i. overview of chordates evolution ii. selection for terrestrial...
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I. Overview of Chordates EvolutionI. Overview of Chordates Evolution
II. Selection for Terrestrial LivingII. Selection for Terrestrial Living
III. Evolution of Paired AppendagesIII. Evolution of Paired Appendages
Invasion of Land by VertebratesInvasion of Land by Vertebrates
Phylum Phylum ChordataChordata
•• CephalochordataCephalochordata
•• UrochordataUrochordata
•• CraniataCraniata (vertebrates)(vertebrates)–– craniumcranium–– axial skeletonaxial skeleton–– elaborate brain elaborate brain
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Larval Urochordate
Ostracoderms:Extinct Jawless Fish
[Source: Radinsky 1987, The Evolution of Vertebrate Design, University of Chicago Press]
500-400 mya
Class Class AgnathaAgnatha
(jawless fish)(jawless fish)
Evolution of the Vertebrate JawEvolution of the Vertebrate Jaw
Evidence for the EvolutionEvidence for the Evolutionof Vertebrate Appendagesof Vertebrate Appendages
•• ComparativeComparative
• Fossil
• Genetic/Developmental
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fish)
SarcopterygiiSarcopterygii(lobe(lobe--finned fish)finned fish)
Hypothetical Transition from Water to LandHypothetical Transition from Water to Land
Evidence for the EvolutionEvidence for the Evolutionof Vertebrate Appendagesof Vertebrate Appendages
•• ComparativeComparative
• Fossil
• Genetic/Developmental
Ichthyostega
Lobe-finned fish Extinct tetrapod
Acanthostega
Oldest Oldest TetrapodTetrapod Fossil Fossil ((HynerpetonHynerpeton))
Evidence for the EvolutionEvidence for the Evolutionof Vertebrate Appendagesof Vertebrate Appendages
•• ComparativeComparative
• Fossil
• Genetic/Developmental
Clusters of Clusters of HoxHox Genes in VertebratesGenes in Vertebrates
Carroll (1997)Carroll (1997)
Head Tail
HoxHox Genes and Limb DevelopmentGenes and Limb Development
[Source: Davis et al. 1995, [Source: Davis et al. 1995, NatureNature 375]375]
As in the development of headAs in the development of head--toto--tail axis,tail axis, HoxHox genes are genes are expressed in orderexpressed in order——from the shoulder to the fingers. from the shoulder to the fingers.
Hypothetical Evolution of Hypothetical Evolution of Paired AppendagesPaired Appendages
•• HoxHox clusters were duplicated in an early clusters were duplicated in an early vertebratevertebrate
•• NewNew HoxHox clusters became responsible for clusters became responsible for building limbs (developmental modularity).building limbs (developmental modularity).
SuperclassSuperclass TetrapodaTetrapoda
Class AmphibiaClass AmphibiaClass Class ReptiliaReptiliaClass Class MammaliaMammaliaClass AvesClass Aves
AmniotesAmniotes
Amniotic Egg
AmnionAmnion:: surrounds and protects embryosurrounds and protects embryoChorionChorion:: exchange gases and circulate nutrientsexchange gases and circulate nutrientsYolk sacYolk sac:: contains protein and lipid for energycontains protein and lipid for energyAllentoisAllentois:: stores metabolic wastesstores metabolic wastes
MonotremesMonotremes MarsupialsMarsupials PlacentalsPlacentals
MammalsMammals