IAS1162Human Personality and Team Building

What do you perceive yourself to be?

• What type of a person are you?• Can you judge yourself?• Do you handle any situations in only one way?• How do you cope with stress?

Person and Situation

• People behave because of a situation/events surrounding them or because the type of the person himself?

• People do not act identically at the same place, the same time, the same situation, the same event

• Psychologists study how people behave :: is it that situation influence our behavior or our behavior reflects us as an individual?

No concrete answer

• Psychologists are divided into several theorists and study human behavior through different angles• Social psychologist• Identify kinds of situations that increase of decrease some type

of behavior (example, helping people)• Personality psychologist• Looking at why someone does something different from

another person under the same circumstances

Psychologist’s viewpoint

• The axiom: “There are few differences between people, but what differences there are, really matters”• What makes you different from the person next to you?• Why some people make friends easily, some don’t?• Why some people are prone to being depressed?• There are millions of questions to be answered

Defining Personality

• Psychologists themselves are having trouble accepting a single definition of personality• A personality psychologist might have a never-ending

discussion about how to describe personality and to which topic it belongs in the field of psychology, basically, what to study?

• Other might think about learning histories, how people organize their thoughts

• Loose definition: “Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual”

The two parts of the definition

• 1st part: concerned with the consistent patterns of behavior• Individual differences• Consistent personality• Patterns that we learnt about someone across time and across

situations• “It’s just how he/she is” :: but people may change in a

particular situation

…cont’d

• 2nd part: concerns intrapersonal processes• Question: the difference between INTERpersonal and

INTRApersonal?• Interpersonal: processes that take place between people• Intrapersonal: processes that take place within ourselves• Include the emotional, motivational, cognitive processes that go inside

of us that affect how we act and feel• Leads to study of depression, information processing, happiness,

denial, etc.• A group of people might react the same way in certain situations (fear

of ghosts for instance), but how an individual deals with the situation play a role in determining the individual character

Does environment play a role in moldings personality?

• External sources do influence personality• The way people are brought up• A pheasant would act differently compared to blue-blood

Six Approaches to Personality

• What are the sources of consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes?• Again, no simple answer to that• Psychologists and researchers have answered this question in

different ways / approaches1. Psychoanalytic approach2. Trait approach3. Biological approach4. Humanistic approach5. Behavioral / social learning approach6. Cognitive approach

Differences in the approaches

• Psychoanalytic approach: argues that people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible for differences in their behavior styles

• Trait approach: identify where a person might lie along the continuum of various personality characteristics

• Biological approach: points to inherited predispositions and physiological processes to explain individual differences in personality

• Humanistic approach: identify personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance as the key causes of personality difference

• Behavioral / social learning: explains consistent behavior patterns as the result of conditioning and expectations

• Cognitive approach: look at differences in the way people process information to explain differences in behavior

The 6 approaches to ‘aggression’

• Psychoanalytic: unconscious death instinct; possess an unconscious desire to self-destruct• Self-destructive impulses may be unconsciously turned outward and

expressed against others• Results when goals blocked• frustration

• Trait: focus on individual differences and aggressive behavior stability• E.g. a researcher interviewed 8-year old aggressors and again when the

8-year olds become 30• Discovered aggressive children at elementary school are likely to become

aggressive as adults :: abuse spouse and with violent criminal behavior

…cont’d…

• Biological: interested in stable patterns of aggressive behavior• Point to genetic predisposition as one reason• Inherit the behavior from upbringing

• Humanistic: deny people are born aggressive• All people can become happy, non-violent adults IF allowed to

grow and develop in enriching and encouraging environment• Problems develop when something interferes with natural growth

process, e.g. homes in which basic needs are frustrated; children have poor self-image, thus strikes out at others

…cont’d…

• Behavioral / Social Learning: a complete contrast to humanistic• People learn to be aggressive the same way they learn other

behaviors• To be an aggressor means to be rewarded• Continued to be aggressive from one situation to another different

situations• If the aggression continually gets rewarded instead of punishment,

the aggression will linger• People learn from models• Results of the fear that children get violent from watching too much

violence on television

…cont’d

• Cognitive: main focus is on the way aggressive people process information• What do you think if you’re walking alone in a park and someone

behind you walk faster towards you? How do you react?• Psychologists holding on this approach argue that how you

respond depends on how you interpret it• You will react if you interpret it as threatening, annoying, etc. before

you either run away, prepare to fight etc.• Many school children think of everything as threatening, even

simple innocent actions by other, e.g. an accidental bump on the corridor is taken as an attempt to start a fight

Personality & Culture

• Different experience in different cultures affect how personalities develop

• Psychologists have come to see that people and their personalities exist within a cultural context

Types of culture

• Individualistic• Include most Northern European countries and the United

States• Place a great emphasis on individual needs and

accomplishments• They like to think of themselves as independent and unique

…cont’d

• Collectivist• More concerned about belonging to a larger group (family,

tribe, nation)• More interested in cooperation than competition• Obtain satisfaction when the group does well rather from

individual accomplishment• Mostly Asian, African, Central and South American• Individual success / personal recognition may even be

frowned upon

Recap

• How many approaches to Personality are there?• What are they?• What does each approach study / research on?• How does humanistic approach explain aggression?• How many types of cultures are there?• How do these cultures differ from one another?• Can the study of personality in one culture be used in the

other?

See you next week?