I. U. O

bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull

Center for A

tmospheric R

ese

arch, University of M

assachusets Low

ell

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 1

E. Blanchb, B. W. Reinischa, V. V. Paznukhova, D. Altadillb,a,

b) Observatorio del EbroUniversitat Ramon Llull Crta. de l'Observatori, No. 8E43520-Roquetes, SPAIN

Study of Geomagnetic Storm Effects Using Digisonde Network Data

a) Center for Atmospheric Research University of Massachusetts Lowell 600 Suffolk Str., 3rd floor Lowell, MA 01854, USA

I. U. O

bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull

Center for A

tmospheric R

ese

arch, University of M

assachusets Low

ell

OUTLINE

Analysis of the mid-latitude ionosphere

Response to geomagnetic storms

Digisonde network database

European and American sectors

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 2

Nine major storms of 2001-2005

Electron density profiles

hmF1, foF1, hmF2 & foF2

Strong ionospheric uplift; TAD’s effects

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on Llull

Center for A

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ese

arch, University of M

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ell

Examples of Ionograms

Uplift + G condition at mid-latitudes

Nine main storms analyzed:

11 September 2005, 24 August 2005, 15 May 2005, 21 January 2005

5 December 2004, 7 November 2004, 22 July 2004, 22 January 2004

20 November 2003 (~20,000 ionograms validated)

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 3

Chilton,Aug 24, 2005

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bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull

Center for A

tmospheric R

ese

arch, University of M

assachusets Low

ell

Results: August 24, 2005

Helio-geophysical conditions

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 4

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

20

40

60400

600

8000

20

40

60

8000 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

-200

-100

0

100

(+ 40 min)(ACE)

(+ 40 min)

(ACE)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

-40-20

02040

(+ 40 min) (ACE)

Universal Time, August 24, 2005

Np

[cm

-3]

Vp

[km

/s]

B [n

T]

Bz

[nT

]

(+ 40 min) (ACE)

AE

[T

]

SY

M-H

[nT

] 0

1

2

3

4

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bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull

Center for A

tmospheric R

ese

arch, University of M

assachusets Low

ell

Results: August 24, 2005

European sector (profiles)

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 5

SSC

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Results: August 24, 2005

European sector (characteristics) SSC = 06:13 UT

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 6

-200

0

200

DS

T

200

300

400

hmF2 hmF2quiet

Chilton

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

200

300

400

500

Universal Time

Athens

200

300

400

500

SanVito

200

300

400

500

Pruhonice

200

300

400

500

Ebro

hm

F2 [k

m]

-200

0

200

4

8

12

Chilton

foF2 foF2quiet

4

8

12

Pruhonice

4

8

12

Ebro

4

8

12

DS

T

SanVito

foF

2 [M

Hz]

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 000

4

8

12

Universal Time

Athens

SSCSSC

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Results: August 24, 2005

American sector (profiles)

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 7

SSC

-200

0

200

4

8

12

Millstone Hill

foF2 foF2quiet

4

8

12

Boulder

4

8

12

Wallops Is

4

8

12

DS

T

Eglin

foF

2 [M

Hz]

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 000

4

8

12

Universal Time

Jicamarca

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Results: August 24, 2005

American sector (characteristics) SSC = 06:13 UT

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 8

-200

0

200

DS

T

200

300

400

hmF2 hmF2quiet

Millstone Hill

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

200

300

400

500

Universal Time

Jicamarca

200

300

400

500

Eglin

200

300

400

500

Boulder

200

300

400

500

Wallops Is

hm

F2 [k

m]

SSCSSC

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200

SSC Time from SSC

Jicamarca-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200 Eglin-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200 Wallops Is-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200 Boulder-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200Millstone Hill

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Results: August 24, 2005

Uplift at both sectors SSC = 06:13 UT

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 9

Millstone Hill

Boulder

Wallops Is.

Eglin

Jicamarca

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200

1.78 h from SST (+20 min)

Ebro

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200

1.53 h from SST (+5 min)

Pruhonice

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200

1.45 h from SST (reference)

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200

Time from SSCSSC

2.28 h from SST (+50 min)

Athens

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

100

200

1.78 h from SST (+20 min)

Grahamstown

Chilton

Pruhonice

Ebro

Athens

SanVito

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Results: August 24, 2005

Summary of observations.

► Positive foF2 effect in Europe, negative effect in America above 40°N following the storm commencement; negative effect in Europe ~12 hours later.

► Clear ionosphere uplifting in both sectors (America & Europe).

► hmF2 uplift delay of about 1 h in America and 2 h in Europe.

► Latitudinal delay of the uplift, from higher to lower latitudes.

► TAD effects in the European sector.

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 10

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Results: August 24, 2005

Geomagnetic storm impact mechanism

Prölss, 1993; Fuller-Rowell et al., 1995

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 11

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Results: August 24, 2005

Geomagnetic storm impact mechanism

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

-6-4-20246

SSC

UT

2.78 h from SST (+80 min)

SanVito0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

1.78 h from SST (+20 min)

Ebro0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

hmF2

1.53 h from SST (+5 min)

Pruhonice0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

1.45 h from SST (reference)

Chilton

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

2.28 h from SST (+50 min)

Athens0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

1.78 h from SST (+20 min)

Grahamstown

-6-4-20246

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

-6-4-20246

foF2

-6-4-20246

-6-4-20246

-6-4-20246

N-S disturbance propagationspeed: ~600 m/s

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

Aug 24, 2005 0613 UT

705030

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Results: August 24, 2005

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 13

(from OVATION database)

San Vito foF2Pruhonice foF2Bjønøya Hcomp

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August 24, 2005, IRI modelling

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 14

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Negative storms local time dependence

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 15

0

4

8

12

16

06 LT

12 LT

18 LT

00 LT

0

4

8

12

16

Dela

y [h

our]

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240

4

8

12

16

Negative storms, foF2

Dela

y [h

our]

LT

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

705030

All storms

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Positive storms local time dependence

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 16

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240

4

8

12

16

Positive storms, foF2

Dela

y [h

our]

LT

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240

4

8

12

16

Negative storms, foF2

Del

ay [h

our]

LT

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Concluding Remarks

► The results presented suggest that the main driver of this ionospheric response is neutral wind and composition change bulge supporting the storm development model suggested by Prölss, [1993].

► In our study we were able to reconstruct the local time dependence of the storm effects

► Other storms effects do not manifest themselves systematically (GW, + or - f0F2 effect, shock effects, … ).

► IRI model does not reproduce the observed uplifting of the ionosphere during the storm time.

► Digisonde worldwide network offers an excellent tool for studying spatial effects of the magnetic storms. It provides an

advantage of looking into the altitude distribution of the ionospheric reaction.

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 17

I. U. O

bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull

Center for A

tmospheric R

ese

arch, University of M

assachusets Low

ell

THANK YOU

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 18

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bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull C

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Results: January 21, 2005

European sector (profiles)

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 19

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Results: January 21, 2005

American sector (profiles)

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 20

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Results: January 21, 2005

Uplift at both sectors SSC = 17:11 UT

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 21

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Center for A

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Nivel 1.

► Nivel 2.

Nivel 3.

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 22

I. U. O

bservatorio d

el Ebro, U

niversitat Ram

on Llull

Center for A

tmospheric R

ese

arch, University of M

assachusets Low

ell

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 23

• I. U

. Ob

servatorio del E

bro, Universitat R

amon Llull

• C

enter for Atm

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Results: May 15, 2005

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 24

Athens

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Results: May 15, 2005

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 25

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Ascension Is.

Time from SSC

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Eglin

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Wallops Is.

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Boulder

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

foF

2, [

MH

z]

May 15, 2005

Millstone Hill

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pt.Stanley

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

SanVito

Time from SSC

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Ebro

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pruhonice

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Chilton

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

foF

2, [M

Hz]

May 15, 2005

Fairford

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Grahamstown

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Results: May 15, 2005

Summary of observations.

► Negative effect in both US and Europe (lat > 40°N), some positive effect at SanVito (lat < 40 °N)

► Clear ionosphere uplifting in both sectors (America & Europe). Different uplift delay (1+ h NA, 1.5+ EU).

► Latitudinal delay of the uplift, from higher to lower latitudes.

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 26

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

May 15, 2005 0238 UT

705030

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Summary of storm observations

Storms in detail.

► 2005/08/24 (06:13 UT) Clear ionosphere uplifting in both sectors (America & Europe).

Different uplift delay (1+ h NA, 1.5+ EU). N-S uplift delay. + f0F2 effect EU, - f0F2 effect NA. GW (TAD’s) in EU, N-S propagation.

► 2005/05/15 ( 02:38 UT) Clear uplift in both sectors.

Different uplift delay (1+ h NA, 1.5+ EU). N-S uplift delay. + f0F2 effect EU (lat < 40°N), - f0F2 effect in NA & EU (lat > 40°N). GW (TAD’s) in EU (lat < 40°N).

► 2005/01/21 (17:11 UT) Clear uplift in both sectors.

Simultaneous uplift delay (1.5 - 2 h). N-S uplift delay. No clear + or - f0F2 effect. No GW.

► 2004/12/05 (07:46 UT) Weak uplift in America.

No clear N-S uplift delay (1.5 - 2 h).

► 2004/11/07 (18:27 UT) Clear uplift in both sectors.

Different uplift delay (1.5+ EU, 2+ h NA). N-S uplift delay.

► 2003/11/20 (08:03 UT) Weak uplift in both sectors (Very Strong secondary Uplift 8 +).

Different uplift delay (0.5+ h NA, 1. + EU). N-S uplift delay.

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 27

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

705030

Jan 21, 2005 1711 UT

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

May 15, 2005 0238 UT

7050306 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

Aug 24, 2005 0613 UT

705030

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

705030

Nov 7, 2004 1827 UT

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

705030

Nov 20, 2003 0803 UT

6 LT

12 LT

18 LT

0 LT

705030

Dec 05, 2004 0746 UT

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Local time map

IRI/COST 296 WORKSHOP; 10-14 July 2007, Prague, Czech Republic 28

USEU