1

IAI

is-a: …

name: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

syllabus: …

prerequisites: F&LP, Logic

type: elective

hours: Lecture 3

difficulty (default): medium

interest (default): high

importance: high

number-of-students: medium

2

IAI-1998

is-a: IAI

lecturer: YF

takes-place: Wed 15:45-18:30, Classroom 6

semester: spring

year: 1998

number-of-students: 20

3

Frame Hierarchy

IDC course

1st year 2nd year 3rd year CS Law Business …

WorkshopAppliedTheory

Classes

ExerciseLecture

akoIAI

IAI 1998

is-a

4

Event Frames

Time

PlaceDay

MagnitudeFault

Event

Earthquake

DamageFatalities

Ako

Disaster

Flood

RiverCrest

Celebration

HostGuests

Wedding

BrideGroom

Birthday-party

CelebrantAge

Ako

Ako

Ako

AkoAko

Ako

5

Earthquake Hits Lower Slabovia

Today, an extremely serious earthquake of magnitude 8.5 hit Lower Slabovia, killing 25 people and causing $500 million in damage. The President of Lower Slabovia said that the hard-hit area near the Sadie Hawkins fault has been a danger zone for years.

6

Story Understanding by Filling Frames

Time

Place

Day

Magnitude

Fault

Earthquake

Damage

Fatalities 25

Today

8.5

500,000,000

Lower-Slabovia

Sadie-Hawkins

7

Earthquake Summary Pattern

An earthquake occurred in <value in Location slot> <value in Day slot>. There were <value in Fatalities slot> fatalities and $<value in Damage slot> in property damage. The magnitude was <value in Magnitude slot> on the Richter scale; the fault involved was the <value in Fault slot>.

8

Instantiated Earthquake Summary Pattern

An earthquake occurred in Lower Slabovia today. There were 25 fatalities and $500 million in property damage. The magnitude was 8.5 on the Richter scale; the fault involved was the Sadie Hawkins.

9

Earthquake Study Stopped

Today, the President of Lower Slabovia killed 25 proposals totaling $500 million for research in earthquake prediction. Our Lower Slabovian correspondent calculates that 8.5 research proposals are rejected for every one approved. There are rumors that the President's science advisor, Sadie Hawkins, is at fault.

10

Thematic-Role Frames

11

"Robbie made coffee for Suzie with a percolator"

Agent

Thematic Object

Verb

Thematic-role frame

Instrument

Robbie

Make

Coffee

Percolator

Beneficiary Suzie

12

"Robbie went to the theater with Suzie by car"

Agent

Destination

Verb

Thematic-role frame

Conveyance

Robbie

Go

Car

Coagent SuzieTheater

13

Thematic Inference (1)

• Robbie was sent to the scrap heap by parcel post.

• Robbie was sent to the scrap heap by Marcel Proust.

14

Thematic Inference (2)

• He shot the rabbit.

• He shot the picture.

15

Thematic Inference (3)

• He threw some food.

• He threw away some food.

• He threw up some food.

16

Thematic Inference (Summary)

Positionin the

sentence

Noun

Preposition

Noun phrasethematic role

Verb phrasemeaning

Thematicobject Verb

Particle

17

Taxonomy

Day Hour Medicine Toy Robbie SuzieHome Town

Aspirin Tea Box Ball Bell

Time Object PersonPlace

Thing

Inanimatething

18

Take

• Take1: transport. Either source or destination or both should appear.

• Take2: swindle. No source or destination; only people can be swindled.

• Take3: swallow medicine. Beneficiary = agent.

• Take4: steal. People are not stolen.

• Take5: initiate and execute social event with another person. Always with particle “out”.

• Take6: remove. People cannot be removed. Always with particle “out”.

• Take7: assume control. With particle “over”.

• Take8: remove from the body. Always with particle “off”.

19

Linguistic Constraints

Thematic role Preposition Allowed class

Agent by personCoagent with personBeneficiary for personThematic Object – –Instrument with inanimateSource from –Destination to –Old Surroundings out of inanimateNew Surroundings into inanimateConveyance by inanimateDuration for time

20

Analysis of Sentences

• Robbie took aspirin.

• Robbie took aspirin for Suzie.

• Robbie took out Suzie.

• Robbie took out the box.

• Robbie took the ball to Suzie.

• Robbie took Suzie.

• Robbie took Suzie to town.

• The ball was taken out of town by Robbie by car for a day for Suzie.

21

Primitive Actions

•Move-body-part

•Move-object

•Expel

•Ingest

•Propel

•Speak

•See

•Hear

•Smell

•Feel

•Move-possession

•Move-concept

•Think-about

•Conclude

•Do

22

"Robbie enjoyed putting the wedge on the red block"

Agent

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Destination

Robbie

Move-object

Wedge

Block

Result

Destination

Object

State-change frame

Robbie's mood

Happy

23

"Suzie told Robbie to put the wedge on the red block"

Agent

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Destination

Robbie

Move-object

Wedge

Block

ResultAgent

Primitive

Action frame

Speak

Suzie

24

"Suzie comforted Robbie"

Agent

Primitive

Action frame

Suzie

Do

Result

Destination

Object

State-change frame

Robbie's mood

Happy

25

"Robbie was gored by the test"

Agent

Primitive

Action frame

Robbie

Do

Result

Agent

Primitive

Action frame

Teacher

Move-possession

Result

Destination Robbie

Object Grade

Destination

Object

State-change frame

Robbie's mood

Unhappy

26

Sub-actions (1)

Agent

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Destination

Robbie

Move-object

Wedge

Block

Subaction

Subaction

Subaction

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Move-body-part

Fingers

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Move-body-part

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Move-body-part

Fingers

Hand

Destination Closed

Destination Open

27

Sub-actions (2)

Agent

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Robbie

Ingest

Ice cream

Subaction

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Move-object

Spoon

Object

Primitive

Action frame

Move-body-part

Hand

Subaction