

Shirovirechana, Medhya, Deepana,

Shoolaprashamana, Pleehavridhihara,



Yakriduttejaka, Mridurechana,

Krimighna, Uttejaka, Raktavardhaka,

Raktashodhaka, Shwasahara,

Hikkanigrahana, Mootrala, Vrishya,

Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna, Balya,

Rasayana, Garbhashayasankochaka

13 Ajamoda Its seeds contain a

volatile oil. Seed- oil

contains several active

substances such as α-

limonene, terpinene,

dipentene,dipiperinone,

thy moquinol,thymol and

a crystalline ketonic

acid.

Shoola, hikka, Adhmana, Krimi, Chardi,

Agnimandya, Shotha, Udara, Vastiruja,

Netraroga Aruchi, Arshas, Kaphvatahara,

Deepan,Vrishya, Balya, Hridya, Mutrala,

Shool Prashman, Krimighana,

Mutrapravatrak, Vajikaran, Hridoutejak.

14 Chavya Piperine, sitosterol

piplartine

Krumi, Gulama, Shoola, Anaha, Udara,

Atisarahara, Shwasa, Kanthamaya,

Aruchi, Bhedana, Pachana, Deepana,

Kaphahara, Vatahara, Grahi

15 Vijaura nibu Citric acid, Phosphoric

acid, Malic acid ( in

Juice)

Raktapitta, Shwasa, Kasa, Aruchi,

TRashna, Shoola, Ajeerna, Vibandha,

Kaphaswasa, Mandagni, Arochaka,

Shopha, Arti, Anulomana, Deepana,

Kanthsodhana, Hrudya sodhana, Jihva

sodhana, Jarana, Varnakara, Pushtikara,

balakara

16 Anaara sugar, pectin and other

substence

Hridaya, Grahi, depana, Vataghna,

Ruchya, Medhya, Tharpana, daha, Balya,

Shramahara

Resent researches on contents of

chitrikadi vati:-

1. Chitraka6–

Root - Root and root bark are

bitter, hot and dry. Root and root bark are

stomachic, carminative, astringent to

bowels, anthelmintic, and used to cure

intestinal troubles, dysentery, leucoderma,

inflammation, piles, bronchitis, itching,

disease of liver, consumption, ascites,

tridosha. Root bark - A tincture of root

bark is antiperiodic and sudorific. Milky

juice is applied to ulcers and scabies.



Root - Roots are abortifacient,

vesicant, antidiarrhoel, appetizing,

digestive, sudorific, laxative, expectorant,

alexipharmic, thermogenic,

antiatherogenic, cardiotonic,

neuroprotective, nervous stimulant,

diuretic, caustic, antiseptic, febrifuge,

antiperiodic, narcotic, rubefacient,

aphrodisiac, alterative or restorative

(rasayana).

It is useful in the treatment of

anasarca, piles, leprosy, anemia, ring –

worm, scabies, jaundice, migraine, urinary

calculi, internal abscesses, insanity,

seminal weakness, vaginal discharge

(cures menstrual disorders and post partum

discharge), dyspepsia, epilepsy, hysteria,

nervous and rheumatic affections, obesity,

indolent ulcer, colic, cough, asthma,

helminthiasis, elephantiasis,

hepatospleenomagaly, odontalgia,

impotency, laryngitis.

2. Pippalimula7-

Pippali mula (root of Piper longum

Linn; Piperaceae) is attributed dipaniya

(Appetizer) – Pachaniya (digestive) properties

and considered as the prime drug to relieve

Anaha (Constipation). The drug possesses

Katu Rasa (pungent taste); Laghu (Light),

Ruksha (rough) and Ushna (hot) guna

(properties); Madhura vipaka (Specific

digestion) and used in various disease

conditions i.e. Krimi (parasitic disease),

shwasa (dyspnoea), Kshaya (Pulmonary

tuberculosis), Pliha roga (spleen disorders),

Vishama jvara (intermittent fever), Arsha

(piles), Urustambha (stiffness of thigh),

Vatavyadhi (Nervous diseases), Nidranasha

(Insomnia), Grahani (Dysentery) etc.

Vangasena, a medieval compendium

identified sedative property of Pippalimula

and suggested it with jaggery as Anupanna

(vehicle). It is excerpted as origin of health

(Arogyamoolam) by authors of

Siddhabheshaja manimala. Pippali mula have

been used as stomachic, thermogenic,

aphrodisiac, carminative, expectorant,

laxative, digestive and emollient, antigiardias,

antiamoebic, anti-asthmatic, antiseptic and

also active against bacterial diseases. The root

is reported to have weak opioid but potent

NSAID type of analgesic activity, anti oxidant

activity, antimicrobial. In folklore practice;

root is employed for the treatment of heart

disease in East India. In Travancore region an

infusion of the root is prescribed after

parturition. As all the parts of the plant Piper

longum Linn. are medicinally important

including root, it was thought worth to study

them individually; hence the root part is

selected for the scientific investigation for its

macro, micro and phytochemical

examinations.

3. Panchalavana8-

Vital Functions of Salt in the Body

Salt is most effective in stabilizing

irregular heartbeats. it is vital to the

extraction of excess acidity from the cells

in the body, particularly the brain cells.

Salt is vital for balancing the sugar levels

in the blood; a needed element in diabetics.

Salt is vital for absorption of food particles

through the intestinal tract. It is a strong

natural antihistamine. Salt is essential for

the prevention of muscle cramps. It is vital

to prevent excess saliva production.It is

vital for sleep regulation. It is a natural

hypnotic. Salt is vital for maintaining

sexuality and libido. Salt is vital for

preventing varicose veins and spider veins

on the legs and thighs. Sea salt contains

about 80 mineral elements that the body



needs. Twenty-seven percent of the body's

salt is in the bones.

5. Sunthi9-

Ginger being used extensively for

more than 2000 years, around the world in

foods as a spice and as natural additives. It

is used in traditional medicine as

carminative, antipyretic, anti colic, and for

the treatment of waist pain, rheumatism,

cough, corhyza and bronchitis. It is very

useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal

disorders particularly dyspepsia. The

British Herbal Compendium also reported

its action as carminative, anti-emetic,

spasmolytic, peripheral circulatory

stimulant and anti-inflammatory. Today,

the pharmacological properties of ginger

have been evaluated by many studies in

both humans and animals. In Ayurveda,

ginger is reported to be useful in treating

inflammation and rheumatism. Now its

anti-inflammatory action has been proved,

it is particularly useful in treating chronic

inflammation because it partially inhibits

two important enzymes that play a role in

inflammation cyclooxygenase (COX) and

5-lipoxygenase (LOX). Anti-inflammatory

drugs can cause side effects, such as

ulcers. Ginger does not cause stomach

irritation; instead it helps protect and heal

the gut. Thomson et. al. 2002 examined

that ginger administered orally (500

mg/kg) caused significant changes in the

serum PGE2 and suggest that ginger could

be used as an anti-thrombotic and anti

inflammatory agent. Now it has been

proved that a highly purified and

standardized ginger extract has statistically

significant effect on reducing symptoms of

osteoarthritis. Thiseffect was moderate but

safe. Many studies have been revealed that

ginger has a strong analgesic effect due to

its chemical constituent Gingerol and its

derivatives, especially [8]-paradol, have

been reported to be more potent anti-

platelet and cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1)

inhibitors than aspirin. Obesity, diabetes,

and heart disease are the most common

cause of death. Many studies have

suggested that increasing consumption of

plant foods like ginger decreases the risk

of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.

Ginger is having stimulatory action on

heart muscle, and stimulated blood

circulation throughout the body. Cardio-

tonic effect of gingerol has been observed

in guinea pig atrial muscle (Kobayashi M.

et. al.). A number of pieces of evidence,

mainly from rat studies, have suggested

that ginger exerts many direct and indirect

effects on blood pressure. It also has been

found that ginger possesses

hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and

hypolipidaemic potential and as well as it

is effective in reversing the diabetic

proteinuria in the diabetic rats (Al-Amin et

al., 2006).

It is also found that ginger extract has

a neuroprotective role against monosodium

glutamate toxicity effect. Mustafa T and

Srivastava KC, reported that ginger is useful to

provide relief from migraine attack, it was

administered in the dose of 500-600mg in the

powder form at the onset of migraine for 3-4

days at interval of 4 hours.

In all the Ayurvedic text ginger has

been described as a good appetizer. Now,

some active components of ginger are

reported to stimulate digestion, absorption,

relieve constipation and flatulence by

increasing muscular activity in the digestive

tract. As well as it is significantly reduces the

nausea and vomiting. In the another study

that it has been found a good suppressant of



gut- colic and diarrhea (Ghayur and Gilani,

2005 ). Some constituents of ginger inhibit

the growth of some colon bacteria like

Escherichia coli, Proteus species,

Staphylococci, Streptococci and Salmonella. It

has been found that out of 29 plant extracts,

ginger extract had the broadest range of anti-

fungal activity measured either by the fungi

inhibition or as the average diameter of the

zone of inhibition.

Ginger also possesses

chemopreventive and antineoplastic

properties. Numerous preclinical studies have

reported that it is effective in ameliorating the

side effects of γ-radiation and of doxorubicin

and cisplatin; inhibits the efflux of anticancer

drugs by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and possess

chemosensitizing effects in certain neoplastic

cells in vitro and in vivo. Ginger extract may

bring its antitumor effects on colon cancer

cells by suppressing its growth, striking the

G0/G1-phase, reducing DNA synthesis and

inducing apoptosis (Abdullah et. al).

The antioxidant properties of [6]-

gingerol has been studied both in-vitro & in-

vivo. It is very effective agent for anticipation

of ultra violet B (UVB) and a promising

therapeutic agent against UV induced skin

disorders. It also has a protective role to

toxicity and lethality against some agent like

carbon-tetra chloride, cisplatin etc. Ginger is

also known to possess antioxidant properties.

Shirin Adel P. R. and Jamuna Prakash has been

concluded in a study that ginger is a good

source of antioxidant and most of the

antioxidant components exhibit higher

activities in alcoholic media as determined by

different assays. Hence, apart from its

medicinal properties, ginger can also be used

as an antioxidant supplement.

6. Maricha10

-

Piper nigrum (family Piperaceae)

is a valuable medicinal plant. It is one of

the most commonly used spices and

considered as “The King of spices’’ among

various spices. Black pepper is grown in

many tropical regions like Brazil,

Indonesia and India. Piper nigrum is

commonly known as Kali Mirch in Urdu

and Hindi, Pippali in Sanskrit, Milagu in

Tamil and Peppercorn, White pepper,

Green pepper, Black pepper, Madagascar

pepper in English. Hot and pungent

peppercorns are obtained from Black

pepper which is the most famous and one

of the commonly used spices throughout

the world. Black pepper is used as

medicinal agent, a preservative, and in

perfumery. Whole Peppercorn of Piper

nigrum or its active components are being

used in different types of foods and as

medicine. Pepper is used worldwide in

different types of sauces and dishes like

meat dishes. It contains major pungent

alkaloid Piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine,

Figure 1) which is known to possess many

interesting pharmacological actions. It is

widely used in different traditional systems

of medicine like Ayurvedic and Unani

System of medicines. Piperine exhibits

diverse pharmacological activities like

antihypertensive and antiplatelets ,

antioxidant, antitumor, antiasthmatics ,

antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,

anti-diarrheal, antispasmodic, anxiolytic,

antidepressants , hepato-protective,

immuno-modulatory, antibacterial,

antifungal, anti-thyroids, antiapoptotic,

anti-metastatic, antimutagenic, anti-

spermatogenic, antiColon toxin,

insecticidal and larvicidal activities etc.

Piperine has been found to enhance the

therapeutic efficacy of many drugs,

vaccines and nutrients by increasing oral



bioavailability by inhibiting various

metabolising enzyme. It is also known to

enhance cognitive action and Fertility.

Piperine also found to stimulate the

pancreatic and intestinal enzymes which

aid to digestion. Many therapeutic

activities of this spice are attributed to the

presence of piperine apart from other

chemical constituents. The fruits of Piper

nigrum are used to produce white and

green peppers. Piper nigrum is also used as

a flavoring agent. In recent pasts, different

therapeutic potentials of Piper nigrum, its

extracts, or its important active chemical

constituent ‘’piperine’’ have been

published in different international

research journals. The current review is

aimed to provide an updated literature

review on recent research advancement of

pharmacognosy, chemistry and

pharmacological activities of Piper nigrum

L. We have compiled a review on

therapeutic potential of Piper nigrum by

collecting updated scientific research

informations from internet using Google

search engine and Pubmed.

Piper nigrum (Black pepper) plant

is a flowering woody perennial climbing

vine that belongs to Piperaceae family.

Pepper plants easily grow in the shade on

supporting trees, trellises or poles up to

maximum height of 13 feets or 4 meters

and roots may come out from leaf nodes if

vine touch to the ground. The plants have

heart shapeas long as the leaves. The

length of spikes goes up to 7-15 cm. The

black pepper’s fruits are small (3 to 4 mm

in diameter) called a drupe and the dried

unripe fruits of Piper nigrum are known as

a peppercorn. The fully mature fruits are

dark red in color and approximately 5 mm

in diameter. A fruit contains a single seed.

The plants bear fruits from 4th or 5th year,

and continue to bear fruits up to seven

years. A single stem contains 20-30 spikes

of fruits. The collected spikes are sun dried

to separate the peppercorns from the

spikes. The fresh harvested unripe green

fruits may freeze-dry to make green

pepper. The fresh harvested unripe green

fruits may sun-dried to make black pepper.

The red skin of the ripen fruits is removed

and the stony seeds are sun-dried to make

white pepper

7. Pippali11

-

P. longum is an indigenously growing

plant in India and is also cultivated in the

tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and

Pacific islands (Tripathi et al., 1999). It is

usually cultivated for its fruit, which is dried

and used as spice. The plant grows into a

shrub with large woody roots, numerous

creeping and jointed stems that are thickened

at the nodes. The leaves are without stipules

and spreading in nature. Fruits are small and

oval shaped berries, grown as spike. Ones

matured, the spikes are collected. The dried

form of spikes makes ―pippali‖ while its root

radix is known as pippalimula. The dietary

piperine is known for its bioavailability and

digestive enhancing properties. In vitro

studies have shown the role of piperine in

relieving oxidative stress by quenching free

radicals and reactive oxygen species. It is

known to act as an antimutagenic and

antitumor agent (Srinivasan, 2007). Anti-

diarrheic and anti-dysenteric properties of

this spice enhance its medicinal value (Reddy

et al., 2001). The pharmacological properties

of this plant include anticancer, antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective,

immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-

platelet, anti-hyperlipidemic, analgesic,

antidepressant, anti-amoebic, anti-obesitic,

radio-protective, cardio-protective and anti-



fungal activities (Kumar et al., 2011; Sunil and

Kuttan, 2004; Sharma et al., 2014; Jalalpure et

al., 2003). Methanolic extract of this fruit has

been reported to be involved in memory

repairment and improving memory

performance as shown by in vitro model

(Hritcu et al., 2014). Clinical studies have

revealed the efficacy of this plant in treatment

of bronchial asthma in children (Clark et al.,

2010; Dahanukar et al., 1984). Antidiabetic

activity of the roots has also been reported. It

is widely used as an important constituent in

various Ayurvedic medicines to cure diseases

like leprosy and tuberculosis and also used in

the treatment of cough, dysponea, cardiac

and spleen disorders, chronic-fever, gout,

rheumatic pain etc. (Khushbu et al., 2011).

In recent years, the advancement in

chemistry, pharmacology and systems biology

has created a new paradigm for the drug

discovery that is known as Network

pharmacology (Hopkins, 2008). The

integration of traditional knowledge of

medicine with recent in silico approaches has

led to the identification of novel natural drug

compounds. The approach has recently

gathered much attention by the research

community as network pharmacology based

studies have been widely used to explore the

medicinal activities of herbs like Withania

somnifera (Chandran et al., 2017)

In the present work, we have

reviewed the phytochemicals of P. longum

as reported in literature and public

databases and studied the pharmaceutically

relevant features of these phytochemicals.

The therapeutic relevance of these

compounds was inferred through the

network analysis of phytochemicals with

their protein targets. The therapeutic

activity of the phytochemicals was

correlated with the number of proteins that

the molecules may target. Further, the

pharmacological action of these

metabolites at biological level was

explored and the potential metabolic and

cellular pathways in which the target

proteins are involved have been identified.

Disease association network was

constructed to interpret the relationship

between the potential drug candidates in

the human system. Finally, a subnetwork

of human protein-protein interaction (PPI)

network that is potentially regulated by P.

longum was analyzed to identify functional

modules present therein.

8. Ajamoda12

-

Essential oil found to possess

tranquillizing as well as anticonvulsant

activities.

In a study by Kooti et al. it was shown

that celery can protect spermatozoa and

testes of rats against the toxic effects of

propylene glycol.[12] The results in an in vitro

study evaluated the ability of methanol

extract of celery to remove OH and DPPH and

inhibition of liposomal peroxidation showed

that extract obtained from the leaves of

celery root, is effective in the removal of free

radicals and DPPH and reduces the intensity

of LPX (liposomal peroxidation) indicating its

protective activity (antioxidants).

Celery can regulate heart function. It

can also stimulate pancreas to secrete insulin

to reduce blood glucose levels, so that it can

be used to reduce or treat diabetes

complications.

Celery has the ideal quantities of iron

and magnesium to stop oncological diseases

from progressing. The juice extracted from

the petioles can be used for oedema,

rheumatic tendencies, gout, flatulence,

chronic pulmonary catarrh, tendencies toward

overweight and lack of appetite.



Celery seed is effective on liver

injuries in rats which were caused by a single

dose of paracetamol. It was noticed clear that

celery has the protective activity against

thioacetamide drugs.

The nitrogenous part of essential oil

was found to have CNS activity. It provides

protection against supramaximal seizure

threshold test but was not effective against

convulsions induced by metrazole or

strychnine.( Kulshresth et al.,1967)

An alkaloidal fraction from the seeds

also showed tranquillizing activity. The extract

reduced mortality in aggregated mice by

amphetamines. (Kulshresth et.al.,1970).

Both dialysed and no-dialysed

solutions of aqueous extract on i.v.

administration caused abrupt decrease in

B.P. of rabbits and significant increase in

force of contraction of isolated heart of

guinea pigs with no marked change in rate

of contraction (Varasam Paeschasarthara

1977,4,10)

3-N-Butylphthalide and 3-N-Butyl-4,5-

Dihydrophthalide exhibited anticonvulsant

activity (Yaoxue Tongbao 1984,19,670).

9. Chavya13

-

Piper chaba HUNTER (syn. P.

retrofractum VAHL; Fam: Piperaceae) is a

climbing, glabrous shrub widely

distributed in Southeast Asia particularly

in India and Malay Islands. It is commonly

known as ‘Chavya’ (Gajapippali) in

Ayurveda. The fruit of this plant is

popularly known as ‘Dee Plee’ in Thailand

and has been used for several years as a

spice and traditional medicine as

antiflatulant, expectorant, antitussive,

antifungal, uterus-contracting agent,

sedative-hypnotic, appetizer, and counter-

irritant. The fruits of P.chaba are being

used as a substitute for P.longum in the

Indian traditional systems of medicine. P.

chaba fruits were reportedly used as

pungent, aromatic, stimulant, anthelmintic,

expectorant and carminative. The aqueous

acetone extract of P. chaba fruits reported

to exhibit protective effects on gastric

lesions in rats, inhibitory effects on liver

injury in mice, inhibited TNF-α induced

death of hepatocytes and promoting effects

on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells.

Phytochemical evaluation of

P.chaba fruits revealed the presence of

various classes of compounds such as

lignans, amides, long-chain ester,

terpenoids, steroids, pyrones, chalcones

and flavonoids. Interestingly the major

metabolites of P. chaba fruit area asaranin

and sesamin, the two biologically active

furofuran lignin epimers. Asaranin has a

number of beneficial health effects in

humans in lipid and glucose metabolism,

hypertension, inflammation and free

radical scavenging mechanism. Sesamin

has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidative

effect, promotes immunity functions, anti-

carcinogen activity, a blood pressure-

lowering effect and exerts serum lipid

lowering and hepatocyte-protecting

effects. It has also been reported that

Sesamin could decrease the levels of blood

lipid, blood glucose and depress the

expression of the VCAM-1 protein in the

aorta in rats with metabolic syndrome. In

view of interesting biological activities,

asaranin and sesamin need to be isolated in

large quantities for further developmental

work. In this connection, we have carried

out extensive chemical and analytical

studies on P. chaba fruits and the results

are presented herein.



1 Sastri kashinath at el, Charak samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy publication,

Reprint- 2006, Sutra Sthana 9/3: p.-132.

2 Sastri kashinath at el, Charak samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy publication, Reprint-

2006, Viman Sthana 9/3: p.-656.


2006, Nidan Sthana 8/23: p.-541.

4 Sorathiya Alpesh P. at. el, A clinical study on the role of ama in relation of Grahni roga and its management by

kalingadi ganavati and Tryushnadi Ghrita, Ayu.2010 Oct-Des; 31(4): 451-455


2006, Chikitsa Sthana 15/96-97. 6 ChaudhariSmita S. at el., Adivine medical plant: a review on PLambago zeylanica, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res, 30(2),

Jan-Feb; article no. 20,119-127 7 Joshi Krutka et al, Pharmacognostic evolution of pippalimula (root of piper longum Linn.) W.S.R. to

micrometric and isolation technique, Ayurpharma Int. J. Ayur Alli Sci., vol 6 issue 6 (2014): 162-170 8 Mahesh et al, Lavang varg- an ayurvedic aspect as well as modrn aspect, WJPR, vol- 6, Issue- 2 (2017): 281-

293 9 Bhavna et al, Zingiber officinale: Maha-aushdha of ayurveda, WJPR, vol 5, Issue 2 (2014): 401-409

10 Damanhori Zoheir A. et al, A review of therapeutic Potential of piper nigrum L. (Black Pipper): The king of

spices, Medical and aromatic plants, Vol 3, Issue 3 (2014): 1-6 11

http://dx.dol.org/10.1101/169763 12

Sing Ritu et al, Ajmoda (Apium leptophylum)- A natural Pain killer, IJAPR, Sep 2016, vol 4, Issue 9: 61-63 13

Haribabu et al, Simultaneous determination of Asaranin and Sesamin in piper chaba Fruit by using HPTLC-MS method: Effect of different extraction methords on yield of marker compound, J, anal. Bioanal. Tech., vol 5, Issue 4 (2014): 1-6

i ntern ational resea r ch journal of ayu r ve d a & y …irjay.com/archive/volume - 1 issue- 1...

Documents