PROJECT REPORT ON

“INDIAN STOCK MARKET AND EFFICIENCY -A STUDY OF NSE”

Acknowledgement

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr.P.K. Aggarwal ,our faculty,,for providing us the opportunity to prepare a report on Indian Stock Market and efficiency- A study of NSE.

The knowledge we have gained during the course of this report would go a long way in enriching our vision.

The help extended by our family and friends cannot be possibly expressed by words and we are indebted to them.

Last but not the least we thank Mr. Bill Gates and Paul Allen for developing software like MS Office, without which this report could not have been completed.

With the help of these people and our efforts we have been able to complete this report. If there are any errors or any shortcomings in this report, singling them out will be greatly appreciated.

INDEX

1 Introduction to Indian Capital Market………………………………………………………………………………….

Money Market……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Capital Market……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2SEBI………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Bombay Stock Exchange of India Ltd……………………………………………………………………………………

4 National Stock Exchange……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5 Stock Market Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6Conclusion………………………………………………………………

1. INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN MARKETS

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MARKETS IN INDIA

MONEY MARKET

Money market is a market for debt securities that pay off in the short term usually less than one year, for example the market for 90-days treasury bills. This market encompasses the trading and issuance of short term non equity debt instruments including treasury bills, commercial papers, bankers acceptance, certificates of deposits, etc. In other word we can also say that the Money Market is basically concerned with the issue and trading of securities with short term maturities or quasi-money instruments. The Instruments traded in the money-market are Treasury Bills, Certificates of Deposits (CDs), Commercial Paper (CPs), Bills of Exchange and other such instruments of short-term maturities (i.e. not exceeding 1 year with regard to the original maturity)

CAPITAL MARKET

Capital market is a market for long-term debt and equity shares. In this market, the capital funds comprising of both equity and debt are issued and traded. This also includes private placement sources of debt and equity as well as organized markets like stock exchanges.

Capital market can be divided into Primary and Secondary Markets.

PRIMARY MARKET

In the primary market, securities are offered to public for subscription for the purpose of raising capital or fund. Secondary market is an equity trading avenue in which already existing/pre- issued securities are traded amongst investors. Secondary market could be either auction or dealer market. While stock exchange is the part of an auction market, Over-the-Counter (OTC) is a part of the dealer market. In addition to the traditional sources of capital from family and friends, startup firms are created and nurtured by Venture Capital Funds and Private Equity Funds. According to the Indian Venture Capital Association Yearbook (2003), investments of $881 million were injected into 80 companies in 2002, and investments of $470 million were injected into 56 companies in 2003. The firms which received these investments were drawn from a wide range of industries, including finance, consumer goods and health.

The growth of the venture capital and private equity mechanisms in India is critically linked to their track record for successful exits. Investments by these funds only commenced in recent years, and we are seeing a rapid buildup in a full range of channels for exit, with a mix of profitable and unprofitable outcomes. This success with exit suggests that investors will allocate increased resources to venture funds and private equity funds operating in India, who will (in turn) be able to fund the creation of new firms.

SECONDARY MARKET

Secondary Market refers to a market where securities are traded after being initially offered to the public in the primary market and/or listed on the Stock Exchange. Majority of the trading is done in the secondary market. Secondary market comprises of equity markets and the debt markets. For the general investor, the secondary market provides an efficient platform for trading of his securities. For the management of the company, Secondary equity markets serve as a monitoring and control conduit—by facilitating value-enhancing control activities, enabling implementation of incentive-based management contracts, and aggregating information (via price discovery) that guides management decisions.

Difference between the primary market and the secondary market

In the primary market, securities are offered to public for subscription for the purpose of raising capital or fund. Secondary market is an equity trading avenue in which already existing/pre- issued securities are traded amongst investors. Secondary market could be either auction or dealer market. While stock exchange is the part of an auction market, Over-the-Counter (OTC) is a part of the dealer market.

Main financial products/instruments dealt in the secondary market

• Equity: The ownership interest in a company of holders of its common and preferred stock. The various kinds of equity shares are as follows –

• Equity Shares:

• An equity share, commonly referred to as ordinary share also represents the form of fractional ownership in which a shareholder, as a fractional owner, undertakes the maximum entrepreneurial risk associated with a business venture. The holders of such shares are members of the company and have voting rights. A company may issue such shares with differential rights as to voting, payment of dividend, etc.

• Rights Issue/ Rights Shares: The issue of new securities to existing shareholders at a ratio to those already held.

• Bonus Shares: Shares issued by the companies to their shareholders free of cost by capitalization of accumulated reserves from the profits earned in the earlier years.

• Preferred Stock/ Preference shares : Owners of these kind of shares are entitled to a fixed dividend or dividend calculated at a fixed rate to be paid regularly before dividend can be paid in respect of equity share. They also enjoy priority over the equity shareholders in payment of surplus. But in the event of liquidation, their claims rank below the claims of the company’s creditors, bondholders / debenture holders.

• Cumulative Preference Shares : A type of preference shares on which dividend accumulates if remains unpaid. All arrears of preference dividend have to be paid out before paying dividend on equity shares.

• Cumulative Convertible Preference Shares : A type of preference shares where the dividend payable on the same accumulates, if not paid. After a specified date, these shares will be converted into equity capital of the company.

• Participating Preference Share: The right of certain preference shareholders to participate in profits after a specified fixed dividend contracted for is paid. Participation right is linked with the quantum of dividend paid on the equity shares over and above a particular specified level.

• Security Receipts : Security receipt means a receipt or other security, issued by a securitisation company or reconstruction company to any qualified institutional buyer pursuant to a scheme, evidencing the purchase or acquisition by the holder thereof, of an undivided right, title or interest in the financial asset involved in securitisation.

• Government securities (G-Secs) : These are sovereign (credit risk-free) coupon bearing instruments which are issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of Government of India, in lieu of the Central Government's market borrowing programme. These securities have a fixed coupon that is paid on specific dates on half-yearly basis. These securities are available in wide range of maturity

dates, from short dated (less than one year) to long dated (upto twenty years).

• Debentures : Bonds issued by a company bearing a fixed rate of interest usually payable half yearly on specific dates and principal amount repayable on particular date on redemption of the debentures. Debentures are normally secured/ charged against the asset of the company in favour of debenture holder.

• Bond: A negotiable certificate evidencing indebtedness. It is normally unsecured. A debt security is generally issued by a company, municipality or government agency. A bond investor lends money to the issuer and in exchange, the issuer

promises to repay the loan amount on a specified maturity date. The issuer usually pays the bond holder periodic interest payments over the life of the loan.

2. SEBI

SECURITY AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

SEBI AND ITS ROLE IN THE SECONDARY MARKET

The SEBI is the regulatory authority established under Section 3 of SEBI Act 1992 to protect the interests of the investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate, the securities market and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.

Securities and Exchange Board of India constituted under the Resolution of the Government of India in the Department of Economic Affairs No.1 (44)SE/86, dated the 12th day of April, 1988;

The Board shall consist of the following members, namely:-

1. A Chairman

2. Two members from amongst the officials of the Ministry of the Central Government dealing with Finance (and administration of the Companies Act,1956;)

3. One member from amongst the officials of the Reserve Bank

4. Five other members of whom at least three shall be the whole-time members

Departments of SEBI regulating trading in the secondary market

(1) Market Intermediaries Registration and Supervision department (MIRSD) Registration, supervision, compliance monitoring and inspections of all market intermediaries in respect of all segments of the markets viz. equity, equity derivatives, debt and debt related derivatives.

(2) Market Regulation Department (MRD)

Formulating new policies and supervising the functioning and operations (except relating to derivatives) of securities exchanges, their subsidiaries, and market institutions. (3)Derivatives and New Products Departments (DNPD)

Supervising trading at derivatives segments of stock exchanges, introducing new products to be traded, and consequent policy changes.

3. BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA LIMITED

Bombay Stock Exchange Limited is the oldest stock exchange in Asia with a rich heritage. Popularly known as "BSE", it was established as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association"in 1875. It is the first stock exchange in the country to obtain permanent recognition in 1956 from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.

The Exchange's pivotal and pre-eminent role in the development of the Indian capital market is widely recognized and its index, SENSEX, is tracked worldwide. Earlier an Association of Persons (AOP), the Exchange is now a demutualised and corporative entity incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, pursuant to the BSE (Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme, 2005 notified by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

With demutualization, the trading rights and ownership rights have been de-linked effectively addressing concerns regarding perceived and real conflicts of interest. The Exchange is professionally managed under the overall direction of the Board of Directors.

The Board comprises eminent professionals, representatives of Trading Members and the Managing Director of the Exchange. The Board is inclusive and is designed to

benefit from the participation of market intermediaries.

In terms of organization structure, the Board formulates larger policy issues and exercises over-all control. The committees constituted by the Board are broad-based. The day-to-day operations of the Exchange are managed by the Managing Director and a management team of professionals.

The Exchange has a nation-wide reach with a presence in 417 cities and towns of India. The systems and processes of the Exchange are designed to safeguard market integrity and enhance transparency in operations. During the year 2004-2005, the trading volumes on the Exchange showed robust growth.

The Exchange provides an efficient and transparent market for trading in equity, debt instruments and derivatives. The BSE's On Line Trading System (BOLT) is a proprietary system of the Exchange and is BS 7799-2-2002 certified. The surveillance and clearing & settlement functions of the Exchange are ISO 9001:2000 certified.

Bombay Stock Exchange Limited (BSE) which was founded in 1875 with six brokers has now grown into a giant institution with over 874 registered Broker-Members spread over 380 cities across the country. Today, BSE's Wide Area Network (WAN) connecting over 8000 BSE Online Trading (BOLT) System Trader Work Stations (TWS) is one of the largest of its kind in the country. With a view to provide efficient and integrated services to the investing public through the members and their associates in the operations pertaining to the Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange Limited (BSE) has set up a unique Member Services and Development to attend to the problems of the Broker-Members. Member Services and Development Department is the single point interface for

interacting with the Exchange Administration to address to Members' issues. The Department takes care of various problems and constraints faced by the Members in various products such as Cash, Derivatives, Internet Trading, and Processes such as Trading, Technology, Clearing and Settlement, Surveillance and Inspection, Membership, Training, Corporate Information, etc.

VISION OF BSE

“Emerge as the premier Indian stock exchange by establishing global benchmarks"

COMMODITY EXCHANGES

There are three categories:

• NCDEX

• MCX

• NMCE

4. National Stock Exchange (NSE)

With the liberalization of the Indian economy, it was found inevitable to lift the Indian stock market trading system on par with the international standards. On the basis of the recommendations of high-powered Pherwani Committee, Industrial Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, Industrial Finance.

Corporation of India, all Insurance Corporations, selected commercial banks and others incorporated the National Stock Exchange in 1992.

Trading at NSE can be classified under two broad categories:

(a) Wholesale debt market and

(b) Capital market.

Wholesale debt market operations are similar to money market operations -

institutions and corporate bodies enter into high value transactions in financial instruments such as government securities, treasury bills, public sector unit bonds, commercial paper, certificate of deposit, etc.

There are two kinds of players in NSE:

(a) Trading members and

(b) Participants.

Recognized members of NSE are called trading members who trade on behalf of themselves and their clients. Participants include trading members and large players like banks who take direct settlement responsibility.

Trading at NSE takes place through a fully automated screen-based trading mechanism, which adopts the principle of an order-driven market. Trading members can stay at their offices and execute the trading, since they are linked through a communication network. The prices at which the buyer and seller are willing to transact will appear on the screen. When the prices match the transaction will be completed and a confirmation slip will be printed at the office of the trading member.

NSE has several advantages over the traditional trading exchanges. They are as follows:

NSE brings an integrated stock market trading network across the nation.Investors can trade at the same price from anywhere in the country since inter-market operations are streamlined coupled with the countrywide access to the securities.

Delays in communication, late payments and the malpractice’s prevailing in the traditional trading mechanism can be done away with greater operational efficiency and informational transparency in the stock market operations, with the support of total computerized network.

Unless stock markets provide professionals service, small investors and foreign investors will not be interested in capital market operations. And capital market being one of the major sources of long-term finance for industrial projects, India cannot afford to damage the capital market path. In this regard NSE gains vital importance in the Indian capital market system.

5. STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS

In this stock market analysis, I have taken data of Sensex and Nifty for the period of 8 YEARS from JANUARY 2002 to DECEMBER 2009. After taking into consideration data of stock market, I compared Nifty with Sensex through graphical presentation and also did analysis of fluctuations in stock market YEAR wise.I have taken 5 stock excanges of different companies namely, NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, SINGAPORE STOCK EXCHANGE, NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE and shown these four international exchanges efficiency on BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE.

LISTING OF SECURITIES

The stocks, bonds and other securities issued by issuers require listing for providing liquidity to investors. Listing means formal admission of a security to the trading platform of the Exchange. It provides liquidity to investors without compromising the need of the issuer for capital and ensures effective monitoring of conduct of the issuer and trading of the securities in the interest of investors. The issuer wishing to have trading privileges for its securities satisfies listing requirements prescribed in the relevant statutes and in the listing regulations of the Exchange. It also agrees to pay

the listing fees and comply with listing requirements on a continuous basis. All the issuers who list their securities have to satisfy the corporate governance requirement framed by regulators.

NAMES OF LISTED CO. IN NIFTY

TOTAL NUMBER OF LISTED COMPANIES

NSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

NYSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

If we compare our stock exchange with NYSE it shows both the exchanges listed companies were increasing in initial years and in our exchange it is always going to increse but in NYSE in 2007 it started to decrease.It shows the efficiency of Indian stock exchange in NSE.

The other stok exchanges listed companies are:

SSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

BSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

From the above information by taking listing of various stock exchanges it has been analysed that their is large increase in number of companies listed in NSE as compared to others.and their is increase in BSE also but the number of traded companies are decreased in NYSE and LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE.

TOTAL MARKET CAPITALISATION(amount in USD millions)

NSE

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 This

shows that the NSE is growing on year to year basis. The mkt capitalisation doubled in 2003 from that of in 2002.

1 124.88% INC2 43.65% INC 3 42.03% INC4 50.03% INC5 114.5% INC6 -63.84% DEC because of the global recession faced world over.7 104.03% INC2002-2009 989.16% INC

SSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 46.23% INC

2 46.54% INC3 18.25% INC4 49.32% INC5 40.30% INC6 -50.86% DEC because of the global recession faced world over.7 81.63% INC2002-2009 151.23% INC

NYSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 25.66% INC2 12.17% INC3 7.27% INC4 13.12% INC5 1.4% INC6 -41.16% DEC7 28.55% INC2002-2009 31.31% INC

LSE

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 32.53% INC

2 16.47% INC3 36.73% INC4 11.40% INC 5 -8.98% INC6 -3.8% DEC7 49.69% INC2002-2009 5.06% INC

TOTAL VALUE OF BOND TRADING(amount in USD millions)

NSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 22.15% INC

2 30.10% INC3 -27.9% DEC4 -33.4% DEC5 -66.9% DEC6 31% INC7 6.7% INC

SSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 -47.5% DEC2 85.2% INC3 1.64% INC4 3.72% INC5 38.3% INC6 10.98% INC7 -22.7% DEC

NYSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 24.8% INC2 53.6% INC3 20% INC4 72.2% INC5 -14.2% DEC6 -14.9% DEC7 34% INC

LSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

BSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PRICE EARNING RATIO AND GROSS DIVIDEND YIELD(amt in USD million)

NSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

SSE

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

NYSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

LSE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

IMPROVEMENT OF NSE AFTER THE RECESSION

NIFTY value during recession was 2267 and NIFTY present value is 5474. The percentage increse is 14.14%. No other index has shown such a growth after the recession. Even the Singapore NIFTY has shown a growth of 136.8 % which is less as compered to our NIFTY by 5%.This shows the efficiency of the National Stock Exchange as compared to other stock exchanges i.e. London Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange.

CONCLUSION

This study has empirically examined the informational efficiency of Indian stock market with regards

to national stock exchnage. The result of the study

showed the fact that the security prices reacted to the announcement of stock splits. On the basis of market capitaliation and value of bond of the various listed companies in nifty we have anlysed that the Indian Stock Maket is efficient in last year 2009-2010 as compared to the last year data i.e. 2008-2009.The reason behind this is because of the effect of the global recession. We have conclude from the forgoing discussion that the Indian stock markets in respect of national stock exchnage in

general are efficient, but not perfectly efficient to the announcement of price earning ration. This can be used by

investors for making abnormal returns at any point of the announcement period.