I. The Rise of the I. The Rise of the MongolsMongols

A. From Tent to A. From Tent to Palace…Palace…

“Man’s highest joy is victory: to conqueror one’s enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their possessions, to make their beloved weep, and to embrace their wives and daughters.”

-- nomadic horse people-- northern Chinese grasslands (Mongolia)-- raised horses, tended sheep-- lived in felt tents called yurtsyurts (ger)-- could NOT intermarry between tribes & clans

Mongolian SteppeMongolian Steppe

Mongol “Yurt”Mongol “Yurt”

1.5 million Mongols1.5 million Mongols

B. OrganizationB. Organization1. families-->clans-->tribes-->

-- tribes gathered during annual migration

2. chiefs elected (based on nobility, military ability, leadership)

-- KhanKhan (“ruler”) title given to chief

3. religion: Shamanism--nature deities

Genghis Khan

1. 1167-1227, son of tribal chief

2. father poisoned…fled as youth

3. by 40 had unified all Mongol tribes

4. empire ruled by sons & grandsons after death

C. Temüjin: C. Temüjin: Ghengis KhanGhengis Khan

Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:

If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.

If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.

If you do not have children, we will take your wife.

If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.

Used cruelty as a weapon

Tolui

Möngke Khubilai Hülegü

Batu Güyük

Ögödei

Jochi Jagadai

Genghis Khan

D. ConquestD. Conquest1. intelligence gathering: foreign

experts/advisors (in Persian & Chinese)

2. every man carried own supplies & had 2 horses

- survived mostly off horse milk & blood

3. vassal system: commanders running army & gov’t

brought Chinese engineers conquered most of Asia, Middle East, Russia

32 million square km’s…

E. Mongol Army TacticsE. Mongol Army Tactics

1. all males 15-70 served in army as cavalry

2. organized army in “Myriads” (10,000’s)

3. no one in army was paid, though shared in war booty

4.tactics: --Chinese siege technology &

catapults--horsemanship, compound bow--elaborate signals (flags, hands)--retreat, turn, flank, destroy

--fear

Mongol WarriorsMongol Warriors

F. Results of ExpansionF. Results of Expansion

1. increased trade & revival of Silk Road

2. facilitated movement of goods, merchants, & diplomats

3. unified law code (Yasa)

4. travelers encountered new languages, laws & customs

5. spread of disease & bubonic plague

Thesis Statement Writing Exercise:

How did the Mongols, with a total population of less than 1.5 million, conqueror such a large area and hold onto it for over a century?

II. Mongol EurasiaII. Mongol Eurasia

A. The Conquest of A. The Conquest of ChinaChina

1. Genghis Khan wanted the riches of China

2. 1227 conquered Beijing, but died same year

3. successors took all of China

B. Divisions at Genghis Khan’s B. Divisions at Genghis Khan’s DeathDeath

Four Khanates:

1. “Golden Hoarde” “Golden Hoarde” (Russia)

2. Il-KhanateIl-Khanate (Persia)

3. Jagadai Khanate Jagadai Khanate

4. Yuan DynastyYuan Dynasty

C. Il-Khan & Golden Horde C. Il-Khan & Golden Horde ConflictConflict

1. Golden Horde adopts Islam & aligns with Mamluks

2. Il-Khanate briefly aligns with Europeans during Crusades

2. Ghazan (Il-Khan ruler) declares himself a Muslim in 1295

-- used “tax farming”-- Il-Khanate ends in 1349

3. rise of TimurTimur (Tamerlane) from Jagadai Khanate in C. Asia

D. Timur D. Timur (Tamerlane)(Tamerlane)

1. Turk related to Genghis by marriage

2. made SamarkandSamarkand capital

3. the descendants of Timur established in India a Muslim Mongol-Turkic empire (the Mughals) in the 16th c.

SamarkandSamarkand

E. Culture & Science in E. Culture & Science in Islamic EurasiaIslamic Eurasia

1. historical writing

2. mathematical innovations

3. astronomical discoveries (lunar orbit)

F. Russian EffectF. Russian Effect

1. Alexander Nevskii (prince of Novgorod) submitted to Mongols; Mongols favored Novgorod & Moscow

2. rise of tsartsar title

G. East Europe & AnatoliaG. East Europe & Anatolia1. Teutonic Knights: German

speaking knights who tried to Christianize Slavic populations in northern European Crusades

2. fear & awe of Mongols

3. bubonic plague reaches Europe in 1340’s

4. 1453 the Ottoman Turk Sultan Mehmet II captures Constantinople

III. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, III. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1264-13681264-1368

A. Khubilai Khan Khubilai Khan (r. 1260-1294): Genghis’ grandson

1. Pax Mongolica (“Mongol Peace”)

2. moved capital to Beijing

3. tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart

4. NO Chinese in top govt. posts

5. encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live in China (Marco Polo)

6. Building Projects under Yuan:

--extended Grand Canal to Beijing

7. attacked Japan in 1281 & lost

Marco PoloMarco Polo1. Venetian merchant

2. traveled through Yuan China from 1271-1295: called Beijing richest city in the world

--“black stones” (coal)

--gunpowder

--noodles

Marco Polo’s Marco Polo’s TravelsTravels

Yuan Porcelains & Yuan Porcelains & CeramicsCeramics

B. Yuan OrganizationB. Yuan Organization

1. highly centralized: Mongols ruling elite

-Mongols: top posts-Persians, Turks, Nomads: high civil posts-N. Chinese: next highest posts-S. Chinese: lowest posts

*all records in Uighur Turkic

C. Role of Religion in Yuan C. Role of Religion in Yuan ChinaChina

1. Policy of toleration

2. Christianity: Khubilai Khan invited a Papal Mission

3. Buddhism: gained 500,000 converts

4. Islam: spread rapidly

5. Confucianism survived

D.D. Decline & Fall Decline & Fall

1. Yuan Dynasty: shortest lived major Chinese dynasty

2. the death of Kublai Khan’s son causes decentralization & rise of warlords

3. last Khan fled to Mongolia in 1368