I. The Capitalist CommonwealthA. Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets

1.Banking and Credit1. Americans believed republicanism should advance capitalism

2. Boston and New York founded banks like Bank of the U.S.

3. 1816, Congress chartered Second Bank of the U.S

4. The Panic of 1819 caused by “dubious” banking policies and a 30 percent drop in agricultural prices

2. Rural Manufacturing1. small artisans were selling their products nationwide

2. New England, switched from growing crops for subsistence to raising livestock to sell

3. New Transportation Systems1. States issued charters for “turnpike companies”, Roads

2. speculators bought up land in cities with waterways: Cincinnati, Louisville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis

I. The Capitalist CommonwealthB. Public Enterprise: The Commonwealth System

1. “Public utility”1. Increased production and transportation methods

would add to the “common wealth” or “public utility”; transportation charters included the power of “eminent domain” (allowing the forced sale of land along routes).

2. Critics1. Some argued that statutes like eminent domain gave

privileges to corporations and violated the rights of individuals; Supreme Court upheld these statutes as good for all.

II. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture

A. Opportunity and Equality — for White Men

1. Social divisions1. emerging middle class

2. European visitors viewed the U.S. as different culturally and socially from Europe

3. Nouveau Riche

2. Discrimination1. women and African American men from advancing as

white men did

2. politicians used both biology and custom to make their discriminatory arguments.

II. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture

B. Toward Republican Families

1.Republican Marriages1. Chose partners, “sentimentalism”, Feeling appreciated,

companions, “falling in love”, Husbands are authoritarian, -Divorces cited emotional turmoil, drunkedness, cruelty

2. Republican Motherhood1. Limiting family size, individualism, decline in birthrates

2. Mothers responsible for education of children, preparing sons virtuous republican citizens

II. Toward a Democratic Republican CultureC. Raising Republican Children

1.Two Modes of Parenting1. Divide property equally, Permissive/Authoritarian parenting

2. Debates over Education1. emphasis on public schooling, college training, Farmers

focus on reading, writing, basic math

2. until the 1820s, few children attended school, post-1820s legislatures included provisions for public schools

3. Promoting Cultural Independence1. Noah Webster argued that education should raise the “nation’s

intellectual reputation”; literary culture was slow to catch on; only Washington Irving was popular outside of the U.S. (“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”); 1830s/1840s was an “American Renaissance” (Emerson).

III. Aristocratic Republicanism and SlaveryA. The Revolution and Slavery, 1776–1800

1. Manumission and Gradual Emancipation1. 1/3 of south is slaves, Many thought revolution would end slavery,

2. 1782, Virginia passed a manumission act that allowed for the release of slaves by their owners; condemnation of slavery by Quakers and Enlightenment thinkers increased after war

3. 1784, Massachusetts abolished slavery, all states north of Delaware followed by 1804

2. Slavery Defended1. Financial investment in slaves made linking republicanism to their

condition difficult for most slaveholders

2. “Necessary evil”

3. 1800, a planned uprising by Gabriel Prosser (VA) resulted in him and 30 others being hanged; increased argument among southerners that republicanism was meant for whites only.

III. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery

B. The North and South Grow Apart

1. Slavery and National Politics1. Foreign visitors noticed distinct cultural differences between North

and South

2. Congress not to interfere

3. Slave trade outlawed by Congress 1808, institution remained

2. African Americans Speak Out1. Abolitionist become more vocal, Haitian Revolution

2. Anti-Slavery Societies

3. Demand for Cotton, increase in slaves

4. 1817, the American Colonization Society was founded by white men with the goal of freeing the slaves and sending them back to Africa; about 6,000 African Americans resettled in Liberia; most free blacks opposed such colonization schemes, as they saw themselves as Americans.

III. Aristocratic Republicanismand Slavery

C. The Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821

1.Constitutional Issues1. Missouri… 1819—Slave State?

2. North blocked attempts to become slave state

3. South Argument: 1) the principle of “equal rights”, 2) the Constitution guaranteed a state’s sovereignty, 3) Congress had no authority to infringe on property rights of individual slaveholders in Missouri.

2. The Missouri Compromise1. Maine-admitted free (1820), Missouri-slave (1821);

preserved a balance between North and South but also created a precedent for future admissions.

1. BIG PROBLEM

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force

A. A Republican Religious Order

1. Religious Freedom1. Church taxes…

2. Post-war-Religious Tolerance, Congregationalism official church of NE until 1830’s

2. Church-State Relations1. Virginia prohibited religion as a qualification for holding office, other states

denied Catholics, Jews

3. Republican Church Institutions1. Americans embraced churches that preached spiritual equality and

governed themselves democratically

2. “unchurched” Americans gravitated toward the evangelical Methodist and Baptist churches, which formed a dynamic new force in American religion

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force

B. The Second Great Awakening

1. A New Religious Landscape1. Methodist, Baptist grow, “practical preaching”

2. Criticized slavery, spiritual equality

2. Black Christianity1. Some planters were convinced to allow Christianity

to spread among their slaves; over time, free blacks and the enslaved adapted these teachings to their own beliefs, teaching that as slaves they had a special relationship with the Christian God.

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force

C. Religion and Reform

1.Benevolence and reform1. individual salvation to religious benevolence

2. women to adopt charitable causes in their community

3. founding of religious societies to produce pamphlets and disseminate information

2. In political life1. some ministers advocated the election of Christian

leaders and converting non-Christians in the U.S. and abroad

IV. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force

D. Women’s New Religious Roles

1.A Growing Public Presence1. Congregations are 70% women, ministers stopped

segregating men and women in prayer groups

2. Decrease in pregnancy out of wedlock

2.Spiritual authority vs. political power1. men feared the power women were gaining within the

churches

2. Women not allowed to vote in business mtgs.

3. More girls attending school, female academies

4. School teachers 1820’s